• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.214-221
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 혐기성 슬러지의 적응 기질에 따른 탈질능력을 관찰하고자 탄소기질로서 포도당 이외에 기질등을 사용하여 탈질 및 메탄반응의 변화 및 SDNR(Specific Denitrification Rate) 등을 관찰하였다. 순수 메탄생성 슬러지에서 아세테이트를 사용하였을 경우, SMA 값은 $0.76gCOD/g{\cdot}VSS{\cdot}day$로 가장 높았고, SDNR 측정결과 탈질균의 비율이 상대적으로 높은 C/N 비 5에 적응된 슬러지에서 아세테이트를 탄소기질로 사용하였을 경우에 가장 높은 $1.38g{\cdot}NO_3{^-}N/g{\cdot}VSS{\cdot}day$이었다. 혐기성 탈질반응 및 메탄 생성반응은 탄소기질 및 슬러지의 종류에 따라 영향을 받았고, C/N 비 5에 적응된 슬러지에서 다른 탄소기질보다 아세테이트를 사용하였을 경우에 탈질반응상수 값은 $1.96hr^{-1}$로 가장 높았다. 다양한 탄소기질에 적응된 혐기성 슬러지에 포도당을 전자공여체로 이용하여 비탈질속도(SDNR)를 측정한 결과 포도당, 축산폐수, 아세테이트 기질에 적응된 슬러지 순으로 나타났다. 탄소기질에 대한 미생물의 적응여부와 혐기성 소화공정 각 단계에서 성장하는 미생물군(bio-community)의 상호공생관계가 탈질 속도를 향상시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2018

본 연구에서 탈질 효율 비교를 위해 당밀과 메탄올을 외부 탄소원으로 사용하였다. 세부 실험조건은 C/N ratio 조건에 따라 구분하였다. 회분식 실험 결과, 당밀과 메탄올 모두 C/N ratio가 증가할수록 탈질 효율은 증가하였다. 당밀의 최적 C/N ratio는 잔류 COD 농도와 탈질 효율을 고려할 때 4:1로 나타났으며, 이때 탈질 효율은 91.4%이다. 동역학적 인자로 SDNR을 도출한 결과, C/N ratio가 증가할수록 당밀과 메탄올은 유사한 SDNR 값을 보였으며, C/N ratio 4:1 조건에서 0.0292 g $NO_3{^-}-N$ removal/g MLVSS/day (molasse), 0.0299 g $NO_3{^-}-N$ removal/g MLVSS/day (mehtanol)로 나타났다. 미생물 군집 분석을 통해 당밀에 적응된 슬러지에는 Pseudomonas sp.와 Bergeylla sp. 박테리아가 우점화 된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 미생물 군집의 다양성보다는 일부 박테리아에 대한 집중성이 더 높게 나타났다. 이에 따라 당밀은 탈질에 특화된 미생물을 집중적으로 성장시키며, 탈질 성능을 높일 수 있는 대체 외부탄소원으로 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.521-529
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• 2007

Nutrient removal from synthetic wastewater was investigated using a MLE (Modified-Ludzack Ettinger) type MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor), with different phenol ($C_6H_5OH$) concentrations, in order to determine the inhibition effects of phenol on biological nutrient removal and the biodegradation of phenolic wastewater. The wastewater was prepared by mixing a solution of molasses with known amounts of phenol and nutrients. The experiments were conducted in a lab-scale MLE type MBBR, operated with four different phenol concentrations (0, 67, 100 and 168mg/L) in the synthetic feed. Throughout the experiments, the ratio of the phenolic COD concentration to the total COD was varied from 0 to 1. Throughout batch test, the SNR (Specific Nitrification Rate) and SDNR (Specific Denitrification Rate) were significantly influenced by changes of the phenol concentration. Phenol was inhibitory to the nitrification/denitrification process, and showed greater inhibition with higher initial phenol concentrations. The SNR observed with 0, 67, 100 and 168mg phenol/L were very different like 10.12, 6.95, 1.51 and $0.35mg\;NH_{3^-}N/gMLVSS$ hr, respectively. Similarly, the SDNR observed at 0, 67, 100 and 168mg phenol/L were different like 0.322, 0.143, 0.049and 0.006mgN/gMLVSS day, respectively.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.739-745
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• 2005

포도당을 사용하여 적응된 전형적인 혐기성 소화 슬러지와 포도당과 질산성 질소를 동시에 사용하여 적응된 혐기성 소화 슬러지, 두 가지를 이용하여 다양한 C/N 비에서의 탈질반응 및 메탄반응의 동시연구가 수행되었다. 세 가지 다른 serum bottle에 잘 적응된 혐기성 소화 슬러지를 넣어 잘 혼합한 후, 탄소 기질로는 포도당을 사용하여 1,000 mg/L로 고정하였다. 질산칼륨을 이용하여 질산염을 주입하여 C/N 비를 30, 20, 및 10으로 변화시키면서 시간에 따른 가스 발생량, 가스 조성 및 유기물질 제거를 관찰하였다. C/N 비가 높을수록 메탄생성반응에 의한 유기물질제거가 우세한 반면, C/N 비가 낮을수록 메탄생성 반응보다는 탈질에 의한 유기물질제거가 주를 이룸을 알 수 있었다. 10 이하의 낮은 C/N 비에 적응된 슬러지에서 다른 종류의 탄소기질을 이용한 SMA실험 결과, 순수 혐기성 슬러지에서 아세테이트를 사용하였을 경우에 가장 높은 0.76 g COD/g VSS day을 보여주었고, SDNR실험 결과, 낮은 C/N 비 5에서 적응된 슬러지에서 아세테이트를 탄소기질로 사용하였을 경우에 가장 높은 SDNR 값 1.38 g ${NO_3}^--N/g$ VSS day를 나타내었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.607-615
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to biological treatment of high salinity wastewater using Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS). In laboratory scale's experiments research was performed using a sequencing batch reactor, and evaluation of the denitrification reaction in accordance with the injection condition of salinity concentration, surface properties of microorganisms, and sludge precipitability was performed. The results showed that the salinity concentration increased up to 1.5%, and there was no significant difference in the nitrogen removal efficiency; however, it showed a tendency to decrease gradually from 2.0% onward. The specific denitrification rate (SDNR) was 0.052 - 0.134 mg $NO_3{^-}-N/mg$ MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solid)${\cdot}day$. The MLVSS/MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solid) ratio decreased to 76.2%, and sludge volume index ($SVI_{30}$) was finally lowered to 57 mL/g. Using an optical microscope, it was also observed that the initial size of the sludge was 0.2 mm, and finally it was formed to 0.8-1.0 mm. Therefore, salinity injection provides favorable conditions for the formation of an AGS, and it was possible to maintain stable granular sludge during long-term operation of the biological treatment system.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 RO 농축수 내 TDS 제어에 따른 고농도 질산성 질소의 효율적인 생물학적 처리에 있다. 실험실 규모의 실험에서는 연속회분식 반응기를 이용하여 연구를 수행하였으며 TDS의 주입조건에 따른 비탈질율, 비산소소비율 분석을 수행하였다. 연구결과, 연속회분식 반응기를 이용한 운전에 따라 탈질 공정 내 고농도 TDS 주입에 따라 탈질 반응이 지연되어 SDNR이 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며 미생물 활성도가 또한 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 질산성 질소의 원활한 처리를 위하여 TDS 제어가 수반되어야 하며 특히, $Ca^{2+}$의 중점적인 처리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 본 연구를 통하여 도출된 SDNR, SOUR 값은 호기성 그래뉼 슬러지를 이용한 RO 농축수의 생물학적 처리를 위한 공정 설계인자로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.322-328
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of nutrient removal of municipal wastewater in the membrane bioreactor system with the different types of membrane. Membrane bioreactor consists of three reactors such as two intermittent anaerobic and the submerged membrane aerobic reactor with flat sheet and hollow fiber membrane, respectively. The removal efficiencies of $COD_{cr}$, BOD, SS, TN and TP on the flat sheet membrane bioreactor were 94.3%, 99.0%, 99.9%, 70.3% and 63.1%, respectively. In addition, The removal efficiencies of $COD_{cr}$, BOD, SS, TN and TP on the hollow fiber membrane bioreactor were 94.0%, 99.3%, 99.9%, 69.9% and 66.9%, respectively. The estimated true biomass yield, specific denitrification rate (SDNR), specific nitrification rate (SNR) and phosphorus removal content on the flat sheet membrane bioreactor were $0.33kgVSS/kgBOD{\cdot}d$, $0.043mgNO_3-N/mgVSS{\cdot}d$, $0.031mgNH_4-N/mgVSS{\cdot}d$, and 0.144 kgP/d, respectively. In addition, the estimated true biomass yield, specific denitrification rate (SDNR), specific nitrification rate (SNR) and phosphorus removal content on the hollow fiber membrane bioreactor were $0.30kgVSS/kgBOD{\cdot}d$, $0.067mgNO_3-N/mgVSS{\cdot}d$, $0.028mgNH_4-N/mgVSS{\cdot}d$, and 0.121 kgP/d, respectively. There was little difference between the flat sheet and hollow fiber on the nutrient removal efficiencies except SNR and SDNR. These differences between them were caused by the air demand to prevent the membrane fouling. The flux and oxygen demand for air scouring were $19.0L/m^2/hr$ and $2.28m^3/min$ for the flat sheet membrane, and $20.7L/m^2/hr$ and $1.77m^3/min$ for the hollow fiber membrane on an average.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2007

The lab-scale BNR processes fed with Municipal Wastewater Before or After Primary Clarifier (MWBPC or MWAPC) were operated to observe the behavior of particle organic matter in terms of nitrification and denitrification efficiency. As a result of the fractionation of the COD from MWBPC or MWAPC using an aerobic respirometric serum bottle reactor, the total mass of biodegradable organic matter from MWBPC is about 52% greater than the mass from MWAPC. Batch reactors were operated to observe the effect of the Particulate Organic Matter (POM) on substrate utilization for denitrification. Although the consumption of POM for denitrification was observed, the increment of the Specific Denitrification Rate (SDNR) was not great. In terms of the effect of POM on nitrification at different HRTs, activate sludge reactors were operated to determine the optimal HRT when MWBPC and MWAPC were fed relatively. All reactors showed a great organic matter removal efficiency. Reactors fed with MWAPC had obtained the nitrification efficiency above 90% when the HRT of 4 hr, at least, was maintained, while reactors fed with MWBPC had same efficiency when the HRT longer than 5 hr was kept. Three parallel $A^2/O$ systems fed with MWBPC or MWAPC relatively were operated to investigate the effects of POM on BNR processes with varying the HRT of an anoxic reactor. For all systems, the efficiency of organic matter removal and denitrification, respectively, was great and about the same. In case of denitrification efficiency, system with MWAPC had 1.5% lower than system with MWBPC at the same HRT of anoxic reactor of 2 hr, and the increasing the HRT of the anoxic reactor by 1 hr in systems fed with MWBPC resulted in a 3.5% increment. The denitrification rate was similar while the consumption of organic matter in systems fed with MWBPC was higher than system fed with MWBPC. It suggests that POM in MWBPC was not be used significantly as a substrate for denitrification in system with the HRT of 3 hr of an anoxic reactor.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1826-1835
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• 2008

An autotrophic denitrification reactor (ADR-l) and a heterotrophic denitrification reactor (HDR-2) were operated to remove nitrate and nitrite in an anoxic environment in raw sewage. The $NO_3$-N removal rate of ADR-l was shown to range from 52.8% to 78.7%, which was higher than the $NO_3$-N removal rate of HDR-2. Specific denitrification rates (SDNR) of ADR-l and HDR-2 were 3.0 to 4.0 and 1.1 to $1.2\;mgNO_3$-N/gVSS/h, respectively. From results of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 16S rRNA gene, Aquaspirillum metamorphum, Alcaligenes defragrans, and Azoarcus sp. were $\beta$-Proteobacteria that are affiliated with denitritying bacteria in the ADR-l. Specifically, Thiobacillus denitrificans was detected as an autotrophic denitrification bacteria. In HDR-2, the $\beta$-Proteobacteria such as Denitritying-Fe-oxidizing bacteria, Alcaligenes defragrans, Acidovorax sp., Azoarcus denitrificans, and Aquaspirillum metamorphum were the main bacteria related to denitrifying bacteria. The $\beta$-and $\alpha$-Proteobacteria were the important bacterial groups in ADR-l, whereas the $\beta$-Proteobacteria were the main bacterial group in HDR-2 based on results of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The number of Thiobacillus denitrificans increased in ADR-l during the operation period but not in HRD-2. Overall, the data presented here demonstrate that many heterotrophic denitritying bacteria coexisted with autotrophic denitrifying bacteria such as Thiobacillus denitrificans for nitrate removal in ADR-l. On the other hand, only heterotrophic denitritying bacteria were identified as dominant bacterial groups in HDR-2. Our research may provide a foundation for the complete nitrate removal in raw sewage of low-COD concentration under anoxic condition without any external organic carbon or the requirement of post-treatment.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.485-491
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• 2011

본 연구는 2개의 간헐혐기조, 막분리호기조 및 슬러지 가용화로 구성된 유로변경형 membrane bioreactor의 운영을 통하여 도시 하수의 영양염류 제거 특성을 규명하였다. 수리학적 체류시간(HRT)과 운영 여과 플럭스의 평균값은 각각 6.5 시간과 $20.4L/m^2{\cdot}hr$ (LMH)이었으며, 공정을 운전한 결과, $COD_{Cr}$, SS, TN 및 TP의 평균 제거율은 각각 94.0%, 99.3%, 99.9%, 69.9%와 66.9%이었다. 슬러지 생산계수, SDNR, SNR, SPPR 및 SPUR은 각각 0.34 kg VSS/kg BOD d, $0.067mg\;NO_3-N/mg\;VSS{\cdot}d$, $0.028mg\;NH_4-N/mg\;VSS{\cdot}d$, 16.0 mg P/g VSS d 및 2.1 mg P/g VSS d였다. 또한, 생산된 슬러지의 평균 질소 및 인 함량은 각각 8.9%와 3.5%였다.