• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.783-787
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• 1999

To study the effects of different extrusion conditions of barley on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and nutrient excretion in feces, a total of 150 growing pigs ($Landrace{\times}Duroc{\times}Large$ White; average 24.4 kg body weight) were allotted to five treatments, in a completely randomized block design. The experimental diets were based on corn-soybean and 30% of barley was included in each diet; barley was the only extruded ingredient. The treatments were 1) no extrusion (Control); 2) extrusion at $100^{\circ}C$ without preconditioning (ENLT); 3) extrusion at $150^{\circ}C$ without preconditioning (ENHT); 4) extrusion at $100^{\circ}C$ with preconditioning (ECLT); 5) extrusion at $150^{\circ}C$ with preconditioning (ECHT). Temperature in the barrel was controlled within ${\pm}5^{\circ}C$ by feed rate with the addition of water at the rate of $3{\ell}\;per\;min$. in the extruder for each treatment. For the 6 week experimental period, extrusion of barley improved the average daily gain (ADG) and digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy in growing pigs. As compared to control, significant improvements in ADG (p<0.05) were shown in the groups of feeding extruded barley at high temperature (ENHT and ECHT). There were also significant differences in the digestibilities of DM, CP and P between extrusion temperatures. Barley extruded at high temperature gave better digestibilities of DM, CP and GE than barley extruded at low temperature. Extruded barley diet groups showed significantly (p<0.05) lower excretions of DM, nitrogen (N) and P per kg gain as compared to the ground barley group. DM, N and P excretion per kg gain were also significantly lower in pigs fed barley extruded at $150^{\circ}C$ than at $100^{\circ}C$. In conclusion, extrusion considerably improved the nutritive value of barley and it appeared that temperature is the most important variable.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.139-144
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• 1996

택사(澤瀉)의 품질평가(品質評價) 기준의 하나로서 혈중콜레스테롤 강하작용(降下作用)을 하는 Alisol B-monoacetate의 적절한 추출조건(抽出條件)과 재배방법상(栽培方法相)의 정식깊이를 $0{\sim}1$, $2{\sim}4$, $5{\sim}7$, $8{\sim}10cm$ 등(等) 4수준(水準)으로 달리할 때의 수량(收量) 및 품질(品質)의 변이(變移)를 구명하고 적절한 수확시기(收穫時期) 및 구경(球莖) 크기별 일반성분(一般成分) 및 유효성분(有效成分) 함량변이(含量變移)를 구명 하였던 바 결과를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. Alisol B-monoacetate의 HPLC 분석(分析) 조건(條件)으로는 Nova-Pak C18 column를 $35^{\circ}C$ 일정한 온도로 유지해 줌으로써 UV 208nm에서 약(約) 20분대(分代)의 양호(良好)한 HPLC 크로마토그람 분리(分離) peak를 구하였다. 2. Alisol B-monoacetate는 $25^{\circ}C$ 진탕 추출시 0. 402%, $40^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$ 가온 환류추출시 각각(各各) 0. 425%, 0. 431% 용출(溶出)되었으며 이때 추출회수(抽出回數)는 매회(每回) 30분(分)씩 추출(抽出)하여$25^{\circ}C$ 진탕 추출시는 2회(回), $40^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$ 가온 환류추출시 는 3회(回) 추출(抽出)이 적합(適合)하였다. 3. Alisol B-monoacetate는 11월(月) 30일(日) 수확한 택사구경(澤瀉球莖)이 10월(月) 30일(日) 수확(收穫)한 것보다 함량(含量)이 0. 25% 즉 1.5배(培) 가량 크게 증가(增加)하였으나 다른 일반성분(一般成分)의 경우 조단백질(組蛋白質) 함량(含量)은 10월(月), 11월(月) 수확시 각각 평균(平均) 24. 8%, 27. 3%였고 개분함량(漑粉含量)은 10월(月), 11월(月) 각각 30. 8%, 27, 7%로서 수확시기별(收穫時期別) 함량(含量)에는 변이폭(變移幅)이 크지 않았다. 이를 종합하면 유효성분(有效成分)의 함량(含量)이 높은 11월(月) 30일(日) 수확(收穫)이 10월(月) 30일(日) 수확(收穫)보다 유리(有利)할 것으로 판단된다. 4. 구경(球莖) 크기별 약효성분(藥效成分)의 함량변이도 커서 10월(月), 30일(日) 경우 S가 0. 53%로 가장 높고 M, L 순(順)으로 구경(球莖)이 커지면서 함량(含量)이 감소(感少)하였다. 5. 정식(定植)깊이 $0{\sim}1cm$가 다른 정식(定植)깊이에 비교하여 수량(收量)이 206kg/10a로 가장 많았으며 유효성분(有效成分) 변이(變移)는 $0. 33{\sim}0. 39%$로서 정식(定植)깊이에 따라 크지않은 것을 고려하면 택사(澤瀉) 재배시(栽培時) 정식(定植)깊이는 $0{\sim}1cm$가 가장 유리(有利)할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.255-264
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• 2003

제주 화산회토 방목초지에서 돈분액비 시용이 목초 생산성 및 한우 방목축의 증체에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위하여 화학비료구(N-P-K =150-150-120kg/ha)와 화학비료구의 N을 기준한 돈분액비 100%, 150% 시용구 등 3처리 단반복(구당 1.4ha)으로 하여 2000년 가을에 조성된 혼파초지에서 2001년부터 2002까지 2년간 한우 육성우를 이용하여 방목기간 동안 연속방목 방법으로 실시하여 목초생산성 및 방목축증체효과 등을 비교, 분석하여 얻어진 결과를 하면 다음과 같다. 1. 처리별 ha당 목초 건물생산량은 화학비료구가 16,291kg인데 비해 액비 100%구 15,632 kg, 액비 150%구 16,320kg으로 처리간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 목초 식생 구성율은 파종이듬해 생육초기에는 perennial ryegrass가 높은 비율을 보였으나, 2년차에서는 perennial rye-grass, orchard grass 등 화본과 목초가 60∼70%, 두과인 red clover가 20∼30%로 적정한 식생을 보였다. 2. 토양의 화화적 성분인 pH, T-N 등은 화학비료구나 액비 시용구간 뚜렷한 차이가 없었으나 K, Ca, Mg 등은 액비 시용구가 높게 나타났다. 3. 방목축의 두당 일당 증체량은 0.562∼0.580kg으로 액비 150%구, 화학비료구 등에서 다소 높았으나 처리간 유의적 차이는 없었으며, ha당 총 증체량도 540∼555kg으로 액비 150%구가 다소 높은 증체량을 나타냈다. 4. 방목축 혈액내 화학성분인 백혈구수, 적혈구수, 총 단백질 및 알부민 등은 화학비료구나 액비구간에 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 이상의 연구결과에 의하면 방목초지에서 목초의 적정 생산과 방목을 위하여 돈분액비 시용량은 화학비료 N수준의 100∼150％(N; 150∼225kg/ha) 인 것으로 추정된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.537-544
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 참까막살 에탄올 추출물(PAEE)의 항염증 활성을 확인하기 위하여 LPS로 자극된 RAW 264.7 세포에서의 pro-inflammatory cytokine 및 NO의 분비 생성량과 western blot으로 단백질 발현량을 측정하였다. 또한, croton oil로 유도된 귀 부종 모델을 이용하여 알아보았다. RAW 264.7 세포에서 PAEE를 $0.1{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$ 농도로 처리 시 세포독성을 나타내지 않음을 확인하였다. 그 결과 PAEE는 pro-inflammatory cytokine(IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$) 및 NO의 분비량을 농도 의존적으로 억제시켰으며, iNOS와 COX-2의 발현량도 감소시킴을 확인하였다. 이러한 항염증 활성결과는 $NF-{\kappa}B$와 MAPKs 전사인자의 활성 억제에 의한 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, croton oil로 유도된 귀 부종 모델에서 PAEE를 50 mg/kg body weight 처리 시 귀 부종이 prednisolone(10 mg/kg body weight)과 유사한 정도로 억제됨을 확인하였다. 귀 조직 관찰에서도 PAEE는 croton oil에 의해 증가한 진피와 경피의 두께를 감소시켰으며, 진피로 침윤된 mast cell의 수도 감소시켰다. 이 결과를 종합해 보면 참까막살 에탄올 추출물은 $NF-{\kappa}B$와 MAPKs의 활성화 억제를 통해 염증 매개 물질의 생성을 억제시켜 항염증 활성을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.341-347
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• 1996

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary levels of chromium in the form of chromium picolinate on growth performance, nutrient utilizability, carcass composition, serum traits, and in vitro lipolysis and lipogenesis in adipose tissues of Arbor Acre broiler chicks. Experimental diets containing six different levels of chromium (0, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 ppb) were fed for 6 weeks. Individual treatment had six replicates of eight birds each and their average initial weight was 59.2 g. Dietary addition of chromium did not affect growth performance and nutrient utilizability. However, mortality appeared to be reduced with addition of chromium to the diet. It was obvious that chromium supplementation significantly decreased serum cholesterol and increased serum HDL cholesterol (p < 0.05), but serum insulin, glucose, triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were inconsistent among dietary supplementation levels of chromium. The in vitro lipolysis and lipogenesis in adipose tissues were significantly influenced by dietary addition of chromium (p < 0.05). Chicks fed diets containing 200 or 400 ppb chromium showed the highest protein content and the lowest fat content in their carcass.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.117.3-118
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• 2003

We tested for the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus in 827 Fusarium graminearum isolated from diseased barley and maize. dsRNA mycoviruses with various sizes were isolated. Of them, it was previously reported that dsRNA from DK2l isolate had pronounced morphological changes, including reduction in mycelial growth, increased to red pigmentation, reduced virulence and sporulation. (Chu et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002). For better understanding of this hypovirulence associated with DK2l dsRNA virus, we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of dsRNA genome and named Fusarium hypovirus DK2l strain (Fhv-DK2l ). Genomic RNA of Fhv-DK2l was determined to be 6625 nucleotides in length excluding the poly (A) tail and contained three putative open reading frame. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and helicase domain were expected in ORF A, 54 to 4709 nucleotide position. ORE B, 4752 to 5216 nucleotide position, and ORF C, 5475 to 6578 nucleotide position, were predicted to encode 16.7kDa and 41.3kDa protein respectively each. We could not detect any conserved domains from these two proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed Fhv-DK2l was related to Cryphonectria hypovirus 3. Ten additional isolates were found that were infected with dsRNA mycoviruses. These mycoviruses contain 2 to 4 different segments of dsRNAs with the size range of approximately 1.7 to 10-kbp in length. The presence of dsRNAs isolates did not affect colony morphology and were transmissible through conidia and ascospore with incidence of 30-100％. These results indicate that there is genomic diversity of dsRNA mycoviruses that infect F. graminearum isolates and that impact of virus infection on host's morphology and virulence is determined by the interaction between dsRNAs and the fungal host, not by the mere presence of the dsRNAs

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.501-514
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• 2018

본 논문은 가축의 면역 증진을 위한 천연 첨가제로서 좀민들레의 활용 가능성을 검토하고자 항산화 및 항염증 활성 평가를 실시하였다. 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 94.95, 86.33 mg/g으로 나타났고 DPPH, ABTS radical 소거능은 각각 100, $200{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 50%의 억제율을 보였으며, $1000{\mu}g/mL$에서 50%의 환원력을 나타냈다. LPS와 함께 처리한 Raw 264.7 cell에서는 좀민들레에 의한 세포 독성이 나타나지 않았으며 염증 매개 인자 NO와 염증성 사이도카인 $IL-1{\beta}$의 생성량을 유의하게 감소시켰다. 또한 염증성 단백질 발현량을 측정하기 위해 western blotting을 통해 확인한 결과, $400{\mu}g/mL$으로 처리하였을 때 LPS 처리구에 비해 염증성 단백질 발현 수준을 유의하게 감소시킨 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과, 좀민들레 추출물은 세포에 대한 독성이 없이 유의한 항산화 활성과 항염증 활성을 나타냄으로써 가축의 질병예방을 위한 면역 증진 및 생산성 향상에 기여할 수 있는 안전한 대체 천연 첨가제로 이용될 수 있다고 생각된다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.309-320
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• 2013

Objectives : There is a possibility LRE as remedy in Alzheimer disease (AD), but it's nerve protection effect and mechanism have to be elucidate. In this research, we applied LRE on $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ pre-treated SH-SY5Y cells, to find out the nerve protection effect and mechanism in AD cell model. Methods : We tried to confirm that effect by experimenting with 20, 50, and $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of LRE as a medicine. Next experiment, we assessed damage effect which induced $A{\beta}_{25-35}$, known to cause AD, on SH-SY5Y cell. In addition, cellular viability test is executed under $H_2O_2$ treatment condition in a SH-SY5Y cell. Results : 1. In $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ treated SH-SY5Y cell, LRE exhibited an anti-phosphorylation effect about tau protein, JNK, and IKB. 2. LRE prevent nerve cell apoptosis, which indued $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ and oxidative stress, modify JNK engaged synaptic structure and $NF{\kappa}B$ induced p75-neurotrophin receptor polymorphism. Conclusions : We found that LRE prevented oxidative stress-induced cellular destruction, for example, increased SOD activity of $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ treated SH-SY5Y cell and reduced toxicity of oxygen free radical. Consequently, the ingredients of LRE have a role as a catalyzer for $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ clearance and as scavenger for active oxygen free radical.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.249-254
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• 1998

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of processing of barley on the growth performance and ileal and fecal digestibility of growing pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 20 cannulated pigs (10.80 kg BW) were allotted to four treatments. Treatments were coarse ground barley as a control (CON), finely ground barley (FINE), extruded barley (EXT) and enzyme supplemented coarse ground barley (ENZ). In Exp. 2, a total of 100 growing pigs (36.50 kg BW) were allocated to the same treatments in completely randomized block design based on sex and body weight. In the first trial, pigs fed extruded barley showed significantly higher crude protein digestibility over pigs fed finely ground barley (p < 0.05). Pigs fed finely ground barley generally showed lower nutrients digestibility. Extrusion and ${\beta}$-glucanase supplementation showed a trend to improve nutrients digestibility. However, fine grinding rather reduced nutrients digestibility. The similar trend was found in the digestibility of essential amino acids. Fine grinding of barley significantly reduced amino acids digestibility. Extrusion and enzyme supplementation were found to improve amino acids digestibility of barley in growing pigs. In the growth trial, pigs fed extruded barley grew significantly faster than any other processed barley fed pigs. And extrusion of barley significantly improved feed/gain of pigs (p < 0.05). Fine grinding of barley and enzyme supplementation did not improve growth performance of pigs. In conclusion, fine grinding and enzyme supplementation does not appear to be an economical feed processing for growing pigs when barley is employed in the diets, while extrusion can be recommended as an effective feed processing technique for barley.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.670-677
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• 2020

Objective: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a T cell-derived B cell stimulating factor which plays an important role in inflammatory diseases. In this study, the pharmacokinetic properties of LMT-28 including physicochemical property, in vitro liver microsomal stability and an in vivo pharmacokinetic study using BALB/c mice were characterized. Methods: LMT-28 has been synthesized and is being developed as a novel therapeutic IL-6 inhibitor. The physicochemical properties and in vitro pharmacokinetic profiles such as liver microsomal stability and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell permeability assay were examined. For in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, pharmacokinetic parameters using BALB/c mice were calculated. Results: The logarithm of the partition coefficient value (LogP; 3.65) and the apparent permeability coefficient values (P_app; 9.7×10^-6 cm/s) showed that LMT-28 possesses a moderate-high cell permeability property across MDCK cell monolayers. The plasma protein binding rate of LMT-28 was 92.4% and mostly bound to serum albumin. The metabolic half-life (t_1/2) values of LMT-28 were 15.3 min for rat and 21.9 min for human at the concentration 1 μM. The area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve and C_max after oral administration (5 mg/kg) of LMT-28 were 302±209 h·ng/mL and 137±100 ng/mL, respectively. Conclusion: These data suggest that LMT-28 may have good physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties and may be a novel oral drug candidate as the first synthetic IL-6 inhibitor to ameliorate mammalian inflammation.