• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.399-423
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• 2013

In the present study, the thermal buckling behavior of functionally graded sandwich plates is studied using a new hyperbolic displacement model. Unlike any other theory, the theory is variationally consistent and gives four governing equations. Number of unknown functions involved in displacement field is only four, as against five in case of other shear deformation theories. This present model takes into account the parabolic distribution of transverse shear stresses and satisfies the condition of zero shear stresses on the top and bottom surfaces without using shear correction factor. Material properties and thermal expansion coefficient of the sandwich plate faces are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The core layer is still homogeneous and made of an isotropic material. The thermal loads are assumed as uniform, linear and non-linear temperature rises across the thickness direction. The results reveal that the volume fraction index, loading type and functionally graded layers thickness have significant influence on the thermal buckling of functionally graded sandwich plates.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.317-330
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• 2017

This paper presents a free vibration analysis of plates made of functionally graded materials and resting on two-layer elastic foundations by proposing a non-polynomial four variable refined plate theory. Undetermined integral terms are introduced in the proposed displacement field and unlike the conventional higher shear deformation theory (HSDT), the present one contains only four unknowns. Equations of motion are derived via the Hamilton's principles and solved using Navier's procedure. Accuracy of the present theory is demonstrated by comparing the results of numerical examples with the ones available in literature.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.695-702
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• 2017

In this work, a nonlocal zeroth-order shear deformation theory is developed for the nonlinear postbuckling behavior of nanoscale beams. The beauty of this formulation is that, in addition to including the nonlocal effect according to the nonlocal elasticity theory of Eringen, the shear deformation effect is considered in the axial displacement within the use of shear forces instead of rotational displacement like in existing shear deformation theories. The principle of virtual work together of the nonlocal differential constitutive relations of Eringen, are considered to obtain the equations of equilibrium. Closed-form solutions for the critical buckling load and the amplitude of the static nonlinear response in the postbuckling state for simply supported and clamped clamped nanoscale beams are determined.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.75-97
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• 2018

In this paper, a novel higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is proposed for the analysis of the hygro-thermo-mechanical behavior of functionally graded (FG) plates resting on elastic foundations. The developed model uses a novel kinematic by considering undetermined integral terms and only four variables are used in this model. The governing equations are deduced based on the principle of virtual work and the number of unknown functions involved is reduced to only four, which is less than the first shear deformation theory (FSDT) and others HSDTs. The Navier-type exact solutions for static analysis of simply supported FG plates subjected to hygro-thermo-mechanical loads are presented. The accuracy and efficiency of the present model is validated by comparing it with various available solutions in the literature. The influences of material properties, temperature, moisture, plate aspect ratio, side-to-thickness ratios and elastic coefficients parameters on deflections and stresses of FG plates are also investigated.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2018

In this article, an analytic non-classical model for the free vibrations of nanobeams accounting for surface stress effects is developed. The classical continuum mechanics fails to capture the surface energy effects and hence is not directly applicable at nanoscale. A general beam model based on Gurtin-Murdoch continuum surface elasticity theory is developed for the analysis of thin and thick beams. Thus, surface energy has a significant effect on the response of nanoscale structures, and is associated with their size-dependent behavior. To check the validity of the present analytic solution, the numerical results are compared with those obtained in the scientific literature. The influences of beam thickness, surface density, surface residual stress and surface elastic constants on the natural frequencies of nanobeams are also investigated. It is indicated that the effect of surface stress on the vibrational response of a nanobeam is dependent on its aspect ratio and thickness.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.358-365
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• 2020

An organic solvent- and bleach-stable protease-producing strain was isolated from a polluted river water sample and identified as Aeromonas veronii OB3 on the basis of biochemical properties (API 20E) and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The strain was found to hyper-produce alkaline protease when cultivated on fish waste powder-based medium (HVSP, 4080 U/ml). The biochemical properties and compatibility of OB3 with several detergents and additives were studied. Maximum activity was observed at pH 9.0 and 60℃. The crude protease displayed outstanding stability to the investigated surfactants and oxidants, such as Tween 80, Triton X-100, and H₂O₂, and almost 36% residual activity when incubated with 1% SDS. Remarkably, the enzyme demonstrated considerable compatibility with commercial detergents, retaining more than 100% of its activity with Ariel and Tide (1 h, 40℃). Moreover, washing performance of Tide significantly improved by the supplementation of small amounts of OB3 crude protease. These properties suggest the potential use of this alkaline protease as a bio-additive in the detergent industry and other biotechnological processes such as peptide synthesis.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.603-613
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• 2017

In this research, the free vibration response of laminated composite plates is investigated using a novel and simple higher order shear deformation plate theory. The model considers a non-linear distribution of the transverse shear strains, and verifies the zero traction boundary conditions on the surfaces of the plate without introducing shear correction coefficient. The developed kinematic uses undetermined integral terms with only four unknowns. Equations of motion are obtained from the Hamilton's principle and the Navier method is used to determine the closed-form solutions of antisymmetric cross-ply and angle-ply laminates. Numerical examples studied using the present formulation is compared with three-dimensional elasticity solutions and those calculated using the first-order and the other higher-order theories. It can be concluded that the present model is not only accurate but also efficient and simple in studying the free vibration response of laminated composite plates.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.91-112
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• 2016

In this paper, post-buckling behavior of sandwich plates with functionally graded (FG) face sheets under uniform temperature rise loading is examined based on both sinusoidal shear deformation theory and stress function. It is supposed that the sandwich plate is in contact with an elastic foundation during deformation, which acts in both compression and tension. Thermo-elastic non-homogeneous properties of FG layers change smoothly by the variation of power law within the thickness, and temperature dependency of material constituents is considered in the formulation. In the present development, Von Karman nonlinearity and initial geometrical imperfection of sandwich plate are also taken into account. By employing Galerkin method, analytical solutions of thermal buckling and post-buckling equilibrium paths for simply supported plates are determined. Numerical examples presented in the present study discuss the effects of gradient index, sandwich plate geometry, geometrical imperfection, temperature dependency, and the elastic foundation parameters.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 2017

In this article, a novel simple higher-order shear deformation theory for bending and free vibration analysis of functionally graded (FG) beams is proposed. The beauty of this theory relies on its 2-unknowns displacement field as the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, which is even less than the Timoshenko beam theory. A shear correction factor is, therefore, not needed. Equations of motion are obtained via Hamilton's principle. Analytical solutions for the bending and free vibration analysis are given for simply supported beams. Efficacy of the proposed model is shown through illustrative examples for bending and dynamic of FG beams. The numerical results obtained are compared with those of other higher-order shear deformation beam theory results. The results obtained are found to be accurate.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2018

In this current work a quasi 3D "trigonometric shear deformation theory" is proposed and discussed for the dynamic of thick orthotropic plates. Contrary to the classical "higher order shear deformation theories" (HSDT) and the "first shear deformation theory" (FSDT), the constructed theory utilizes a new displacement field which includes "undetermined integral terms" and presents only three "variables". In this model the axial displacement utilizes sinusoidal mathematical function in terms of z coordinate to introduce the shear strain impact. The cosine mathematical function in terms of z coordinate is employed in vertical displacement to introduce the impact of transverse "normal deformation". The motion equations of the model are found via the concept of virtual work. Numerical results found for frequency of "flexural mode", mode of shear and mode of thickness stretch impact of dynamic of simply supported "orthotropic" structures are compared and verified with those of other HSDTs and method of elasticity wherever considered.