• Diabetes and Metabolism Journal
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.480-487
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• 2018

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels among Korean adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Factors affecting the SMBG frequency were analyzed in order to improve their glycemic control. Methods: Sixty-one adolescents aged 13 to 18 years with T1DM were included from one tertiary center. Clinical and biochemical variables were recorded. Factors associated with SMBG frequency were assessed using structured self-reported questionnaires. Results: Average total daily SMBG frequency was $3.8{\pm}2.1$ and frequency during the school day was $1.3{\pm}1.2$. The mean HbA1c level was $8.6%{\pm}1.4%$. As the daily SMBG frequency increased, HbA1c levels declined (P=0.001). The adjusted odds of achieving the target HbA1c in participants who performed daily SMBG ${\geq}5$ significantly increased 9.87 folds (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58 to 61.70) compared with those performed SMBG four times a day. In the subjects whose SMBG frequency <1/day during the school day, an 80% reduction in the adjusted odds ratio 0.2 (95% CI, 0.05 to 0.86) showed compared to the group with performing two SMBG measurements in the school setting. The number of SMBG testing performed at school was significantly high for individuals assisted by their friends (P=0.031) and for those who did SMBG in the classrooms (P=0.039). Conclusion: Higher SMBG frequency was significantly associated with lower HbA1c in Korean adolescents with T1DM. It would be necessary to establish the school environments that can facilitate adequate glycemic control, including frequent SMBG.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.183-192
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• 2010

While Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has been recommended in some diabetes mellitus (DM) patients population according to the 2010 American Diabetes Association (ADA), 2007 Korean Diabetes Association (KDA), 2005 International Diabetes Federation guideline, it is excluded from a routine insurance coverage for outpatients in Korea. The objective of this study is to meta-analyze the impact of SMBG on HbA1c in non insulin-treated diabetes mellitus (NIT) DM patients. Published clinical literatures were identified through electronic database searches from inception and until May 2010. Studies were selected if they met the following inclusion criteria: 1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 2) comparing SMBG with non-SMBG in NIT type 2 diabetes, 3) measuring HbA1c as an outcome. Literature qualities were assessed by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Checklist. The mean difference of HbA1c between the 2 groups was pooled from non-heterogeneous 6 RCTs by meta-analysis using Review Manger (RevMan) Version 5.0 program. Pooled results demonstrated that SMBG is associated with a statistically significant improvement in glycemic control (mean HbA1c difference -0.23, 95%CI -0.32, -0.13). Sensitivity analysis showed that glycemic controls were significantly improved in patients with shorter study duration, more frequent self-monitoring, higher baseline HbA1c value, and without prior SMBG experiences. Conclusively SMBG is effective in improving glycemic control in NIT DM patients, but additional evidences from further researches in Korean patients and cost-effectiveness analysis would be necessary to make a suggestion for coverage expansion.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2010

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of continuous self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) on glycemic control in diabetic patients. Methods: Among the diabetic patients who visited the department of internal medicine in H hospital from April 1 to October 27 2008, 76 patients were divided into the experimental group (n=39) and control group (n=36). The experimental group was required to measure blood glucose levels at least twice every other day using SMBG; their compliance was aided by weekly telephone reminders for 3 months after discharge. Glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood sugar and postprandial 2 hours glucose level, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein were measured before and after the study. Results: Baseline characteristics were not different between the experimental and control groups. Three months later, there was a significant difference in postprandial glucose between the two groups (t=-2.042, p=.045). Conclusion: There was significant improvement of glycemic control after the use of continuous SMBG, suggesting its value in strict glycemic control and the merit of an aggressive education program.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.127-136
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)-based Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Methods: This study was designed to compare changes in glycemic control over 12months in SMBG-based DSME group (n=65) versus control group (n=65). Data were obtained from medical records type 2 diabetic patients treated with oral antidiabetic agents and above HbA1c 7.0% from June 2006 to August 2008. All participants completed DSME defined as informational intervention of lifestyle habits and reinforcement of educational Monthly News letter delivered by the diabetes nurse educator. SMBG-based DSME group requested to measure blood glucose 7 times a day for a week and to record their diary and received counseling with a focus on diet and lifestyle during the education. Assessments were conducted baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. HbA1c was used as an index of glycemic control. Results: 12 months later, the level of HbA1c was reduced by $1.28{\pm}1.68%$ in experimental group and $0.49{\pm}1.05%$ in the control group. We found a significant effect of $Time^*$ Group interaction (p=.013). Conclusion: SMBG-based DSME for patients with type 2 diabetes with oral antidiabetic agents was effective in improving glycemic control and maintaining long-term glycemic control.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.42 no.2 s.302
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• pp.33-38
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• 2005

In this paper, the sensing unit of a non-invasive blood glucose sensor for home users, using a magneto-resonance absorption method, have been designed and manufactured. The sensor is capable of non-invasively determining blood glucose levels through measuring the 1H spin-lattice relaxation time in human body, The comparison of initial models, with different dimensions and shapes, for the sensing unit has led us to select the materials of the final model, which has adequate size and weight for home use. Through the design optimization using the FEM model, the dimension of final model has been determined to satisfy the required strength and uniformity of the magnetic field in the detecting area.