• Land and Housing Review
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.389-397
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• 2012

In this study, crosshole seismic test, donwhole seismic test, SPT uphole test, and suspension PS logging (SPS logging) were conducted and the shear wave velocities of these tests were compared. The test demonstrated the following result: Downhole tests showed similar results compared to those of crosshole tests, which is known to be relatively accurate. SPS logging showed reliable results in the case of no casing, i.e. in the rock mass, while, in the case of soil ground, its values were lower or higher than those of other tests. SPT-uphole tests showed similar results in the soil ground and upper area of rock mass compared to other methods. However, reliable results could not be obtained from these tests because SPT sampler could not penetrate into the rock mass for the tests.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.623-631
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• 2007

In this paper, dynamic elastic module of banded gneiss were calculated on the basis of SPS velocity logging data obtained from a geotechnical test-hole in Pungsan-dong, Hanam, Gyeonggi Province, Korea. This study mainly focuses on the velocity analysis, Q factor calculation relative to attenuation factor, and generation of crack information and its relation with seismic velocity. As a result, P-wave and S-wave velocity of fresh hard rock was 5,559m/s and 3,063m/s, respectively, with Poisson's ratio being 0.28. With these results, dynamic modules were prepared, and crack information analyzed by acoustic televiewer was incorporated to identify the correlation among and between delay of first arrival by crack amplitude ratio, and velocity. The results of this study revealed that the analyzed logging hole mainly consisted of micro crack and a number of cracks and the size of crack aperture, functioned as a variable to seismic velocity in the micro crack area of this type of hard rock.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.161-174
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• 2008

To investigate the characteristics of the shear wave velocity of cohesive soils and residual soils in Korea, Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Suspension PS Logging tests (SPS) and other soil tests were performed to analyze the shear wave velocity at each layer For these purposes, 2 study sites are selected: one is cohesive soils and the other is residual soils. As a results, new empirical formulas are proposed from the relationship between strength of the ground (N value) and shear wave velocity from the test data at each layer. In the case of cohesive soils, the proposed relationships are nearly similar to empirical formulas, however, in the case of residual soils there was a little difference between the empirical formulas and measured velocities in this study. Case examples for shear wave velocites are presented with depth, N-values and compared with Ohta et al. (1978) empirical formula.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.615-623
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• 2010

Seismic refraction survey is a geophysical method that delineates subsurface velocity structure using direct wave and critically refracted wave. The generalized reciprocal method(GRM) is an inversion technique which uses travel-time data from several forward and reverse shots and which can provide the geometry of irregular inclined refractors and structures underlain by hidden layer such as low velocity zone and thin layer. In this study, a simple Excel-GRM routine was tested for fast mapping of the interface between weathering layer and bedrock during the survey, with employing a pair of forward and reverse shots. This routine was proved to control the maximum dip of approximately $30^{\circ}C$ and maximum velocity contrast of 0.6, based on the panel tests in terms of dipping angle and velocity contrast for the two-layer inclined models. In contrast with conventional operation of five to seven shots with sufficient offset distance and indoor data analysis thereafter, this routine was performed in the field shortly after data acquisition. Depth to the bedrock provided by Excel-GRM, during the field survey for Cheongju granite area, correlates well with the elevation of the surface of soft rock from the drill core and SPS logging data. This cost-effective routine developed for quickly delineating the bedrock surface in the field survey will be readily applicable to mapping of weathering zone in narrow zone with small variation of elevation of bedrock.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.108-113
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• 2006

Urban conditions, such as existing underground facilities and ambient noise due to cultural activity, restrict the general application of conventional geophysical techniques. At a tunnelling site in an urban area along an existing railroad, we used the refraction microtremor (REMI) technique (Louie, 2001) as an alternative way to get geotechnical information. The REMI method uses ambient noise recorded by standard refraction equipment and a linear geophone array to derive a shear-wave velocity profile. In the inversion procedure, the Rayleigh wave dispersion curve is picked from a wavefield transformation, and iteratively modelled to get the S-wave velocity structure. The REMI survey was carried out along the line of the planned railway tunnel. At this site vibrations from trains and cars provided strong seismic sources that allowed REMI to be very effective. The objective of the survey was to evaluate the rock mass rating (RMR), using shear-wave velocity information from REMI. First, the relation between uniaxial compressive strength, which is a component of the RMR, and shear-wave velocity from laboratory tests was studied to learn whether shear-wave velocity and RMR are closely related. Then Suspension PS (SPS) logging was performed in selected boreholes along the profile, in order to draw out the quantitative relation between the shear-wave velocity from SPS logging and the RMR determined from inspection of core from the same boreholes. In these tests, shear-wave velocity showed fairly good correlation with RMR. A good relation between shear-wave velocity from REMI and RMR could be obtained, so it is possible to estimate the RMR of the entire profile for use in design of the underground tunnel.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.157-164
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• 2005

Urban conditions such as underground facilities and ambient noises due to cultural activity restrict the application of conventional geophysical techniques in general. We used the refraction microtremor (REMI) technique as an alternative way to get the geotechnical information, in particular shear-wave (S-wave) velocity information, at a site along an existing rail road. The REMI method uses ambient noises recorded using standard refraction equipment to derived shear-wave velocity information at a site. It does a wavefield transformation on the recorded wavefield to produce Rayleigh wave dispersion curve, which are then picked and modeled to get the shear-wave velocity structure. At this site the vibrations from the running trains provided strong noise sources that allowed REMI to be very effective. REMI was performed along the planned new underground rail tunnel. In addition, Suspension PS logging (SPS) were carried out at selected boreholes along the profile in order to draw out the quantitative relation between the shear wave velocity from the PS logging and the rock mass rating (RMR) determined from the inspection of the cores recovered from the same boreholes, These correlations were then used to relate the shear-wave velocity derived from REMI to RMR along the entire profile. The correlation between shear wave velocity and RMR was very good and so it was possible to estimate the RMR of the total zone of interest for the design of underground tunnel,

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.153-162
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• 2019

Rapid variations in the geometry (i.e., thickness) of the refractor and low velocities affect greatly the imaging of the reflectors of land seismic data. Conventional solutions to obtain the weathering models utilizes first break picking method, which requires time consuming steps and causes the human error in picking the first arrivals. A new interferometric approach (interferometric refraction statics, IRS) which utilizes the first arrival signal (S/N enhanced by refraction convolution stack) instead of first break picking, is tested in this study to the synthetic data from the velocity structure provided by surface geophysics (refraction, MASW) and borehole geophysics (tomography, SPS logging) for the Cheongju granitic bodies. The results of IRS approach are found to be better than the ones from conventional first break picking in terms of continuities and horizontal resolution of the reflectors. The unresolved long-wavelength statics in brute stack are much removed by IRS weathering correction and the overlying refractors (the base of shallow weathering zone) are incidentally delineated in the refraction convolution stack.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.349-356
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• 2015

Although geophysical methods are useful and generally provide valuable information about the subsurface, it is important to recognize their limitations. A common limitation is the lack of sufficient contrast in physical properties between different layers. Thus, multiple methods are commonly used to best constrain the physical properties of different layers and interpret each section individually. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) and shallow seismic reflection (SSR) methods, used for shallow and very shallow subsurface imaging, respond to dielectric and velocity contrasts between layers, respectively. In this study, we merged GPR and SSR data from a test site within the Cheongui granitic mass, where the water table is ~3 m deep all year. We interpreted the data in combination with field observations and existing data from drill cores and well logs. GPR and SSR reflections from the tops of the sand layer, water table, and weathered and soft rocks are successfully mapped in a single section, and they correlate well with electrical resistivity data and SPS (suspension PS) well-logging profiles. In addition, subsurface interfaces in the integrated section correlate well with S-wave velocity structures from multi-channel analysis shear wave (MASW) data, a method that was recently developed to enhance lateral resolution on the basis of CMP (common midpoint) cross-correlation (CMPCC) analysis.