• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2008년도 정기 학술대회
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• pp.567-572
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• 2008

This paper's purpose is to improve determining of the critical response of curved bridge to multi-component seismic motion. There are several methods to combine responses by multi-component excitation response, 30%, 40% rules and square-root-of-sum (SRSS). These combination rules determine same value of critical response in straight bridges. However, each method has critical response value of different magnitude in curved bridges. Thus a study about critical response of curved bridges is required. This paper presents comparison critical responses value as each combination rule, 30%, 40% rules and SRSS on curved bridges with the different radiuses of curvature. This study was carried out by response spectrum analysis of OO IC steel box girder bridge using SAP2000. It is concluded as follows: 1) In curved bridges, 30% and 40% rules tend to underestimate the critical response relatively to SRSS. 2) When bridges have smaller radiuses than 100m, difference between SRSS and 30% or 40% rules let run errors up as radiuses of curvature decreased.

• 국제강구조저널
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1508-1524
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• 2018

Hysteretic energy dissipating devices (HEDDs) have been increasingly applied to building construction to improve the seismic performance. The seismic responses of such damped structures are significantly affected by HEDD's structural properties. An accurate investigation on the propagation of HEDD's structural properties is required for reasonable evaluation of the seismic performance of a structure. This study aims to develop simplified methods that can estimate the collective uncertainty-propagation to the seismic response of damped structures employing HEDDs. To achieve this, three- and six-story steel moment-resisting frames were selected and the propagations of the individual HEDD's property-uncertainties were evaluated when they are subjected to various levels of seismic demand. Based on the result of individual uncertainty-propagations, a simplified method is proposed to evaluate the variation of seismic response collectively propagated by HEDD's property-uncertainties and is verified by comparing with the exact collective uncertainty-propagation calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation method. The proposed method, called as a modified SRSS method in this study, is established from a conventional square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) method with the relative contributions of the individual HEDD's property-uncertainty propagations. This study shows that the modified SRSS method provides a better estimation than the conventional SRSS method and can significantly reduce computational time with reasonable accuracy compared with the Monte Carlo simulation method.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제12권5호통권48호
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• pp.581-593
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• 2000

본 연구는 지진하중을 받는 현수교의 수직 동적 해석방법을 발전시켰다. 시간 영역해석, 불규칙 진동 해석 및 스펙트럼 해석의 이론을 체계적으로 정립하였다. 불규칙 진동 해석을 다시 수치적분을 이용하는 방법과 수학적 적분식 및 상관계수를 이용한 방법으로 나누고 각각은 다시 지진하중을 white noise로 가정한 경우와 filtered white noise로 가정한 경우에 대해 CQC 방법과 SRSS 방법을 사용하였다. 현수교의 모델링은 빔, 트러스 및 프레임요소를 사용하였고 케이블과 주탑은 사하중에 의한 기하학적 강성을 고려하였다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2008

최근 구조물의 지진해석에서 시간이력 지진해석의 필요성이 증대되고 있는데, 시간이력해석을 위해서는 최소7개의 지진기록을 사용하도록 IBC2003, ASCE와 KBC2005의 내진설계 기준에서 요구하고 있다. 시간이력 지진해석을 위해 지진기록의 선정은 주어진 대지 조건에 따른 설계스펙트럼을 만족하도록 시간이력 지진기록을 설계 지반조건과 유사한 지반에서 계측된 지진기록들 중에서 선정하거나 설계스펙트럼을 만족하는 인공지진기록을 생성하여 사용할 수 있지만, 이 연구에서는 절충적 방법으로 태평양지진연구센터(PEER) 데이터베이스에서 암반 지진기록으로 알려진 50개 계측지진기록을 이용하여 7개 인공 시간이력 지진기록을 생성하였다. 일차 조정계수를 곱한 지진응답스펙트럼이 목표설계스펙트럼에 최적합한 7개 지진기록을 선정하고, SRSS 평균값이 목표설계스펙트럼과 최소의 오차를 갖게 하는 최적합화법으로 구한 조정계수를 선정된 각 지진기록에 곱하여 7개 인공 시간이력 지진기록군을 생성하였다.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2016

The static and dynamic structural integrity qualification was performed through the seismic analysis of a small-size Savonius-type vertical wind turbine at dead weight plus wind load and seismic loads. The ANSYS finite element program was used to develop the FEM model of the wind turbine and to accomplish static, modal, and dynamic frequency response analyses. The stress of the wind turbine structure for each wind load and dead weight was calculated and combined by taking the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) to obtain static stresses. Seismic response spectrum analysis was also carried out in the horizontal (X and Y) and vertical (Z) directions to determine the response stress distribution for the required response spectrum (RRS) at safe-shutdown earthquake with a 5% damping (SSE-5%) condition. The stress resulting from the seismic analysis in each of the three directions was combined with the SRSS to yield dynamic stresses. These static and dynamic stresses were summed by using the same SRSS. Finally, this total stress was compared with the allowable stress design, which was calculated based on the requirements of the KBC 2009, KS C IEC 61400-1, and KS C IEC 61400-2 codes.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.189-209
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• 2004

The commonly used seismic design procedures to evaluate the maximum effect of both horizontal components of earthquakes, namely, the Square Root of the Sum of the Squares (SRSS) and the 30-percent (30%) combination rules, are re-evaluated. The maximum seismic responses of four three-dimensional moment resisting steel frames, in terms of the total base shear and the axial loads at interior, lateral and corner columns, are estimated as realistically as possible by simultaneously applying both horizontal components. Then, the abovementioned combination rules and others are evaluated. The numerical study indicates that both, the SRSS rule and the 30% combination method, may underestimate the combined effect. It is observed that the underestimation is more for the SRSS than for the 30% rule. In addition, the underestimation is more for inelastic analysis than for elastic analysis. The underestimation cannot be correlated with the height of the frames or the predominant period of the earthquakes. A basic probabilistic study is performed in order to estimate the accuracy of the 30% rule in the evaluation of the combined effect. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that the design requirements for the combined effect of the horizontal components, as outlined in some code-specified seismic design procedures, need to be modified. New combination ways are suggested.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.179-193
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• 2016

The effectiveness of 100/30, 100/40 and SRSS directional combination rules on the response of asymmetric setback buildings is examined. Because of the irregularity in setback buildings, the maximum seismic response would be correlative with the direction of earthquake. To verify the directional combination rules of mode superposition methods, the time history analyses of setback buildings to real earthquake records are carried out. Example analyses have been used to compare the validty and accuracy of SRSS and percentage methods for frame and dual frame-wall systems.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.6079-6097
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• 2018

Safety-related systems (SRSs) has widely used in shipbuilding and power generation to prevent fatal accidents and to protect life and property. Thus, SRS performance is a high priority. The safety integrity level (SIL) is the relative performance level of an SRS with regard to its ability to operate reliably in a safe manner. In this article, we proposed an optimal design procedure to achieve the targeted SIL of SRSs. In addition, a more efficient failure mode and effects diagnostic analysis (FMEDA) process and optimization model were developed to improve cost efficiency. Based on previous IEC 61508 diagnostic analyses that revealed unnecessary costs associated with excessive reliability, the new approach consists of two phases: (i) SIL evaluation by FMEDA, and (ii) solution optimization for achieving the target SIL with minimal cost using integer-programming models. The proposed procedure meets the required safety level and minimizes system costs. A case study involving a gas-detection SRS was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new procedure.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2005

최근 우리나라에서는 건축적 또는 사회적 요구로 비정형 고층 RC건물이 급증하고 있으나, 이와 같은 건물을 내진설계하는데 요구되는 지진의 방향성과 직교성을 적응하기 위한 구체적인 방법이 제시되어 있지 않아 설계자들이 설계하는데 어려움이 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 우리나라에서 실제 건설된 비정형고층 RC건물을 스펙트럼해석법과 시간이력해석법에 따라 SAP2000을 사용하여 동적해석을 수행한 후, 하부골조 기둥의 설계력을 비교함으로써 주축의 설정과 지진의 방향성을 고려하는 것이 설계력에 미치는 영향, 그리고 방향성과 직교성을 모두 만족시킬 수 있는 방법에 대해 연구하였다. 연구결과 내린 결론은 다음과 같다. 1) 지진에 직각방향 전단력이 발생하지 않는 방향을 주축으로 정의하여 설계부재력을 구하면, 동적밑면전단력 보정계수가 감소하기 때문에 X, Y축을 주축으로 정하여 설계부재력 구하였을 때보다 설계부재력이 $15\%$정도 작은 값을 보여주었다. 2) 100/30법에 따라 방향성을 고려하여 구한 설계부재력은 2방향 시간이력해석결과로부터 구한 최대설계부재력보다 큰 값을 보여주어 100/30법에 따라 직교성을 고려하는 방법은 타당한 것으로 나타났으나, 시간이력해석결과에서 부재력을 나타내는 벡터$(P,\;M_y,\;and\;M_z)$ 많은 부분이 100/30법에 따라 예측한 설계부재력의 영역을 벗어났다.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2002년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.513-520
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• 2002

This study is for seismic analysis of building structures with ambiguous modal direction This case is revealed symmetrical building structure or the structure that isn't coincided building axis with physical axis. Seismic analysis-time history analysis, response spectrum analysis and lateral force procedure-is carried out. It is concluded that analysis method for the structure with ambiguous modal direction don't suitable for lateral force procedure. It is recommended to use the CQC method for combining modal responses to the individual components and the SRSS rule for combining responses to the two horizontal components are of nearly equal intensities.