• 한국작물학회지
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2010

대표적인 잡곡 중에 하나인 기장의 이용성 제고를 위하여 기장을 이용한 발효주를 제조하여 이에 대한 이화학적 특성을 검토한 결과 알코올 함량은 100% 찹쌀만으로 발효시킨 시료의 경우 SH업체와 BS업체 누룩에서 각각 12.36 및 12.53%로 나타났으며, 기장을 첨가함에 따라 약간 증가하였으나 SH업체 및 BS업체 누룩 모두 12.87～13.21%의 범위로 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 당도는 SH업체와 BS업체 누룩 대조구에서 각각 21.6 및 22.4 $^{\circ}Bx$로 나타났으며, 기장 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였다. pH는 대조구에서 각각 3.74 및 3.40이었고 총산도는 각각 1.40 및 1.51%로 나타났으며, 기장첨가량에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보이기는 하였으나 뚜렷한 경향을 얻었다. 탁도는 대조구에서 각각 0.441 및 0.149로서 BS업체 누룩을 이용한 발효주가 탁도가 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 기장첨가량이 증가에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보여 탁해지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 색도는 SH업체 누룩의 경우 기장첨가량이 증가함에 따라 L, ${\alpha}$ 및 b-value 모두 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, BS업체 누룩은 L- 및 b-value는 감소하고 ${\alpha}$-value는 증가하는 경향을 보였고 색차(${\Delta}Eab$)는 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 발효주의 주된 유기산은 lactic acid와 acetic acid가 주를 이루었고 이중 lactic acid의 함량이 높게 나타났으며, 기장 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 pH와 총산도와 마찬가지로 뚜렷한 경향을 찾기 어려웠다. 유리당으로는 glucose가 검출되었으며, 대조구에서 각각 7.580 및 7.116%로 나타났고 기장첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 관능평가 결과 SH업체 누룩을 이용하여 기장을 30% 첨가한 발효주가 가장 양호한 관능적 특성을 보였다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2021

Rice sheath blight (ShB), caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG1-IA, is one of the destructive rice diseases worldwide. The aims of this study were to develop biocontrol strategies focusing on field sanitation and foliar application with a biocontrol agent for ShB management. Streptomyces padanus PMS-702 showed a great antagonistic activity against R. solani. Fungichromin produced by S. padanus PMS-702, at 3.07 mg/l inhibited 50% mycelial growth, caused leakage of cytoplasm, and inhibited the formation of infection structures of R. solani. Fungichromin could reach to 802 mg/l when S. padanus PMS-702 was cultured in MACC broth for 6 days. Addition of 0.5% S. padanus PMS-702 broth into soil decreased the survival rate of the pathogen compared to the control. Soil amended with 0.5% S. padanus broth and 0.5% tea seed pomace resulted in the death of R. solani mycelia in the infested rice straws, and the germination of sclerotia was inhibited 21 days after treatment. Greenhouse trials revealed that S. padanus cultured in soybean meal-glucose (SMGC-2) medium after mixing with different surfactants could enhance its efficacy for inhibiting the pathogen. Of six surfactants tested, the addition of 2% tea saponin was the most effective in suppressing the pathogen. S. padanus broth after being fermented in SMGC-2, mixed with 2% tea saponin, diluted 100 fold, and sprayed onto rice plants significantly reduced ShB disease severity. Thus, S. padanus PMS-702 is an effective biocontrol agent. The efficacy of S. padanus PMS-702 for disease control could be improved through formulation.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.190-198
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• 2007

Alzheimer's disease, a representative neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles accompanied by neuronal damages. b-Amyloid peptide is considered to be responsible for the formation of senile plagues that accumulate in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. There has been compelling evidence supporting that b-amyloid-induced cytotoxicity is mediated through generation of reactive oxygen species. In this study, we have investigated the possible protective effect of Rehmannia glutihosaagainst b-amyloid-induced oxidative ceil death in cultured human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells treated with b-amyloid underwent apoptotic death as determined by morphological features and positive in situterminal end-labeling (TUNEL staining). Rehmannia glutinosawater extract, wine, and vinegar pretreatments attenuated b-amyloid-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Rehmannia glutinosa vinegar exhibited maximum protective effect by increasing the expression of anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2. in addition to oxidative stress, b-amyloid-treatment caused nitrosative stress via marked increase in the levels of nitric oxide, which was effectively blocked by Rehmannia glutinosa. To further explore the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of Rehmannia glutinosa, we assessed the mRNA expression of cellular antioxidant enzymes. Treatment of Rehmannia glutinosa vinegar led to up-regulation of heme oxygemase-1 and catalase. These results suggest that Rehmannia glutinosa could modulate oxidative neuronal cell death caused by b-amyloid and may have preventive or therapeutic potential in the management of Alzheimer's disease. Particularly, Rehmannia glutinosa vinegar can augment cellular antioxidant capacity, there by exhibiting higher neuroprotective potential.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.340-349
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• 2020

Oleoylethanolamide (OEA), a bioactive lipid in bone, is known as an endogenous ligand for G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119). Here, we explored the effects of OEA on osteoclast differentiation, function, and survival. While OEA inhibits osteoclast resorptive function by disrupting actin cytoskeleton, it does not affect receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. OEA attenuates osteoclast spreading, blocks actin ring formation, and eventually impairs bone resorption. Mechanistically, OEA inhibits Rac activation in response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), but not RANKL. Furthermore, the OEA-mediated cytoskeletal disorganization is abrogated by GPR119 knockdown using small hairpin RNA (shRNA), indicating that GPR119 is pivotal for osteoclast cytoskeletal organization. In addition, OEA induces apoptosis in both control and GPR119 shRNA-transduced osteoclasts, suggesting that GPR119 is not required for osteoclast apoptosis. Collectively, our findings reveal that OEA has inhibitory effects on osteoclast function and survival of mature osteoclasts via GPR119-dependent and GPR119-independent pathways, respectively.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.725-732
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 대두 이소플라본이 난소를 절제한 성장기 흰쥐의 골격 발달에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 3주령 된 Wister 암컷 쥐를 난소절제한 후 8주 동안 genistein을 경구 투여하여 골대사에 미치는 일반지표 및 생화학지표를 관찰하였다. 1. 체중 증가는 OVX군$(230.2{\pm}25.15\;g)$이 SH군$(170.6{\pm}20.51\;g)$에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났으나 (p<0.05), OVX+GEN군과 OVX+ES군의 체중 증가는 OVX군에 비해 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 2. 체중 당 간과 자궁의 무게는 난소를 절제한 모든군에서 SH군에 비해 유의적으로 낮았으며(p<0.05), 신장의 무게 또한 SH군에 비해 난소를 절제한 모든 군에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 감소하였으나 난소절제군 사이에서 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 3. 대퇴골의 무게는 모든 군간에서 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 대퇴골의 길이는 SH군에 비해 OVX군에서 길게 나타났다. 4. 뇨 중 creatinine의 양은 난소 절제군에서 모두 증가하였으나 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 또한 hydroxyproline 함량도 모든 군간에서 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 5. 혈청 ALP 활성은 모든 군에서 차이가 없었으며 대퇴골, 변, 혈청, 뇨에서의 Ca의 함량도 모든 군간에서 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 6. 대퇴골의 골밀도는 SH군에 비해 난소를 절제한 군에서 낮았으며 genistein 투여로 다시 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 파단력과 stiffiness의 경우 난소 절제 및 genistein 처리에 의한 영향을 받지 않았다. 본 결과를 통하여 genistein에 의한 투여는 난소를 절제한 성장기의 흰쥐에서도 최대골질량을 유지하고 골질량의 손실을 억제할 수 있는 효과가 있어 성장기 동안의 섭취가 골다공증 예방에 효과가 있을 것으로 예상된다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.79-93
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• 1987

The result of various researches mainly in search of 194 Shigella strains, isolated by the Health Research Centers(situated in Seoul city, Inchon city, Pusan city, Kyonggi-Do, Kangwon-Do, Chungchongnam and Buk-Do, Kyongsangnam and Buk-Do, Jollanam and Buk-Do, and Jaeju-Do) in addition to those clinical laboratories of all the general hospitals situated down twon Seoul, conducted during the month of Jan. through Dec. 85, through the reisolating-activity program following its transportation into the laboratory, particularly for a complete check on its correctiveness, are as follows: 1. Isolation processes were performed with the 194 strains obtained from each placeduring the period of investigation: 164 Strains(84.5%) of Sh. flexneri, B group; 6 Strains(3.1%) of Sh. boydii, C group; 24 Strains(12.3%) of Sh. sonnei, D group, which means there's quite a lot in B group while Sh. dysenteriae, A group was not isolated at all. 2. The isolation rate of the 164, B group for subserotype was 1b, 84(51.2%) the highest one, 2(1.2%) on 3a the lowest one, 4, on C group; In D group subserotype II showed 14(58.4%) more than subserotype I. 3. The biological data on sexuality regarding the isolation-strain showed traditional particularity. But the subserotype 1b in B group 2(2.4%) showed gas-growth from glucose. In subserotype 1a, the indole-growth was 88.9% on masculine which was considerably a good one. In the test of arginine dihydrolase subserotype I among D group showed 100% masculine rate. The subserotype 6 among B group showed 92.5% masculine. In the dissolution test of manitol, all subserotypes showed 100% maculine except subserotype 1b. In the dissolutioning test of rhamnose, the subserotype I among D group showed 100% masculine which is the unusual one. 4. Interms of the area among 13 districts examined, Kangwon-Do had 41(21.1%) which is the highest one on its ratio. 5. In terms of season on the strain isolation category, 44(22.7%) is the number isolated in April which is the highest one. 6. In terms of ages, the strain isolation ratio was notably high above the ages of 60 which was 34(17.5%). Next one was 29(14.9%) which was under the ages of 4. 7. In terms of sex, female was 113 or 58.2% while male was 74 or 38.2%, which means the female had more than the male. 8. The result of the resisting capability on the usage of 12 antibiotic medication was; 100% on chloramphenicol; 94.3% on tetracycline, 82.0% on streptomycin, 76.3% on carbenicillin, 74.7% on ampicillin, in regular order. The strain source bearing multimedication resisivity against the 5 antibiotic medication is as many as 117 or 60.3%. Of which 43.3% of 1b sub serotype, B group was the best one, and thus the resistivity against the antistrain medication seems the tendency is being changed. The summing up of the above result shows the total specific strains isolated in each branch in Korea is 194, of which the main type is Sh. flexneri 84.5%. The isolating rate is almost evenly spreading, although the Kangwon-Do showed the highest rate on the above data. It also shows female is higher than male on its statistics. The tendency on age category showed both on old and infancy generations high. However, the resistant capability against antibacteria medication or vaccine was still remaining on habitual one, particularly tending towards multimedication or vaccine trend.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.265-271
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• 2004

제초제 flumioxazine의 가수분해 반응성을 분자 궤도(MO)론적으로 검토한 결과, pH 5.0 이하의 산성에서는 $A_{AC}1$형의 반응 메커니즘으로 1,2-dicarboximino group의 carbonyl oxygene 원자$(O_{21})$에 대하여 hydronium ion $(H_3O^+)$에 의한 양성자화$(SH^+)$가 일반 산-촉매반응(general acid catalysis)에 따른 전하조절(charge-control) 반응이 일어난다. pH 8.0이상의 염기성에서는 $B_{AC}2$형의 반응 메커니즘으로 hydroxide anion $(OH^-)$에 의한 특정 염기-촉매반응(specific base catalysis)에 따른 궤도조절(orbital-control) 반응이 일어난다. 그리고 pH $5.0\sim8.0$ 사이에서 두 반응은 경쟁적으로 일어나 친핵성 첨가-제거반응$(Ad_{N-E})$으로 진행된다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.38.1-38.9
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• 2018

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disturbing and advanced neurodegenerative disease and is characterized pathologically by the accumulation of amyloid beta ($A{\beta}$) and the hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins in the brain. The deposition of $A{\beta}$ aggregates triggers synaptic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration, which lead to cognitive disorders. Here, we found that FF isolated from an eatable perennial brown seaweed E.bicyclis protect against $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity in neuroblastoma cells stably transfected with two amyloid precursor protein (APP) constructs: the APP695 cDNA (SH-SY5Y-APP695swe). The FF demonstrated strong inhibitory activity for ${\beta}$-secretase ($IC_{50}$ $16.1{\mu}M$) and its inhibition pattern was investigated using Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots, and found to be non-competitive. Then, we tested whether FF could inhibit production of $A{\beta}$ in SH-SY5Y-APP695swe. FF inhibited the production of $A{\beta}$ and soluble-APP, residue of APP from cleaved APP by ${\beta}$-secretase. Our data show that FF can inhibit the production of $A{\beta}$ and soluble-$APP{\beta}$ via inhibition of ${\beta}$-secretase activity. Taken together these results suggest that FF may be worthy of future study as an anti-AD treatment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1163-1170
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• 2017

Clostridium difficile releases two exotoxins, toxin A and toxin B, which disrupt the epithelial cell barrier in the gut to increase mucosal permeability and trigger inflammation with severe diarrhea. Many studies have suggested that enteric nerves are also directly involved in the progression of this toxin-mediated inflammation and diarrhea. C. difficile toxin A is known to enhance neurotransmitter secretion, increase gut motility, and suppress sympathetic neurotransmission in the guinea pig colitis model. Although previous studies have examined the pathophysiological role of enteric nerves in gut inflammation, the direct effect of toxins on neuronal cells and the molecular mechanisms underlying toxin-induced neuronal stress remained to be unveiled. Here, we examined the toxicity of C. difficile toxin A against neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y). We found that toxin A treatment time- and dose-dependently decreased cell viability and triggered apoptosis accompanied by caspase-3 activation in this cell line. These effects were found to depend on the up-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent activation of p38 MAPK and induction of $p21^{Cip1/Waf1}$. Moreover, the N-acetyl-$\text\tiny L$-cysteine (NAC)-induced down-regulation of ROS could recover the viability loss and apoptosis of toxin A-treated neuronal cells. These results collectively suggest that C. difficile toxin A is toxic for neuronal cells, and that this is associated with rapid ROS generation and subsequent p38 MAPK activation and $p21^{Cip1/Waf1}$ up-regulation. Moreover, our data suggest that NAC could inhibit the toxicity of C. difficile toxin A toward enteric neurons.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.548-553
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• 2010

대표적인 잡곡 중에 하나인 수수의 이용성을 제고하고자 누룩의 종류와 수수첨가량을 달리하여 제조한 발효주의 이화학적 특성을 검토한 결과, 누룩의 종류와 수수첨가량을 달리하여 제조한 발효주의 알코올 함량은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 당도는 찹쌀 100%만으로 발효시킨 시료의 경우 SH업체와 BS업체 누룩에서 각각 21.6 및 $22.4\;^{\circ}Bx$로 나타났으며, 수수첨가량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 뚜렷하게 보였다. pH는 대조구에서 각각 3.74 및 3.40으로 나타났으며, 수수첨가량이 증가함에 따라 대체적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였고 총 산도는 각각 1.40 및 1.51%로 나타났으며, 수수첨가량이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 탁도를 측정한 결과 대조구에서 각각 0.441 및 0.149로 나타났고 수수첨가량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보여 맑아지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 색도를 측정한 결과 수수첨가량에 따라 L-value는 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, a-value는 증가하는 경향을 보였고 b-value는 수수 30% 첨가구에서 높게 나타났으나 이후 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 찹쌀 100% 처리구와 색차를 계산한 결과 SH업체 누룩의 경우 수수 30, 70 및 100% 첨가구와는 각각 4.33, 6.63 및 26.13으로 나타났고 BS업체 누룩은 각각 4.08, 5.29 및 10.59로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 유기산 함량을 측정한 결과 lactic acid 및 acetic acid가 주된 구성 유기산임을 확인할 수 있었다. 유리당은 glucose만이 검출되었으며, SH업체 및 BS업체 누룩 대조구에서 각각 7.116 및 7.580%로 나타났고 수수첨가량이 증가할수록 glucose 함량은 감소하여 수수를 100% 첨가하여 제조한 발효주의 경우 검출이 되지 않았다. 관능검사 결과 BS업체 누룩을 이용하여 수수 30%를 첨가한 발효주가 가장 양호한 결과를 나타내었다.