• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.106-112
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• 1997

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of cultured MDCK cell line on the cell viability and the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD). catalase, change of FOX 1 with low dose radiation. When MDCK cells were irradiated low dose (less than 50 cGy), the cell viability remains high after 2 hrs, but few changes after 24 hrs. In the low dose irradiated MDCK cells, the activities of SOD and catalase were increased with compared to control group and high dose. But the content of $H_2O_2$(FOX 1) was decreased. These results suggest that the cultured MDCK cells probably were induced expression of defense mechanism.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.229-239
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• 1997

The superoxide anion radical$(O_2)$ poses a threat to macromocules and cell organelles of the living cells. This toxicity damage to all groups of proteins results in loss of enzyme function concerned with metabolism and ion transport, and peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol results in a change of permeability characteristics of the membrane, and oxidative of nucleic acids results in genomic damage and thereby cause mutation, potential carcinogenesis and somatic damage that produce cellular aging Superoxide dismutase(SOD) has received substantial attention as a potential therapeutic agent. It has been investigated as a possible agent for the prevention of ontogenesis, the reduction of cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs, and protection against damage in ischemic tissue. It is suggest that $O_2$ is concerned with cellular aging, thereafter we need to investigate herb that activated to SOD.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.492-497
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• 1998

Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) was purified from horseradish by using Mono Q and Superose 12 FPLC column chromatography. The native molecular mass of the purified enzyme was approximately 33 kDa, as determined by gel filtration. The subunit molecular weight, as estimated by SDS-PAGE, was 16 kDa. These results indicated that the native enzyme is a homodimer. We investigated the free radical-generating function of horseradish Cu,Zn-SOD by using a chromogen, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) which reacts with ${\cdot}OH$ radicals to form $ABTS^{+{\cdot}}$ The formation of $ABTS^{+{\cdot}}$ was required for both active Cu, Zn-SOD and $H_2O_2$. The optimal pH for the free radical-generating activity of this enzyme was 6.0-8.0, and it retained about $40^{\circ}C$ of its maximum activity when exposed at $40^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. A neutral scavenger, ethanol, inhibited the $ABTS^{+{\cdot}}$ formation by horseradish Cu, Zn-SOD more effectively than that by the mammalian enzyme. These results suggest that the active channel of horseradish enzyme is slightly larger than that of the mammalian enzyme.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.333-346
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• 1997

The ischemia and reperfusion injury of the skeletal muscles is caused by generation of reactive oxygen during ischemia and reperfusion. It is well known that over 4 hours of ischemia injures the skeletal muscles irreversibly. The author has demonstrated the effects of SOD (superoxide dismutase), DMTU (dimethyl thiourea) and ischemic preconditioning on ultrastructural changes of the muscle fibers in the rectus femoris muscles after 4 hours of ischemia and 1 day and 3 days of reperfusion. A total of 72 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats weighing from 200 gm to 250 gm were used as experimental animals. Under urethane(1.15 g/kg, IP, 2 times) anesthesia, lower abdominal incision was done and the left common iliac artery was occluded by using vascular clamp for 4 hours. The left rectus femoris muscles were obtained at 1 and 3 days after the removal of vascular clamp. The SOD (15,000 unit/kg) or DMTU (500 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally at 1 hour before induction of ischemia. The ischemic preconditioned group underwent three episodes of 5 minutes occlusion and 5 minutes reperfusion followed by 4 hours of ischemia and 1 day and 3 days of reperfusion. The specimens were sliced into $1mm^3$ and prepared by routine methods for electron microscopic observation. All specimens were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and then observed with Hitachi-600 transmission electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. SOD or DMTU alone did not affect the ultrastructure of muscle fibers in the rectus femoris muscles. The electron density of mitochondrial matrix was decreased by ischemic preconditioning. 2. Dilated cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum, triad, mitochondria and the loss of myofilament in the sarcomere were observed in the 4 hours ischemia and 1 day reperfused rectus femoris muscles. Markedly changed sarcoplasmic reticulum, triad, disordered or loss of myofilament, indistinct A-band and I-band, and irregular electron lucent M -line and Z-line are seen in the 4 hours ischemia and 3 days reperfused rectus femoris muscles. 3. SOD reduced the changes of organelles in the muscle fibers of the 4 hours ischemia and 1 day reperfused rectus femoris muscles of the rats, but SOD did not affect the changes of muscle fibers in the 4 hours ischemia and 3 days reperfused muscles. On the other hand, DMTU markedly attenuated considerably the ultrastructural change of the 4 hours ischemia and 1 day or 3 days reperfused rectus femoris muscles. 4. By the ischemic preconditioning, the change was attenuated remarkably in the 4 hours ischemia and 1 day reperfused rectus femoris muscles. As the ischemic reperfused changes of muscle fibers were regenerated or recovered by ischemic preconditioning, the ultrastructures of them were similar to those of normal control in the 4 hours ischemia and 3 days reperfused rectus formoris muscles. Consequently, it is suggested that DMTU is stronger inhibitor to ischemic reperfused change than SOD. The ischemia and reperfusion-induced muscular damage is remarkably inhibited by ischemic preconditioning.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.167-178
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• 1995

It has been believed that the increased release of free oxygen radicals and their tissue damaging potency might be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase can protect the tissue damage from the free oxygen radicals($O_2^-,H_2O_2$, and $OH^-$). In order to investigate the SOD- and catalase - activity in the blood plasma and red blood cells(RBCs) of the patients with perodontitis, 19 male periodontitis patients($25{\sim}35$ years old) who had good general health, more than 10 teeth with severely inflamed gingiva, attachment loss more than 6mm and bone loss were selected as periodontitis group, and 13 male volunteers($22{\sim}29$ years old) with good general and periodontal health were selected as normal group. After blood plasma and RBC were separated from peripheral blood of 2ml collected from antecubital vein of each subject, SOD- activity in blood plasma and RBCs was measured by the same method that Paoletti et al. did, and catalase - activity in RBC was measured by the same method that Beers et al, did. The difference of SOD- and catalase - activity between the normal and the periodontitis groups was statistically analyzed by Student t-test with SPSS/PC program.The results were as follows : 1. SOD activity in blood plasma was significantly lower in the periodontitis group($1.986{\pm}0.893$) than in the normal group($3.324{\pm}1.044$)(p<0.05). 2. There was no statistical significance in the difference of SOD- activity in RBCs between the periodontitis group($7.753{\pm}3.206$) and the normal group($8.116{\pm}1.192$)(p$242.8{\pm}45.6$) than in the normal group($280.2{\pm}32.6$)(p

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 1996

Aerobic cells are normally protected from the damage of free radicals by antioxidative on , zymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH S- transferase and GSH reductase which scavenge free radicals as well as nonenzymatic antioxidants such as ceruloplasmin, albumin and nonprotein-SH including GSH. The effects of each component (ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, $Rb_1$, Rf, $Rh_1$ and $Rh_2$) of red ginseng on the antioxidative enzyme activities were investigated in the liver in order to screen antioxidative components of red ginseng. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and Rc showed a tendency to increase GSH peroxidase activity, while ginsenoside Rc significantly decreased Cu,Zn-SOD activity. Especially, ginsenoside $Rh_2$ significantly increased catalase activity. These results suggest that ginsenoside $Rh_2$ is an important active component among total saponins of red ginseng.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.1238-1243
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• 2008

The root of Adenophora triphylla is widely used as traditional herbal medicine in Korea. We studied its effects on sodium nitroprusside (SNP) cytotoxicity and antioxidant genes expression in HepG2 cells. To study whether Adenophora triphylla ethylacetate extract (ATea) inhibited NO-induced cell death, HepG2 cells were preincubated for 24 hr with 50 and 100 $\mu$g/mL ATea followed by 24-hr exposure to 0.5 mM SNP (exogenous NO donor). No-induced cytotoxicity was inhibited by pretreatment of ATea, as assessed by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (MTT assay). We further investigated the effects of ATea on mRNA levels of various enzymes of the antioxidant system such as Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD 1), Mn SOD (SOD 2), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase and several enzymes of the glutathione metabolism [glutathione reductase (GR), $\gamma$-glutamyl-cystein synthetase (GCS), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), $\gamma$-glutamyltranspeptidase ($\gamma$-GT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)] by RT-PCR. CAT, GCS, GR and G6PD mRNA levels were increased after treatment with ATea. The SOD 1, SOD 2, GPx, GST and $\gamma$-GT mRNA levels were not affected in ATea-treated HepG2 cells. We concluded that ATea have an indirect antioxidant effects, perhaps via induction of CAT, GCS, GR and G6PD.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.265-270
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• 2011

Procymidone is a fungicide with anti-androgenic properties widely used to protect fruits from fungal infection, which induces an excessive reactive oxygen species production in male reproductive organs. In this study, to clarify whether procymidone affect the cellular antioxidant system of prostate at onset of puberty, gene expression patterns of the representative antioxidant enzymes such as cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase (GPx1), phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx (PHGPx), selenoprotein P (SePP), cytoplasmic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and manganese SOD (SOD2) were investigated in the rat ventral prostates exposed to procymidone using real-time RT-PCR analyses. Seven-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats castrated at 6 weeks old were treated with procymidone (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg per day) orally for 7 consecutive days after testosterone propionate (0.4 mg/kg per day) administration by subcutaneous injection. As compared to normal control animals, GPx1 mRNA expression in prostates significantly increased by the administration with TP and/or procymidone. However, PHGPx and SOD1 mRNA levels significanatly decreased by over 25 mg/kg of procymidone treatment and SePP and SOD2 mRNA levels was significanatly reduced by over 50 mg/kg of procymidone treatment. These findings indicate that procymidone may affect the antioxidant system of prostatic cells in up-regulation mode of GPx1, but in down-regulation modes of PHGPx, SePP, SOD1, and SOD2, suggesting that procymidone may affect differently the cellular antioxidant system of prostate according to the exposure doses.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.17 no.2_3
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• pp.67-73
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• 2003

A series of studies was conducted during 2 years to investigate the effect of transplanting time and turfgrass species on turf establishment rate of sod for 2002 World Cup Soccer ground construction. The required period of rooting and turf growth for acceptable soccer playing quality on transplanted sod from nursery was tested to collect data for the project authorities of hosting cities and construction companies who were involved in World Cup stadium project. Transplanting time significantly affects on rooting-potential of sod on cool season grass and zoysiagrass, but those effects differently showed by turfgrass species. The enough nursing period for the ground established by Zousiagrass should be secured with proper transplanting time. And the thermal insulation on the turf canopy with other maintenance during Winter should improve the early rooting on zoysiagrass. The sod contained Kentucky bluegrass (85％＋15％ perennial ryegrass, seed wt. basis) showed relatively slow at the early growth and rooting-potential of root, but the potential resulted higher than that of perennial ryegrass turf (85％＋15％ Kentucky) under longer nursing period. Kentucky bluegrass has one of the most strong resistance against environmental stresses, but intensive maintenance practise should be required when the turf transplanted during summer season. Higher mixture rate of perennial ryegrass sod has a rapid root growth compare with other turfgrass species. The rate provided a benefit to an early establishment of turf ground followed by a proper maintenance practise. For the completion of World Cup soccer ground construction for 2002, the most suitable time for sod transplanting in 2001 was March to May or mid Sept. to early Oct. by delayed architect construction schedule.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.430-432
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• 2002

The changes in expression of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in light-damaged rat retinas were examined. Sprague-Dawley rats (male, 6-weeks-old) were maintained on a cyclic photoperiod (12 hours light and 12 hours darkness) for 2 weeks. The illumination intensity during the light period was 80 lux. To induce light damage to the retina, a high-intensity illumination (3000-lux) was applied to the animals for 24 hours. After light exposure, the animals were returned to cyclic lighting. Eyes were enucleated 12 and 24 hours after light exposure started or 1,3, and 7 days after light exposure ended. Eyes were fixed and embedded in paraffin wax. Tissues were cut into 4${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$-thick sections. Sections were immunostained using antibody against CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPX and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanocine (8-OHdG) as oxidative stress marker. 8-OHdG was observed in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) during light exposure. In light-damaged retinas CuZn-SOD labeling was up regulated in the ONL and RPE. Mn-SOD labeling was up regulated in rod inner segments (RIS) during light exposure and that in the RPE was up regulated after exposure. GPX labeling was observed in rod outer segments (ROS) during light exposure. GPX labeling was also observed in the RPE during and after light exposure. All three enzymes were observed in the outer retina, which suffered light damage, but occurred in defferent layers except within the RPE, in which case all three were expressed. These enzymes may play complementary roles as protective factors in light-damaged retinas.