• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.325-333
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• 1999

최근 중합효소연쇄반응을 이용한 분자생물학적 유전자분석기술의 발달로 성염색체상의 유전좌위 증폭을 통한 성별감정이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 그중 사람 Y염색체상에 존재하는 남성 고환의 형성을 유도하는 sex-determining region Y(SRY) gene이 규명되어 유전질환의 조기 발견이나 예방 및 태아의 성별판정 등에 응용되고 있다. 그러나, 치아는 외부 환경에 대한 저항성이 가장 높은 장기로 성별감정 등 법의치과학적 개인식별에 널리 이용되고 있음에도 불구하고, SRY 유전자를 이용하여 치아에서의 성별감정에 대한 연구는 시도된 바 없다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 사람 치아에서 중합효소연쇄반응법을 이용한 SRY 유전자를 검출하여 성별판정에 용용하고자 하였다. 남녀 각각 20개 치아의 치수와 상아질에서 DNA를 추출하여 중합효소연쇄반응 을 시행하고 SRY 유전자를 검색한 결과, 남성에서는 치수 13개중 8개, 상아질 7개중 4개에서 SRY 유전자가 검출되었고, 여생에서는 검출되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 중합효소연쇄반응법을 이용하여 사람 치아에서 SRY 유전자를 검색할 때, 남성판별에 유용하고 치아를 이용한 성별감정시 기존의 성별감정에 이용되고 있는 다른 유전자와 함께 SRY 유전자를 검색함으로써 성별감정의 신뢰도를 높힐 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.275-284
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• 1995

In sexing early mammalian embryos, viability of biopsied embryos and accuracy of sexing are both important. We have been previously developed efficient methods for biopsy of mouse embryos and sex identification from a single blastomere by PCR. In this study, squeeze method used for biopsy of mouse embryos was applied to bovine embryos. Compact bovine morulae were obtained by flushing uteri on Day 6 after the onset of standing estrus. A small number of blastomeres could be isolated from bovine morulae by the biopsy method. All 13 biopsied morulae were survived and 10 embryos developed to normal blastocyst after 24 h of culture. Subsequently, sex of the bovien embryos was identified from a few blastomeres by PCR amplifying a Y-specific bovine DNA sequence. Among 13 embryos analyzed, 7 embryos were determined as males and 6 embryos as females. Thus, bovine embryos at morular stage could be successfully biopsied by the squeeze method and sex of the bovine embryos determined from biopsied material by PCR.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.75-88
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• 1996

OTF9-63 (OTF9) and P19S1O1A1 (P19) embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells were examined for their ability to produce the readivation of inactive X chromosomes from somatic cells. They were hybridized with various somatic cells and resulting HATr EC-somatic cell clones were analysed for their morphology, chromosomal replication pafterns and expression proffies of X-linked and distantiy located genes, Hprt and Pgk-1. The results demonstrated that 0RF9 cells could reactivate the inactive X chromosome whereas P19 cells could not. In adition, EC-somatic cell hybrids tended to reduce the number of sex chromosomes in long-term culture, resulting m 1:2 ratio of sex chromosomes to autosomes The use of EC cell hybrids provides an experimental system for studying the mechanism(s) of the X-reactivatio that is initiated and maintained from meiotic prophase of oogenesis to early embryogenesis.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.293-299
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• 2020

Objective: The goal of the present study was to investigate the rate of chromosomal aneuploidies in surplus embryos after sex determination at the cleavage stage. Then, the same chromosomal aneuploidies were evaluated in blastocysts after extended culture. Methods: Sixty-eight surplus embryos were biopsied at the cleavage stage and incubated for an additional 3 days to allow them to reach the blastocyst stage. The embryos were reanalyzed via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to examine eight chromosomes (13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, X, and Y) in both cleavage-stage embryos and blastocysts. Results: Although the total abnormality rate was lower in blastocysts (32.35%) than in cleavage-stage embryos (45.58%), the difference was not significant (p=0.113). However, when we restricted the analysis to autosomal abnormalities, we observed a significant difference in the abnormality rate between the cleavage-stage embryos (44.11%) and the blastocysts (17.64%, p=0.008). A higher rate of sex chromosomal abnormalities was also observed in cleavage-stage embryos (29.4%) than in blastocysts (14.70%, p=0.038). Conclusion: The data indicated that embryo biopsy should be conducted at the blastocyst stage rather than the cleavage stage. The results also emphasized that examination of common chromosomal aneuploidies apart from sex selection cycles can be conducted in the blastocyst stage with the FISH method.

• Korean Journal of Ornithology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.77-81
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• 2018

The Korean Crested ibis Nipponia Nippon is an endangered species. A pair of Crested ibis was introduced from China in October 2008, and a successful program of artificial incubation of the species, and over 200 animals have been successfully bred through the restoration project up to 2017 at Upo ibis restoration center. We assessed genetic diversity and sex determination in the Korean Crested ibis. In total, 228 Crested ibis (115 females and 113 males) were identified. And genetic diversity measures, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content values were lower in 2017 than those in 2016. The inbreeding coefficient showed that the degree of ancestry increased in 2017. The decrease in polymorphism and increase in the degree of ancestry is thought to be due to inbreeding in such a small group. In this study provided important insight into protocols for genetic management of the breeding population of Korean Crested ibis in Korea and will help in extending the restoration program.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.193-206
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• 2021

This study aimed to identify the growth performance of Korean indigenous chicken pure-line by sex and twelve strains conserved in Poultry Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration. The effect of sex and strain on body weight was significantly different in every period, with males being heavier in all periods than females. In the case of biweekly weight gain, the tendency to increase rapidly from birth to six weeks old, and to decrease in the period from twelve to fourteen weeks old was common across all sex and strains. Depending on sex and strain, there were significant differences in age and the number of peaks. Regardless of sex and strain, the determination coefficient and adjusted determination coefficient showed high goodness of fit (99.1~99.9%) to growth functions. However, for each model, the goodness-of-fit had variations by sex and strains. von Betalanffy function had the best fit to growth curves in all the female strains except strain D. On the other hand, Gompertz function had the best fit for all the male strains except strain C. Logistic function showed the lowest goodness-of-fit in all sex and strains. Mature weights were in the order of von bertalanffy, Gompertz, and Logistic models, while growth ratio and maturing rate followed the order of logistic, gompertz, and von bertalanffy functions. This information could be useful for Korean indigenous chicken management and designing crossbreeding tests and breeding programs.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.349-357
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to identify the self-determination motivation on learning flow by college nursing students and the mediation effects of metacognition. A sample of 145 subjects were recruited from two university in G city. And data were collected from Nov 21 to Nov 30, 2016. Data were analyzed using with SPSS 22.0. The factors affecting the learning flow were self-determination motivation, planing and monitoring of metacognition, sex and explanatory power was 66.3%. All of the metacognition factors had a partial mediating effect in the relationship between self-determination motivation and learning flow. This study is to provide basic data to develop the nursing education method to improve learning flow in the field where self regulated learning is increasing.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.529-546
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• 1998

Gonadal part that developed by indifferentiation period for 6 months after hatching is made as gonad and fat body. These gonad are thin semi-transparant and undistinguished germ cell. Germinal epithelium is distinguished by development of gonad epithelial tissue from 7 months after hatching. Sex differentiation is begun by oogonia develoment at 8 months after hatching. Primary oocytes grow over germinal epithelium of gonadal cavity, at 9 months after hatching, gonadal cavity become ovarian cavity as they increasing. As soon as oocytes at 13 months after hatching are filled with the whole part of gonad, degeneration of oocyte is begun. And then, gonad has cavity tissue, a small number of oocyte are located in gonadal cavity. At 15 months after hatching, new primary oocyte develop and cavity of ovarian tissue in the central of ovarian cavity. Spermatogonia multiplicate and cavity tissue consist of testicular tissue. These gonad become hermaphrodite and then ditermine the sex of female and male. These results show the red sea bream is juvenile hermaphrodite and undif-ferentiated gonochoristic teleost. Male and female differentiation type of gonad is divided in undifferentiation stage, oogonia-like stage, ovary-like stage, ovary development stage, hermaphroditic testis stage, hermaphroditic ovary stage, and testis development stage. Undifferentiation stage is continued total lenth 18cm at 13 months after hatching. ovary-like stage is continued total length 11~18cm at 13 months after hatching. Ovary-like stage is continued total length 14~26cm at 10~14 months after hatching. Ovary development stage begins from total length 20cm, 14 months after hatching. At 20 months after hatching, 44 percent of total sampled individuals had ovary. Hermaphroditic ovary stage first begins total length 19~20 cm at 15 months after hatching, but it is not observed total length 28~29cm at 20months after hatching. Hermaphroditic testis stage first begins total length 21~22cm at 20months after hatching and is continued for 20months. Testis development stage first begins total length 20~21cm at 20 months after hatching, and is occupied 33 percent total length 28~29cm at 20 months. The beginning of sex differentiation more than 50 percent is from total length 16cm at 11 months after hatching. Sex determination begins total length 20cm, 14months after hatching in female and total length 20cm, 15 months after hatching in male. Sex determination more than 50 percent begins total length 23cm,, 17 months after hatching. Undifferentiated gonadal part of red sea bream consist gonad and fat body. As differentiation is going on and gonad is growing, fat body shrinks. This appearence is showed the same tendency in 3-year old red sea bream. 1.9mm larvae after hatching grow about 19mm larvae for 47 days. The relationship between the total length and body weight of larvae and juveniles in $BW=4.45{\times}10^{-6}TL^{3.4718}$ r=0.9820. Fishes in cage culture grow to maximum total length 28.4cm. The relationship between the total length and body weight of these fishes is $BW=2.36{\times}10^{-2}TL^{2.9180}$, r=0.9971. Undifferentiated gonadal part of red sea bream consist gonad and fat body. As differentiation is going on and gonad is growing, fat body shrinks.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.97-123
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• 1965

Observations were made on the blood picture of total 196 heads of healthy Korean cattles, including 98 males and females in the purpose of determination of blood chemical values and their sex differences and seasonal variations during one year period from December, 1963 to November, 1964. The blood sampling were scheduled by random in four different seasons and the sample size of both sex included in each season were designated to be same size. The ranges, averages or mean values of the blood glucose, total serum protein, serum globulin, serum albumin, total non-protein nitrogen, blood urea nitrogn, total serum cholesterol, serum inorganic phosphorus and serum calcium were determined in this studies and their respective standard deviation, standard error of means, sex differences and seasonal variations were as follows. 1. The blood glucose values for the male ranged from 32.8 to 70.0 mg/100cc. with a mean of $49.781{\pm}0.823mg/100cc$; for the female the range was 32.0 to 64.0mg/100cc. with a mean of $47.235{\pm}0.782mg/100cc$. Sex difference showed significant at 5% level and seasonal variation was highly significant at 1% level. 2. The total serum protein values for the male ranged from 5.61 to 8.83 gm/100cc with a. mean of $7.366{\pm}0.062gm/100cc$; for the female ranged from 5.53 to 8. 43 gm/100cc. with a mean of $6.832{\pm}0.063gm/100cc$. Sex difference and seasonal variation was not significant. 3. The serum globulin values for the male ranged from 2.97 to 4.78 gm/100cc. with a mean of $3.961{\pm}0.039gm/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 2.87 to 4.41 gm/100cc. with a mean of $3.699{\pm}0.037gm/100cc$. Sex difference showed highly significant at 1% level and seasonal variation was not significant. 4. The serum albumin values for the male ranged from 2.58 to 4.21 gm/100cc. with a mean of $3.405{\pm}0.029gm/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 2.39 to 4.10 gm/100cc. with a mean of $3.204{\pm}0.031gm/100cc$. Sex difference showed highly significant at 1% level and seasonal variation was not significant. 5. The total non-protein nitrogan values for the male ranged from 19.1 to 44.8 gm/100cc. with a mean of $31.166{\pm}0.582mg/100cc$.; for the female the range was 15.2 to 50.5 mg/100cc. with a mean of $28.89.6{\pm}0.673mg/100cc$. Sex difference showed significant at 5% level and seasonal variation was highly significant at 1 % level. 6. The blood urea nitrogen values for the male ranged from 6.4 to 28.3 mg/100cc. with a mean of $13.371{\pm}0.466mg/100cc$.; for the female the range, was 6.0 to 26.9 mg/100cc. with a mean of $13.631{\pm}0.321mg/100cc$. Sex difference was not significant and seasonal variation showed highly significant at 1 % level. 7. The total serum cholesterol values for the male ranged from 60.0 to 238.6 mg/100cc. with a mean of $140.897{\pm}2.826mg/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 50.0 to 243.0 mg/100cc. with a mean of $124.840{\pm}3.553mg/100cc$. Sex difference and seasonal variation showed highly significant at 1% level. 8. The serum inorganic phosphorus values for the male ranged from 3.5 to 7.8 mg/100cc. with a mean of $5.426{\pm}0.096mg/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 3.1 to 8.8 mg/100cc. with a mean of $5.570{\pm}0.128mg/100cc$. Sex difference and seasonal variation showed no significant. 9. The serum calcium values for the male ranged from 7.8 to 12.8 mg/100cc. with a mean of $10.761{\pm}0.102mg/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 8.0 to 13.0 mg/100cc. with a mean of 10. $756{\pm}0.097mg/100cc$. Sex difference was not significant and seasonal variation showed highly significant at 1% level. 10. The age of test group ranged from 2 years to 6 years in both sex and the averageage were, $4.45{\pm}0.114$ years in male and $4.50{\pm}0116$ years in female. Sex difference and seasonal variation of age were not found to be significant.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.323-331
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• 1996

Predetermination of sex in mammalian species has many aspects of application including the prenatal diagnoses of genetic disorders in humans and sex-selected breeding programs in the animal industry. Embryos sexing can be carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify specific sequences present in the sex chromosomes, or by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of specific probes to the X and Y chromosomes. A 3.3 kb porcine male-specific DNA fragment (pEM39) was cloned previously in our laboratory. In this study, FISH and PCR methods were employed to examine if the pEM39 can be used a sex-specific DNA probes Porcine ovaries were obtained from a local slaughter house and oocytes collected. All oocytes were subjected to in vitro maturation followed by 1n vitro fertilization. Parthenogenetically activated embryos were served as a negative control. Embryonic samples were collected at the 2-cell stages and PCR was performed to analyze DNA. Among 10 embryos examined, four embryos were identified as males and six were females. The cloned male-specific DNA fragment showed male-specificity for the cells in the liver tissue and the porcine early embryos by FISH. It was also demonstrated that the cloned male-specific DNA is localized on the hetero chromatic region of the long arm in the Y chrom-osome (Yq) as shown by the FISH and karyotyping. The results suggest that the cloned male-specific DNA fragment may be useful for predetermination of sex with a few embryonic cells. The porcine male-specific sequence can be a reliable index for embryo sexing by PCR.