• 제목/요약/키워드: SG&A Expenses

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Impact of Selling, General and Administrative Expenses on Financial Sustainability of IT Companies Listed in S&P 500

  • Seetharaman, Seetharaman;Pitta, Santhikumar;Moorthy, Krishna;Saravanan, Saravanan
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제14권4호
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    • pp.13-20
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    • 2016
  • Purpose - This paper attempts to determine the importance of financial sustainability and the impact of Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (SG&A) on the financial sustainability of the IT industry. Research design, data, and methodology - Primarily the impact of SG&A expenditure on the sales revenue, assets, gross margins and profit is ascertained. After that the impact of SG&A expenditure, sales revenue, assets, gross margins and profit on the financial sustainability i.e., return on assets is worked out. Finally the impacts of financial sustainability i.e., return on assets on total enterprise value and market valuation multiples are found out. Results - The empirical result shows that SG&A expenditure most strongly impacted sales revenue, assets, gross margins and profit positively. Financial sustainability impacted in mixed manner with SG&A expenditure, sales revenue, assets, gross margins and profit. Assets and gross margins have weak positive impact on financial sustainability. Sales revenue has no impact on financial sustainability. Finally financial sustainability had moderate positive impact on total enterprise value and had no impact on market valuation multiples. Conclusions - SG&A expense has moderate positive impact on the financial sustainability and magnitude is very low.

The Effect of SG&A on Analyst Forecasts and the Case of Distribution Industries

  • LIM, Seung-Yeon
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제17권10호
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    • pp.41-48
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    • 2019
  • Purpose - This study investigates whether financial analysts consider the intangible investment implicit in selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenditures to forecast firms' future earnings. Research design, data, and methodology - Using 52,609 U.S. firm-year observations spanning 1984-2016, this study examines the association between the Intangible investment implicit in SG&A expenditures and properties of analysts' earnings forecasts. To estimate the Intangible investment of SG&A, I decompose SG&A excluding R&D and advertising expenditures into maintenance and investment components following Enache and Srivastava (2017). Results - The main results show that analysts' earnings forecast errors and dispersion in analysts' forecasts increase with the intangible investment derived from SG&A because the investment component of SG&A affects future earnings and the uncertainty of those earnings. However, these results are weakened in the wholesale and retail industries where firms have a higher level of investment component of SG&A. I attribute the weaker results to low R&D expenditures in those industries. Conclusion - This study indicates that financial analysts incorporate the intangible investment of SG&A into their earnings forecasts differently across firms and industries. Furthermore, this study supports the argument for the separate reporting of the investment nature of SG&A from other operating expenses such as maintenance nature of SG&A.

Split Ratings and Asymmetric Cost Behavior: Empirical Evidence from Korea

  • KIM, Yujin;AN, Jungin
    • The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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    • 제9권7호
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    • pp.185-196
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    • 2022
  • The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of split ratings on earnings management through cost adjustments based on asymmetric cost behaviors. Using a sample of 2,027 Korean firm-year observations over the 2002-2019 period, we analyze whether a firm deliberately reduces discretionary costs, such as selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses, to improve profits when it receives multiple ratings from credit rating agencies (CRAs). While examining earnings management incentives in the presence of split ratings, we also investigate the moderating effects of Chaebols, Korea's unique corporate governance structure. We find that split-rating firms show less stickiness in SG&A costs compared to non-split-rating firms when sales decrease. This result implies the deliberate reduction of discretionary costs to improve earnings in the presence of split ratings, which are more likely to change in future credit assessments. We also find that the incentives for earnings management of split-rating firms are limited in Chaebol firms, which have high levels of socio-economic surveillance and support affiliated firms through the internal market of corporate groups. This study contributes to existing research by identifying new determinants of cost behavior by using the framework of asymmetric cost behavior in relation to earnings management incentives.

e-비즈니스가 경영성과에 미치는 영향 -홈쇼핑을 중심으로- (The Effects of e-Business on Business Performance - In the home-shopping industry -)

  • 김세중;안선숙
    • 경영과정보연구
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    • 제22권
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    • pp.137-165
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    • 2007
  • It seems high time to increase productivity by adopting e-business to overcome challenges posed by both external factors including the appreciation of Korean won, oil hikes and fierce global competition and domestic issues represented by disparities between large corporations and small and medium enterprises (SMEs), Seoul metropolitan and local cities, and export and domestic demand all of which weaken future growth engines in the Korean economy. The demands of the globalization era are for innovative changes in businessprocess and industrial structure aiming for creating new values. To this end, e-business is expected to play a core role in the sophistication of the Korean economy through new values and innovation. In order to examine business performance in e-business-adopting industries, this study analyzed the home shopping industry by closely looking into the financial ratios including the ratio of net profit to sales, the ratio of operation income to sales, the ratio of gross cost to sales cost, the ratio of gross cost to selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expense, and return of investment (ROI). This study, for best outcome, referred to corporate financial statements as a main resource to calculate financial ratios by utilizing Data Analysis, Retrieval and Transfer System (DART) of the Financial Supervisory Service, one of the Korea's financial supervisory authorities. First of all, the result of the trend analysis on the ratio of net profit to sales is as following. CJ Home Shopping has registered a remarkable increase in its ratio of net profit rate to sales since 2002 while its competitors find it hard to catch up with CJ's stunning performances. This is partly due to the efficient management compared to CJ's value of capital. Such significance, if the current trend continues, will make the front-runner assume the largest market share. On the other hand, GS Home Shopping, despite its best organized system and largest value of capital among others, lacks efficiency in management. Second of all, the result of the trend analysis on the ratio of operation income to sales is as following. Both CJ Home Shopping and GS Home Shopping have, until 2004, recorded similar growth trend. However, while CJ Home Shopping's operating income continued to increase in 2005, GS Home Shopping observed its operating income declining which resulted in the increasing income gap with CJ Home Shopping. While CJ Home Shopping with the largest market share in home shopping industryis engaged in aggressive marketing, GS Home Shopping due to its stability-driven management strategies falls behind CJ again in the ratio of operation income to sales in spite of its favorable management environment including its large capital. Companies in the Group B were established in the same year of 2001. NS Home Shopping was the first in the Group B to shift its loss to profit. Woori Home Shopping has continued to post operating loss for three consecutive years and finally was sold to Lotte Group in 2007, but since then, has registered a continuing increase in net income on sales. Third of all, the result of the trend analysis on the ratio of gross cost to sales cost is as following. Since home shopping falls into sales business, its cost of sales is much lower than that of other types of business such as manufacturing industry. Since 2002 in gross costs including cost of sales, SG&A expense, and non-operating expense, cost of sales turned out to have remarkably decreased. Group B has also posted a notable decline in the same sector since 2002. Fourth of all, the result of the trend analysis on the ratio of gross cost to SG&A expense is as following. Due to its unique characteristics, the home shopping industry usually posts ahigh ratio of SG&A expense. However, more than 80% of SG&A expense means the result of lax management and at the same time, a sharp lower net income on sales than other industries. Last but not least, the result of the trend analysis on ROI is as following. As for CJ Home Shopping, the curve of ROI looks similar to that of its investment on fixed assets. As it turned out, the company's ratio of fixed assets to operating income skyrocketed in 2004 and 2005. As far as GS Home Shopping is concerned, its fixed assets are not as much as that of CJ Home Shopping. Consequently, competition in the home shopping industry, at the moment, is among CJ, GS, Hyundai, NS and Woori Home Shoppings, and all of them need to more thoroughly manage their costs. In order for the late-comers of Group B and other home shopping companies to advance further, the current lax management should be reformed particularly on their SG&A expense sector. Provided that the total sales volume in the Internet shopping sector is projected to grow over 20 trillion won by the year 2010, it is concluded that all the participants in the home shopping industry should put strategies on efficient management on costs and expenses as their top priority rather than increase revenues, if they hope to grow even further after 2007.

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회계선택이 비대칭적 원가행태에 미치는 영향 - 한국, 일본 제조기업을 중심으로 - (The Impacts of Reporting Choice on Asymmetric Cost Behavior - Focused on Korean and Japanese Manufacturing Firms -)

  • 노길관;김동일
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제20권10호
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    • pp.452-458
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    • 2019
  • 본 논문의 목적은 한국과 일본의 제조기업들을 대상으로 경영자의 회계선택이 비대칭적 원가행태에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 분석하는 것이다. 해당 내용을 분석하기 위하여 Shust and Weiss(2014)가 제안한 경제적원가 대용치인 현금영업원가(OC)와 감가상각 전 영업비용(OEBD)을 이용하여 기존연구들의 분석대상이었던 판매관리비, 매출원가, 영업비용과의 원가행태 차별성을 분석하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 영업비용과 현금영업원가의 원가행태간에 차별성이 한일 양국 모두 나타났다. 구체적으로는 영업비용에 비하여 현금영업원가의 하방경직성 정도가 더 높게 나타났다. 특히 한국 기업은 유형고정자산집중도가 높을수록 일본 기업에 비하여 하방경직성이 약화되는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 감가상각비의 발생은 한일 양국 모두 원가의 하방경직성을 약화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 한국과 일본의 제조 기업은 시차를 두고 상관성을 가지고 있는 것으로 분석되었으며, 향후 양국의 기업을 분석 및 연구하는데 유용한 지침을 제공할 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 일본기업의 경우 부채비율이 높을수록 원가절감을 보다 적극적으로 하는 것으로 나타났다. 저자들은 한일관계가 냉각된 현 시점에 학계차원에서 본 연구를 통하여 양국 간의 관계 개선에 도움이 되길 기대한다.