• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.132-137
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• 2010

Site-specific N application for corn is one of the precision crop management. To implement the site-specific N application, various nitrogen stress sensing methods, including aerial image, tissue analysis, soil sampling analysis, and SPAD meter readings, have been used. Use of side-dressing, an efficient nitrogen application method than a uniform application in either late fall or early spring, relies mainly on the capability of nitrogen deficiency detection. This paper presents map-based variable rate nitrogen application based using a multi-spectral corn nitrogen deficiency(CND) sensor. This sensor assess the nitrogen stress by means of the estimated SPAD reading calculated from the corn leave reflectance. The estimated SPAD value from the CND sensor system and location information form DGPS of each field block was combined into the field map using a ArcView program. Then this map was converted into a raster file for a map-based variable rate application software. The relative SPAD (RSPAD = SPAD over reference SPAD) was investigated 2 weeks after the treatments. The results showed that the map-based variable rate application system was feasible.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.180-186
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• 2011

The objective of this research was to establish the estimation method of growth information on potato using Multi-Spectral Image Sensor (MSIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS). And growth estimation map for determining a prescription map over the entire field was generated. To determine the growth model, 10 ground-truth points of areas of $4m^2$ each were selected and investigated. The growth information included stem number, crop height and SPAD value. In addition, images information involving the ground-truth points were also taken by an unmanned helicopter, and reflectance value of Green, Red, and NIR bands were calculated with image processing. Then, growth status of potato was modeled by multi-regression analysis using these reflectance value of Green, Red, and NIR. As a result, potato growth information could be detected by analyzing Green, Red, and NIR images. Stem number, crop height and SPAD value could be estimated with $R^2$ values of 0.600, 0.657 and 0.747 respectively. The generated GIS map would describe variability of the potato growth in a whole field.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2000년도 THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ENGINEERING. V.II
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• pp.254-261
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• 2000

Soil chemical properties, relief of field surface, SPAD values and grain yield were investigated in a 0.5ha paddy field in 1999 to obtain basic field information for precision agriculture. Descriptive statistics of field information showed that the coefficient of variation ranged from 1.63% to 38.7%. Field information showed a high spatial dependence for within paddy field. The ranges of spatial dependence were from 15m to 60m, respectively. Kriged maps enable the visualization and comparison the spatial variability of field information. The causes of spatial variability of the field information could be explained rationally by a field management map. Grain yield was negatively correlated with pH, relief values, whereas, was positively correlated with total C, total N, C/N ratio, mineralizable N, available P and exchangeable K, Ca at the significant level of 1 %.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.230-236
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• 2018

3D depth perception has played an important role in robotics, and many sensory methods have also proposed for it. As a photodetector for 3D sensing, single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is suggested due to sensitivity and accuracy. We have researched for applying a SPAD chip in our fusion system of time-of-fight (ToF) sensor and stereo camera. Our goal is to upsample of SPAD resolution using RGB stereo camera. Currently, we have 64 x 32 resolution SPAD ToF Sensor, even though there are higher resolution depth sensors such as Kinect V2 and Cube-Eye. This may be a weak point of our system, however we exploit this gap using a transition of idea. A convolution neural network (CNN) is designed to upsample our low resolution depth map using the data of the higher resolution depth as label data. Then, the upsampled depth data using CNN and stereo camera depth data are fused using semi-global matching (SGM) algorithm. We proposed simplified fusion method created for the embedded system.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.109-120
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• 2004

To obtain basic information for precision agriculture, spatial variability of rice growth condition was evaluated in 100m ${\times}$100m paddy field. The rice growth condition of four hundred locations in the field were investigated to analyze the spatial variability of their properties ; SPAD, plant length and tiller number. Geostatistical analysis was carried out to examine within-field spatial variability using semivariograms and kriged maps as well as descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics showed that the coefficient of variation for SPAD, plant length, and tiller number exceeded 5.70 %, suggesting a relatively high variability. Geostatistical analysis indicated a high spatial dependence for all the properties except for the second tiller number. The range of spatial dependence was about 20 m for SPAD, plant length, and tiller number. Based on the results of spatial dependence, kriged maps were prepared for the properties to analyse their spatial distribution in the field. The results reflected the history of field management. In conclusion, the need for site-specific field management and possibility of precision agriculture were demonstrated even in an almost flat paddy field.

• Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

Low-temperature stress is an important factor controlling the growth and development of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in temperate region. In this study, a molecular linkage map consisting of 136 SSR markers was employed to identify QTL associated with cold tolerance at the seedling stage. 80 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from an intersubspecific cross between Milyang23 (O. sativa ssp. Indica) and Hapcheonaengmi3, a japonica weedy rice and the parents were evaluated for leaf discoloration and SAPD value of seedlings. Rice plants were grown for 15 days in the low-temperature condition (13/20℃ day/night) and the control condition (25/20℃ day/night) in the growth chamber. The degree of leaf discoloration showed a highly significant correlation with the SPAD value in the low-temperature plot (r = -0.708, P < 0.0001). A total of four QTLs for SPAD were identified and the phenotypic variance explained by each QTL ranged from 5.4 to 16.0%. Two QTLs detected in the control condition were located on chromosomes 2 and 5, respectively. Two QTL on chromosomes 1 and 4 were detected at the low-temperature condition and Hapcheonaengmi3 alleles increased the SPAD values at these loci. Substitution mapping was conducted to delimit the position of qSPA-4 using introgression lines derived from the same cross. Results indicated that qSPA-4 was located in a 810-Kb region flanked by RM16333 and RM16368. The results indicated that Hapcheonaengmi3 contains QTL alleles that are likely to improve cold tolerance of Indica rice.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.202-208
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• 2020

본 연구는 Agastache 속 여러 종에서 국내 자생지 환경요건에 적합하면서 생육 및 기능성 물질 함량면에서 가장 최적의 종을 선정하고자 하였다. 첫째, 11종의 배초향(Agastache)속 종자를 구입하여 미국 농무성(USDA) 식물 내한성 지도(plant hardiness zone map) 및 국내 식물 내한성 지도를 참고하여 11종에서 생육 및 기능성 분석을 할 5종을 선정하였다. 둘째, 배초향(Agastache) 속 5개 품종인 A. cana, A. foeniculum, A. rugosa 'Spike Blue', A. rugosa 'Spike Snow', A. rupestris에 대해 초장, 엽장, 엽폭, 엽면적, 엽수, SPAD, 지상부 생체중 및 건물중, 지하부 생체중 및 건물중 등의 생육 분석을 실시하였다. 생육 분석 결과, A. rugosa SB 및 A. rugosa SS 종에서 전체적으로 균형 있게 높은 수치를 나타냄을 알 수 있어, 생육 부문에서는 A. rugosa 계통의 품종이 다른 품종에 비해서 유리하다고 볼 수 있다. 셋째, rosmarinic acid, tilianin, acacetin 성분에 대해 단위 중량당 함량 및 식물체 1중당 함량 등의 기능성물질 함량 분석을 실시하였다. 기능성 물질 분석 결과, A. rugosa 계통 종에서 기능성 물질 및 항산화물질 함량이 유의적으로 높았으며, 이는 생육 결과값과 정비례적인 연계성이 크다고 보여진다. 따라서, 배초향(Agastache)속 종에 대한 생육과 기능성 부분을 종합적으로 고려할 때, A. rugosa SS 및 A. rugosa SB 등 A. rugosa 계통이 가장 최적의 고부가가치 작물로 적합할 것이라고 판단된다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2021

본 연구는 산채을 활용한 어린잎 혼합 포장 상품의 개발하기 위해 기존 어린잎채소에 많이 사용되고 있는 어린잎 적로메인상추(Lactuca sativa 'Red romaine')에 어린잎 산채로 갯기름나물(Peucedanum japoincum Thunberg)과 곤달비(Ligularia stenocephala)을 혼합하여 적합한 비율을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 적로메인과 산채의 혼합비율은 적로메인0 : 갯기름5 : 곤달비5(R0:P5:L5), 적로메인3.3 : 갯기름3.3 : 곤달비3.3(R3.3:P3.3:L3.3), 적로메인5 : 갯기름2.5 : 곤달비2.5(R5:P2.5:L2.5), 적로메인8 : 갯기름1 : 곤달비1(R8:P1:L1), 적로메인10 : 갯기름0 : 곤달비0(R10:P0:L0)으로 처리하였다. 모든 처리구는 OTR(Oxygen transmission rate) 10,000cc·m-2·day-1·atm-1 필름으로 포장하여 2℃/85%RH 저온고에서 27일간 저장하며 생체중 감소율, 포장내 이산화탄소/산소/에틸렌 농도, 외관, 엽록소 함량, 색도를 조사하였다. 생체중은 R8:P1:L1 처리구가 0.4% 미만의 가장 낮은 감소율을 보였고, 이를 제외한 나머지 처리구들은 0.5% 내외의 수치를 나타내었으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 포장내 산소와 이산화탄소 농도는 작물의 호흡률에 영향을 받았는데, 호흡률이 낮았던 상추의 혼합비율이 높아질수록 포장내 산소농도가 높았고, 이산화탄소 농도는 낮았다. 산소농도는 15일이후 크게 감소하였으나, 16%이상은 유지되었고, 이와 반대로 이산화탄소 농도의 경우 15일까지 1-4%로 유지되다가 서서히 증가하여 27일차에는 2-5%로 증가하였다. 에틸렌 농도는 저장 종료일까지 3-6µL·L-1 내외의 농도를 유지하였다. 저장 종료일의 외관상품질은 모든처리구가 상품성 한계점인 3점에 다소 못 미치는 정도를 보였다. 엽록소 함량(SPAD)은 처리구간 통계적 유의성은 없었으나, 적로메인과 곤달비의 경우 R8:P1:L1 처리구에서, 갯기름나물은 R5:P2.5:L2.5과 R8:P1:L1처리구에서 가장 적게 감소하였다. Heat map으로 비교한 3가지 작물의 엽색(L∗, a∗, b∗, chroma)은 R5:P2.5:L2.5와 R8:P1:L1 처리구에서 저장 후 가장 변화가 적었다. 이중 R8:P1:L1 처리구는 엽록소 함량도 가장 높게 유지되었으며 포장내 에틸렌 농도도 2번째로 낮았고 이산화탄소 농도는 2-3% 수준을 유지하였다. 따라서 적로메인 8, 곤달비 1, 갯기름 1(R8:P1:L1)의 혼합한 비율이 이 3가지 작물의 어린잎 혼합 포장에 가장 적합한 것으로 판단된다.