• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2005

Objective : This empirical research is performed to recognize diagnostic concept, pattern identification, and clinical features of Hwa-byung. In other words, the aims of this research are to examine the differences of the diagnosis between Hwa-Byung and the other psychiatric disorders, and to find out pattern identification, and clinical characteristics of Hwa-Byung for prescriptions of this syndrome. Method : In the experiment, there were participated 30 patients who were met for our criterions according to HBDIS (Hwa-Byung Diagnostic interview Schedule). These patients were diagnosed as Axis1 according to criterions of DSM-IV with administering SCID-I. OMS-prime was utilized for finding out pattern identification of oriental medicine. Symptom Check List-90-Revision(SCL-90-R), Hemilton rating Scale for Depression(HRSD), Heart Rate Variability(HRV), and Digital Infrared Thermographic imaging(D.I.T.I.) were also utilized to discover clinical characteristics of Hwa-Byung Patients. Results : 1. Regarding Sex-ratio, male subjects were 3(10%), and female subjects are 27(90%). The age of subjects ranged from 22 year old to 75 $(51.87{\pm}11.04;\:Mean{\pm}SD)$ 2. In the results of diagnosis on the basis of DSM-IV, the 17(56.67%) patients were MOD (Major Depressive Disorder), the 5(16.67%) patients were USD (Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder), the 4(13.33%) patients were Dysthymic Disorder, the 3(10%) patients were GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder), and the 1(3.33%) was Panic Disorder. Two of the patients who diagnosed as MOD were diagnosed as Panic Disorder too, and one of them was diagnosed as Pain Disorder too. 3. Regarding pattern identification, Hwa-Byung is positively correlated to deficiency of Heart(心). and then to stagnancy of Liver-Gall bladder. Hwa-Byung is correlated deficiency symptom-complex rather than excessiveness symptom-complex. That is also correlated positively to Pathological heat and fire. 4. In SCL90-R, the mean of PSDI was $(75.3{\pm}10.7;\:Mean{\pm}SD)$. The each mean of the other 11 factors was distributed between50-70. 5. The mean of HRSD was $(17.9{\pm}5.6;\:Mean{\pm}SD)$ in the entire subject's group. Then the group of MDD was $20.9{\pm}4.4$ and the group of USD was $12.0{\pm}4.8$ 6. In the results of HRV. the mean of TP is $972.4{\pm}1174(Mean{\pm}SD)$, this is lower than normal range 1000-200. The other factors were within normal range. Then, there were no significant differences between them (p<0.05). 7. The temperatures of each acupoint have significant differences between HNl(印堂) and PC6(內關), between CV17(顫中) and PC6(內關), between HN1(印堂) and CV8(神闕), between CV17(顫中) and CV8(神闕) in comparison with the average of body temperature in the use of D.I.T.I. (p<0.01) 8. In the analysis of correlation between SCL-90-R, HRSD, HRV. and D.I.T.I. there were no significant results. According to results that the correlation was analyzed with only the MDD group as subjects, there was negative correlation between RMSSD of HRV and HRSD, between LF of HRV and PDSIof SCL-90-R, and between LF/HF of HRV and ANX, PSY, and PDSI of SCL-90-R. Conclusion : In the observation of clinical features of 30 cases of Hwa-Byung patients by using diverse structured tests, there could make diverse diagnosis as depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and Somatoform Disorder. Particularly. MDD was highly distributed. Considering oriental medicine's pattern identification of Hwa-Byung, this syndrome is related strongly to Heart, and there were demonstrated deficiency symptom-complex, and Pathological heat and fire. One of the limits of this study is lack of control subject's group, therefore, in the future study, it requires reexamination through a comparative research with these data to complete this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1700-1707
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• 2011

This study evaluated the effect of multigrain supplementation on exercise-related changes in running time and glycogen storage capacity of male SD rats engaged in treadmill exercise. Thirty-six 6-week-old rats were divided into six groups: normal (Nor) fed normal feed, control (Con) fed with 20% normal feed and 80% milled rice, test group one (GI) fed with multigrain feed I, test group two (GII) fed with multigrain feed II, test group three (GIII) fed with multigrain feed III, and test group four (GIV) fed with multigrain feed IV. Endurance tests by treadmill machine were administered after 24 days of multigrain feed supplementation and adaptive training. Running time was extended and glycogen storage capacity increased in the multigrain-treated group compared to the non-treated group. Also, the fatigue indicators of inorganic phosphorous, CPK, and lactate concentration were all reduced in the multigrain feed group compared to the control group after 25 min and/or exhausted exercise. But there was no difference in GOP, GTP, lactate, or LDH concentrations between the groups. Our results demonstrated that endurance improved with multigrain feed in rats. Specifically, running time, glycogen storage capacity, inorganic phosphorous, CPK, and lactate serum concentration increased. Importantly, the improvements in endurance brought about in the GII group fed with waxy barley was the greatest among the experimental groups.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.787-798
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• 2005

The objectives of this study were to assess extraction kinetics of heavy metals with extraction times and to assess extraction efficiencies of heavy metals with concentrations and kinds of washing solutions. Target materials were obtained from disused metal mines. Washing solutions were water, HCl(0.1, 0.3, 1.0 N), EDTA(0.01, 0.05, 0.1 M), and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS, 0.1. 0.5, 1.0%). Extraction efficiencies of heavy metals by water and SDS were below 1%, and extraction efficiencies of Zn and Cd were higher than those of Pb and Cu. As results, water and SDS were not effective in extracting heavy metals from mine tailings as washing solution, but extraction efficiencies of Pb and Cu with SDS solution increased as extraction time increased. Extraction kinetics of heavy metals with HCl and EDTA were faster than those with water and SDS. The majority of heavy metals were extracted within 6 hours, and extraction kinetics was almost independent of the solution concentration. Extraction kinetics of heavy metals after 6 hours was slow, but extraction kinetics was dependent on the solution concentration. Also, as concentrations of HCl and EDTA solution were stronger, heavy metals were extracted rapidly and extraction efficiencies were increased. The extraction efficiency was high in order of Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu in using 1.0 N HCl, and Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu in using 0.1 M EDTA. Consequently, extraction effectiveness was highest for Pb in using HCl, and for Pb and Cd in using EDTA with concentration increase. Extraction time of over 6 hours was not effective in extracting heavy metals.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.604-611
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• 2005

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000-based solid dispersions (SDs), by incorporating various pharmaceutical excipients or microemulsion systems, were prepared using a fusion method, t o compare the dissolution rates and bioavailabilities in rats. The amorphous structure of the drug in SDs was also characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The ketoconazole (KT), as an antifungal agent, was selected as a model drug. The dissolution rate of KT increased when solubilizing excipients were incorporated into the PEG-based SDs. When hydrophilic and lipophilic excipients were combined and incorporated into PEG-based SDs, a remarkable enhancement of the dissolution rate was observed. The PEG-based SDs, incorporating a self microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) or microemulsion (ME), were also useful at improving the dissolution rate by forming a microemulsion or dispersible particles within the aqueous medium. However, due to the limited solubilization capacity, these PEG-based SDs showed dissolution rates, below 50% in this study, under sink conditions. The PEG-based SD, with no pharmaceutical excipients incorporated, increased the maximum plasma concentration (C$_{max}$) and area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC$_{0-6h}$) two-fold compared to the drug only. The bioavailability was more pronounced in the cases of solubilizing and microemulsifying PEG-based SDs. The thermograms of the PEG-based SDs showed the characteristic peak of the carrier matrix around 60$^{\circ}C$, without a drug peak, indicating that the drug had changed into an amorphous structure. The diffraction pattern of the pure drug showed the drug to be highly crystalline in nature, as indicated by numerous distinctive peaks. The lack of the numerous distinctive peaks of the drug in the PEG-based SDs demonstrated that a high concentration of the drug molecules was dissolved in the solid-state carrier matrix of the amorphous structure. The utilization of oils, fatty acid and surfactant, or their mixtures, in PEG-based SD could be a useful tool to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs by forming solubilizing and microemulsifying systems when exposed to gastrointestinal fluid.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.29-50
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• 2016

Objectives There is few Korean medicinal studies about post-operation wound healing despite much effort for minimizing wound or post-op scar. The aim of this study is to evaluate the wound healing effect of Gyejibokryeong-hwan (Guizhifuling-wan, GBH) after skin suture. Methods < In vitro > We observed anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effect by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. For anti-oxidation, we mesured the total amount of polyphenol, flavonoid, DPPH scavenging ability, ABTS scavenging ability and the value of ROS production, and for anti-inflammation, we mesured the amount of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6). < In vivo > Thirty SD rats were divided into five equal groups (n=6, one normal, two controls and two experimentals). All groups except normal group were made a scar (around $1{\times}4cm^2$) in the back by the depth of the fascia and then sutured by a thread and needle. Normal group rats received no treatment at all. Control group rats were fed distilled water, and positive control group rats were percutaneously applied terramycin once in 2 days. GBH 200 group rats were orally medicated GBH 200 mg/kg, and GBH 400 group rats were orally medicated GBH 400 mg/kg per day for two weeks. We analyzed the blood samples (WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil), and the serums (TIMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-2. $PGE_2$, $TGF-{\beta}$, VEGF), and examined the wounded skin tissue histopathologically. Results < in vitro > 1. DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity was increased concentration-dependantly, and ROS production was significantly increased in GBH treated cells ($100{\mu}g/ml$). Therefore in this study, Gyejibokryeong-hwan appears to have the anti-oxidative. 2. NO production was significantly reduced in GBH treated cells ($100{\mu}g/ml$), and $IL-1{\beta}$ production was significantly reduced in GBH treated cells ($1{\mu}g/ml$). But, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 did not show uneffective action. Therefore in this study, Gyejibokryeong-hwan did not show any significant effect on anti-inflammatory process. < in vivo > 1. Monocyte and neutrophil was significantly increased in GBH (200, 400) groups. WBC, lymphocyte and eosinophil did not show significant change. 2. TIMP-1, MMP-2, VEGF were significantly increased in GBH 400 group, $PGE_2$ was significantly reduced in GBH 400 group. $TGF-{\beta}$ was significantly increased in GBH (200, 400) groups, and MMP-9 was increased concentration-dependantly in GBH groups, but there was no significance. 3. In histopathological examinations, collagen was significantly increased and keratin was significantly decreased in GBH (200, 400) groups. Conclusions According to in vitro experiment, GBH appears to have the anti-oxidative effect and in vivo experiment, GBH stimulate the wound healing process hematologically and histopathologically. In conclusion, the results suggest that GBH promotes wound healing after skin suture.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

Objectives : For evaluation of preventive and anti-diabetic activities of Cinnamomi ramulus(CR) herbal acupuncture on pancreatic islet damage in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rat. Methods : CR herbal acupuncture was performed at Bisu($BL_{20}$) for 3 weeks subcutaneously starting1 week before STZ i.p. injection. SD rats were divided into four groups(n=10 for each group); 1) NC group, non-treated normal control group, 2) STZ group, STZ administered control group, 3) CR125 group, CR(125mg/kg) + STZ administered group, and 4) CR250 group, CR(250mg/kg) + STZ administered group. Results : Both of CR250 and CR125 groups showed increase in insulin secretion and decrease in the level of serum triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid in a dose-dependent manner compared to the STZ group. Only CR250 group showed decrease in the levels of glucose and total cholesterol compared to the STZ group. CR herbal acupuncture prevents $\beta$-cell damage of pancreatic islet, showing round figure on the sections of the pancreas. In the pancreatic cells, expressions of iNOS, JNK-2, P-JNK-1/2 and ERK-1/2 were decreased compared to the STZ group. CR herbal acupuncture solution did not show any cytotoxicity by MTS assay and inhibited expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. Conclusions : Therefore, we suggest that CR herbal acupuncture may act as a prophylactic as well as a therapeutic modality for diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2005

We fabricate and analyze fully depleted optical thyristors (DOTs) using quarter wavelength reflector stacks (QWRS). QWRS are employed as bottom mirrors to enhance the emission efficiency as well as the optical sensitivity. In order to analyze their switching characteristics, S-shape nonlinear current-voltage curves are simulated and the reverse full-depletion voltages (Vneg's) of DOTs are obtained as function of semiconductor parameters by using a finite difference method (FDM). The fabricated DOTs show sufficient nonlinear s-shape I-V characteristics and switching voltage changes of these devices with and without bottom mirrors show 1.82 V and 1.52 V, respectively. Compared to a conventional DOT, this device with the bottom mirrors shows about 20％ and 46% enhancement in switching voltage change and spontaneous emission efficiency, respectively.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.71-78
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose a transceiver for noncoherent OOK(On-Off Keying) Ultra Wide Band system based on magnitude detection. The proposed transceiver are designed using 0.18 micron CMOS technology and verified by simulation using SPICE and measurement. The proposed transceiver consist of parallelizer, Analog-to-Digital converter, clock generator, PLL and impulse generator. The time resolution of 1ns is obtained with 125MHz system clocks and 8x parallelization is carried out. The synchronized eight outputs with 2-bit resolution are delivered to the baseband. Impulse generator produces 1ns width pulse using digital CMOS gates. The simulation results and measurement show the feasibility of the proposed transceiver for UWB communication system.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2002

The bandwidth limitation of traveling-wave electroabsorption modulator(TW-EAM) is determined by the transit time, the velocity-mismatch between optical-wave and microwave, the impedance-matching, the dispersion and the microwave loss. In this paper, we introduce an hovel impulse response of TW-EAM considering transit time as well as velocity-mismatch. We analyze the effect of transit-time and velocity-mismatch at the same time, using the FDTD method. We investigate the modulation bandwidth by changing the depth of the intrinsic region. We suggest that the optimum depth of the intrinsic region is 0.2${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ when the absorption coefficient($\alpha$) is 0.2${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$-1.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2004

We present the first demonstration of waveguide-type depleted optical thyristor laser diode with InGaAs/InGaAsP multiple quantum well structure. The measured switching voltage and current are 4.63 V and 10uA respectively. The holding voltage and current are respectively 0.59 V, 20uA. The lasing threshold current at the temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ are 111 mAA and 72.5 mA, respectively. The lasing wavelength is centered at 1.561um at a bias current equal to 1.41 times threshold.