• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2020

Background: In aged skin, degradation of collagen fibers, which occupy the majority of the extracellular matrix in the dermis, and changes of aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and skin constituents, such as hyaluronic acid and ceramide, cause wrinkles and decrease skin moisturization to contribute to dryness and lower elasticity skin. Red ginseng (RG) is used as a cosmetic and food material and is known to protect from UVB-induced cell death, increase skin hydration, prevent wrinkles, and have an antioxidative effect. But, in general, RG used as a material is the soluble liquid portion in the solvent, and the part that is not soluble in the solvent is discarded. Thus, we made the whole RG into microgranulation and dispersed in water to produce gel form for using entire RG, and it was named red ginseng NaturalGEL (RG NGEL). Methods: RG NGEL was investigated for matrix metalloproteinases inhibitory activity, induction of Type I collagen, AQP3, hyaluronan synthetase 2, serine palmitoyl transferase, ceramide synthase 3, and filaggrin expression and compared with RG water extract. Results: RG NGEL reduced the levels of UV-induced matrix metalloproteinases and increased Type I collagen in human fibroblast cells and upregulated AQP3, hyaluronan synthetase 2, serine palmitoyl transferase, ceramide synthase 3, and filaggrin expressions in human keratinocytes compared with RG water extract. Conclusion: RG NGEL has the potential as an effective reagent for antiaging cosmetics to improve wrinkle formation and skin hydration.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.270-273
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• 1994

Pseudomonas putida 3SK, which was constructed by the conjugal transfet of the $CAM::TOL^{*}$ plasmid of Pseudomonas putida CSnA and the NAH plasmid of Pseudomonas putida KCTC 2403 into n-alkane assimilating Pseudomonas putida KCTC 2405, showed a broad degradation spectrum and floc-forming ability. This strain degraded m-toluic acid, naphthalene, camphor and decane simultaneously. $Hg^{2+}$ at the concentration of 1 ppm in the minimal medium could not inhibit the growth of this strain. The degradation of m-toluic acid by Pseudomonas putida 3SK was not repressed by the easily utilizable compounds, such as glucose and succinate. But, the addition of formalin inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas putida 3SK. After the cultivation of this strain on the artificial wastewater containing m-toluic acid, naphthalene, camphor and decane for 24 hr, the initial COD value (1500) of the artificial wastewater was declined to 300.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.420-425
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• 2006

This study was conducted to produce vinegar using maesil. Acetic acid bacteria was 20 strains isolated from several conventional vinegars. Among the isolates, a strain showed highest acetic acid productivity was selected and identified as Acetobacter sp. SK-7. The optimum medium of acetic acid production by Acetobacter sp. SK-7 was 30% of maesil juice, 4% of ethanol, and 2% of starting acidity and 0.2% of glucose. Optomum condition for the high yield of acetic acid was in the shaking culture at 30$^{\cire}$. The acidity of culture medium was reached to 7.1% after 12 days fermentation. Organic acid was identify 6 kinds containing acetic acid. The total content was 7,068.7 mg% after 12 days and malic acid slowly decreased and acetaic and citirc acid gradationally increased according to fermentation

• 자원환경지질
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.89-102
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• 1982

Several mines in Jeonnam produce the ores of having high SK number of refractoriness. Among those for 5 mines, this paper deals with the relationahip between SK number and mineral composition of the ore, and with the genesis of the deposits. 1. Byok-Song and Chon-Un Mine: Mineral compositions of the ores are chiastolite, chloritoid(monoclinic), kaolinite, sericite, diaspore, corundum, and quartz. The ores having SK number of 36 or 37, consist chiefly of chiastolite and diaspore and a little amount of kaolinite, sericite, corundum, chloritoid, and quartz. The ores having SK number of 33 or 34 consist of chloritoid, sericite, kaolinite, chiastolite, and diaspore. With increasing the amount of chloritoid and sericite, and decreasing the amount of diaspore and chiastolite, the SK number of the ores decreases. The deposit, originally high alumina-bearing shale of Chon-Un San formation, seems to be formed by contact metamorphism(forming of chiastolite), regional metamorphism(forming of monoclinic chloritoid), and hydrothermal replacement(forming of large crystal of diaspore veinlets). 2. Song-Sauk Mine: Mineral compositions of the ores are chiefly pyrophyllite and quartz and a little amount of kaolinite, dickite, diaspore, and pyrite. Many spherical inclusions containing in pyrophyllite deposits, consist chiefly of diaspore and kaolinite, The inclusions have the high SK number of 38. Amount of spherical inclusions is about 5 % to the whole pyrophyllite ores. The SK number of other pyrophyllite ore is less than 32. Quartz and pyrite are chief minerals lowering the SK number of the ore. The deposits have been formed by hydrothermal processes by replacing the siliceous tuff of Mesozoic age. Spherical inclusions consisting of diaspore and kaolinite, show the selective replacement of hydrothermal solutions to the materials of feldspar in tuff. 3. Seung-San Mine: Mineral compositions of the ores are chiefly kaolinite, dickite, diaspore, and quartz. But some part of the mine consists of alunite deposits. The ores having SK number of 35 or higher consist chiefly of kaolinite and diaspore and a little amount of quartz. With increasing the amount of quartz and decresing the amount of diaspore, the SK number of the ore decreases. The deposits have been formed by hydrothermal processes by replacing the siliceous tuff and quartz porphyry. 4. Wan-Do Mine: Mineral compositions of the ores are chiefly pyrophyllite and quartz. But some ore contains a little amount of diaspore, kaolinite, pyrite, and chloritoid. The ores having high SK number of 36 consist chiefly of diaspore and pyrophyllite. Pyrophyllite ore has a SK number of 32 or lower. Amount of quartz and pyrite decreases the SK number of ores in this mine. Rhyolite was replaced by the action of hydrothermal solutions forming the pyrophyllite deposits.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.206-212
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• 2019

L. fermentum SK152의 동결건조에 의한 생균수 감소에 동결보호제가 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해, 균체를 dextrin, skim milk powder, glucose, trehalose 10% 용액에 각각 현탁한 후에 동결건조하였다. 동결건조 후의 생존율은 각각 5.6%(dextrin), 2.2%(skim milk powder), 1.7%(glucose), 1.5%(trehalose)로서, dextrin을 첨가한 경우에 생존률이 가장 높게 나타났다. 동결건조한 L. fermentum SK152를 냉장(4℃) 및 상온(20℃)에 7-8주간 저장하면서 동결보호제의 종류에 따른 생존률을 조사한 결과, 4℃ 보관 시에는 동결보호제의 종류에 상관없이 저장기간이 길어져도 생존률이 서서히 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 저장 8주 후의 생존률은 37%(dextrin)-90%(skim milk powder)에 이르렀으며, skim milk powder 첨가시에 가장 높은 생존률을 나타내었다. 한편, 20℃ 보관 시에는 동결보호제의 종류에 상관없이 저장기간에 길어질수록 4℃에 비하여 생존률이 급격히 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 저장 7주 후의 생존률은 4%(dextrin)-12%(skim milk powder)에 이르렀으며, 이중 가장 높은 생존률을 나타낸 동결보호제는 skim milk powder이었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.410-415
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• 2008

본 연구는 Ames test와 SRB assay를 통해 SK와 SDK 메탄올 추출물을 이용하여 항돌연변이원성과 세포독성 효과에 대해 살펴보았다. S. Typhimurium TA98과 TA100 균주를 사용하여 돌연변이원성을 실시한 결과 SK와 SDK 메탄올 추출물 자체의 돌연변이원성은 없었으며, MNNG와 4NQO를 유도하여 높은 항돌연변이 효과를 나타내었다. S.Typhimurium TA98에서 4NQO를 유도하여 SDK($200{\mu}g$/plate) 메탄올 추출물 처리 시에 71.4%의 억제효과를 나타내었으며, 반면에 S. Typhimurium TA100에 4NQO와 MNNG의 돌연변이를 유도하였을 때 각각 56.1%와 83.6%의 억제율을 보였다. 암세포 성장 억제효과를 검토한 결과 샘플처리 시 농도 의존적 증가를 보였으며, SDK 메탄올 추출물 1 mg/mL 첨가 시 HeLa, Hep3B, MCF-7, AGS 및 A549에서 각각 61.5%, 61.3%, 51.4%, 57.9% 및 77.7%의 억제효과를 나타내었다. SK 메탄올 추출물 첨가 결과 $51{\sim}58%$ 정도의 억제효과를 보였다. 대조적으로 SDK 메탄올 추출물을 1mg/mL 첨가 시 293에서 $2{\sim}38%$의 세포독성을 나타내었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권11호
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• pp.784-794
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• 2021

Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a mesenchymal malignancy with a complex karyotype. Despite accumulated evidence, the factors contributing to the development of LMS are unclear. Here, we investigated the role of tight-junction protein 1 (TJP1), a membrane-associated intercellular barrier protein during the development of LMS and the tumor microenvironment. We orthotopically transplanted SK-LMS-1 cells and their derivatives in terms of TJP1 expression by intramuscular injection, such as SK-LMS-1 Sh-Control cells and SK-LMS-1 Sh-TJP1. We observed robust tumor growth in mice transplanted with LMS cell lines expressing TJP1 while no tumor mass was found in mice transplanted with SK-LMS-1 Sh-TJP1 cells with silenced TJP1 expression. Tissues from mice were stained and further analyzed to clarify the effects of TJP1 expression on tumor development and the tumor microenvironment. To identify the TJP1-dependent factors important in the development of LMS, genes with altered expression were selected in SK-LMS-1 cells such as cyclinD1, CSF1 and so on. The top 10% of highly expressed genes in LMS tissues were obtained from public databases. Further analysis revealed two clusters related to cell proliferation and the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, integrated analyses of the gene expression networks revealed correlations among TJP1, CSF1 and CTLA4 at the mRNA level, suggesting a possible role for TJP1 in the immune environment. Taken together, these results imply that TJP1 contributes to the development of sarcoma by proliferation through modulating cell-cell aggregation and communication through cytokines in the tumor microenvironment and might be a beneficial therapeutic target.

• BMB Reports
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2010

The function of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) in cancer remains controversial, and its signaling pathways remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that MIC-1 induces the transactivation of EGFR, ErbB2, and ErbB3 through the activation of c-Src in SK-BR-3 breast cells. MIC-1 induced significant phosphorylation of EGFR at Tyr845, ErbB2 at Tyr877, and ErbB3 at Tyr1289 as well as Akt and p38, Erk1/2, and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Treatment of SK-BR-3 cells with MIC-1 increased the phosphorylation level of Src at Tyr416, and induced invasiveness of those cells. Inhibition of c-Src activity resulted in the complete abolition of MIC-1-induced phosphorylation of the EGFR, ErbB2, and ErbB3, as well as invasiveness and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression in SK-BR-3 cells. Collectively, these results show that MIC-1 may participate in the malignant progression of certain cancer cells through the activation of c-Src, which in turn may transactivate ErbB-family receptors.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2006

The functional expression of potassium $(K^+)$ channels has electrophysiologically been studied in bone cells from several species, however, their identity and regulation of gene expressions in bone cells are not well known. In the present study, to investigate how $K^+$ channel expressions are regulated by estrogen, we measured changes of transcript levels of various $Ca^{2+}$-activated ($K_{Ca}$) and ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channels in rat osteoblastic ROS 17/2.8 cells after treatment with estrogen. Application of 17${\beta}$-estradiol $(E_2)$ for 24 h and 48 h increased mRNA and protein expressions of inwardly rectifying $K^+$ channel (Kir) 6.2 and type 2 small conductance $K_{Ca}$ channel (SK2), respectively. Combined treatment of cells with 17${\beta}-E_2$ and ICI 182,780, a pure antiestrogen, suppressed 17${\beta}-E_2$-induced alterations of SK2 and Kir6.2 mRNA levels. In addition, treatment of cells with U0126, a specific inhibitor of extracellular receptor kinases (ERK)1/2, and SP600125, a specific inhibitor of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) blocked the enhancing effects of 17${\beta}-E_2$ on SK2 and Kir6.2 protein expressions. On the other hand, blocking of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase had no effect. Taken together, these results indicate that 17${\beta}-E_2$ modulates SK2 and Kir6.2 expressions through the estrogen receptor, involving ERK1/2 and JNK activations.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.8-17
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• 2008

모바일 단말기 관리를 수행하는 방법이나 프로토콜 등이 제조회사나 ISP 마다 달라서 효율적으로 관리하기가 매우 어려웠기 때문에, OMA(Open Mobile Alliance)에서 OMA DM(Device Management)이라는 단말기 관리 표준안을 제안하였다. 본 논문에서는 OMA DM개념을 실제 응용 분야에 적용하기 위한 연구의 일환으로써, OMA DM에이전트를 이용한 택배 서비스 관리 프로그램을 설계 구현하였다. 본 논문에서 개발한 택배 서비스 관리 프로그램은 SK-WIPI Clet 환경에서 개발하였으며, SyncML Tool Kit 4.3, SK WIPI SDK 및 Embedded Visual-C++언어를 사용하였다. 대부분의 모바일 단말기마다 설치될 것으로 예상되고 있는 OMA DM 시스템을 이용함으로써, 본 논문에서 제안한 택배 서비스 관리 프로그램은 별도의 하위 계층 소프트웨어를 개발하지 않아도 되는 장점이 있다. SK 위피 에뮬레이터 1.1을 사용하여 이 연구의 정당성을 검증하였는데, 이 에뮬레이터는 모바일 단말기와 동일한 실행 환경을 제공한다. 실험을 통하여, 본 논문에서 개발한 택배 서비스 관리 프로그램이 제대로 동작함을 알 수 있었다.