• Molecular Medicine Reports
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.2476-2483
• /
• 2019

Atopic dermatitis (AD ) is an inflammatory skin disorder caused by immunological dysregulation and genetic factors. Whether the expression levels of cytokine and skin barrier protein were altered by S100 calcium binding protein A8 (S100A8) and S100A9 in human keratinocytic HaCaT cells was examined in the present study. Alterations of cytokine expression were examined by ELI SA following treatment with S100A8/9 and various signal protein-specific inhibitors. Activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and nuclear factor (NF)-κB was evaluated by using western blotting and an NF-κB activity test, respectively. The expression levels of interleukin (IL )-6, IL- 8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 increased following treatment with S100A8 and S100A9, and the increase was significantly blocked by specific signaling pathway inhibitors, including toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor (TLR 4i), rottlerin, PD98059, SB203580 and BAY-11-7085. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ER K) and p38 MAPK pathways were activated in a time-dependent manner following treatment with S100A8 and S100A9. Phosphorylation of ER K and p38 MAPK were blocked by TLR 4i and rottlerin. S100A8 and S100A9 induced translocation of NF-κB in a time-dependent manner, and the activation of NF-κB was inhibited by TLR 4i, rottlerin, PD98059 and SB203580. In addition, S100A8 and S100A9 decreased the expression of skin barrier proteins, filaggrin and loricrin. These results may help to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of AD and develop clinical strategies for controlling AD.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.271-276
• /
• 2006

Objective : Despite the recent progress that has been made in intracerebral monitoring, it is still difficult to quantify the exact extent of primary brain damage after severe head injury. In this work, we investigate the role of S-100B protein as a serum marker of brain damage after severe head injury. Methods : 21 patients with severe head injury [GCS score <9] were selected for this prospective study. A venous blood sample was taken as soon as possible after head injury and the serum concentration of S-100B protein was measured daily for five consecutive days. The serum level of S-100B protein was compared with the patients' outcome. The outcome was measured twice, at hospital discharge and after 6 months of follow-up using the Glasgow Outcome Scale[GOS]. Results : Those patients who died within two weeks [after head injury] had a significantly higher serum S-100B value than those who survived [median, 9.64ug/L versus 2.91ug/L]. Seven [78%] of the nine patients who died had a maximum S-100B value of 2ug/L or higher, while three [25%] of the twelve surviving patients showed a maximum S-100B protein value of more than 2ug/L [P<005]. Conclusion : These results indicate that S-100B protein appears to be the most reliable index for estimating the extent of brain damage.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.177-183
• /
• 2007

Objectives:Previous studies have suggested that S100B protein play an important role in the pathogenesis and progress of schizophrenia. In the present study, we evaluate the serum levels of S100B in the patients with schizophrenia, and compare them with those of healthy controls. Method:The serum S100B levels were measured by lectrochemiluminescence immunoassay in 21 schizophrenic patients (8 males, 13 females) and 27 normal controls(11 males, 16 females). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS) was used to evaluate the symptoms of the patients with schizophrenia, and the correlation between PANSS subscale scores and serum S100B levels was examined. Results:No significant difference was found between the serum S100B levels of the schizophrenic patients($0.074{\pm}0.039$ng/ml) and those of the normal controls($0.072{\pm}0.030$ng/ml)(p=0.925). Correlationships between the high serum S100B level with high negative symptom scores(p=0.065) or with the low positive symptom scores(p=0.080) did not exist. Conclusion:The relation between serum S100B level and schizophrenia was not found in the present study. However, to confirm this result, further studies, such as measurement of S100 protein level in CSF, postmortem study, long-term follow-up study, and studies with other neurotrophic proteins are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.495-500
• /
• 1998

To compare the extent of heat treatment in domestic infant formula, pH,titratable acidity, undenatured whey protein contents, HMF contents and protein-reducing substances of three commercial products (A, B, C) were measured. The pH of B products was lowest and the titratable acidity of B product was highest. The contents of undenatured whey protein per 100ml serum were 0∼30mg(A products), 90∼130mg(B products)and 80∼90mg(C products), respectively. Distinct differences of undenatured whey protein contents according to the manufacturer and infat's stage in age could be observed. The HMF contents of tested products showed 10.9∼21.5umol/L and B-2 product(B products for the second stage of 5∼9 month) was the highest among tested products. The protein-reducing substances showed 4.46∼9.50mg K4Fe(CN)6/100ml serum nd B-2 product was the highest among tested products.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.50 no.2
• /
• pp.97-102
• /
• 2017

Patients with inflammatory bone disease or cancer exhibit an increased risk of fractures and delayed bone healing. The S100A4 protein is a member of the calcium-binding S100 protein family, which is abundantly expressed in inflammatory diseases and cancers. We investigated the effects of extracellular S100A4 on osteoblasts, which are cells responsible for bone formation. Treating primary calvarial osteoblasts with recombinant S100A4 resulted in matrix mineralization reductions. The expression of osteoblast marker genes including osteocalcin and osterix was also suppressed. Interestingly, S100A4 stimulated the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-${\kappa}B$) signaling pathway in osteoblasts. More importantly, the ex vivo organ culture of mouse calvariae with recombinant S100A4 decreased the expression levels of osteocalcin, supporting the results of our in vitro experiments. This suggests that extracellular S100A4 is important for the regulation of bone formation by activating the NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathway in osteoblasts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.311-317
• /
• 1998

A total of 1033 Brown Swiss and 610 Canadienne cows were phenotyped for the genetic variants ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. In Brown Swiss, frequency distributions were: 97.3% B and 2.7% C variant of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein; 31.6% $A^1$, 51.8% $A^2$, 0.5% $A^3$ and 16.1% B variant of ${\beta}$-casein; 70.4% A, 29.3% B, and 0.3% C variant of ${\kappa}$-casein; 41.7% A and 58.3% B variant of ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin; and 100% B variant of ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. Corresponding frequencies in Canadienne for those five milk proteins were: 98.6 and 1.4%;58.5, 33.5, 0.08 and 7.9%; 78.8, 21.1 and 0.1%, 42.4 and 57.6%; and 100%. Analysis of variance by least squares showed possible association between milk protein phenotypes and some lactational production traits. There were no significant association of phenotypes of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin with milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage and protein percentage in both breeds during the three lactations. In the Brown Swiss, ${\kappa}$-casein phenotype was associated with 305-day fat yield and protein yield during the first lactation. ${\kappa}$-Casein AB was associated with higher milk, fat and protein yield during the second lactation. During the third lactation, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin AA in Canadienne cows was associated with higher protein content in the milk (3.70%) when compared to phenotypes AB (3.54%) and BB (3.64%).

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.58 no.2
• /
• pp.93-100
• /
• 2015

Objective : Optimal treatment decision and estimation of the prognosis in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is currently based on demographic and clinical predictors. But sometimes, there are limitations in these factors. In this study, we analyzed three central nervous system biomarkers in TBI patients, will discuss the roles and clinical applications of biomarkers in TBI. Methods : From July on 2013 to August on 2014, a total of 45 patients were included. The serum was obtained at the time of hospital admission, and biomarkers were extracted with centrifugal process. It was analyzed for the level of S-100 beta (S100B), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1). Results : This study included 33 males and 12 females with a mean age of 58.5 (19-84) years. TBI patients were classified into two groups. Group A was severe TBI with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 3-5 and Group B was mild TBI with GCS score 13-15. The median serum concentration of S100B, GFAP, and UCH-L1 in severe TBI were raised 5.1 fold, 5.5 fold, and 439.1 fold compared to mild injury, respectively. The serum levels of these markers correlated significantly with the injury severity and clinical outcome (p<0.001). Increased level of markers was strongly predicted poor outcomes. Conclusion : S100B, GFAP, and UCH-L1 serum level of were significantly increased in TBI according to severity and associated clinical outcomes. Biomarkers have potential utility as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic adjuncts in the setting of TBI.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.9
• /
• pp.1355-1362
• /
• 2019

Objective: S100A7A, a member of the S100 protein family, is involved in various biological processes, including innate immunity, antimicrobial function, and epithelial tumorigenesis. However, the expression and function of S100A7A in the endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy are not well understood in pigs. Therefore, this study determined the expression and regulation of S100A7A at the maternal-conceptus interface in pigs. Methods: We obtained endometrial tissues from pigs throughout the estrous cycle and pregnancy, conceptus tissues during early pregnancy, and chorioallantoic tissues during midto late pregnancy and analyzed the expression of S100A7A in these tissues. We also determined the effects of steroid hormones, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ ($E_2$) and progesterone, and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL1B) on S100A7A expression in endometrial tissues. Results: We found that S100A7A was expressed in the endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in a pregnancy status- and stage-dependent manner and was localized to endometrial luminal epithelial (LE) and superficial glandular epithelial cells with strong intensity in LE cells on day 12 of pregnancy. Early stage conceptuses and chorioallantoic tissues from day 30 to term pregnancy also expressed S100A7A. The expression of S100A7A was increased by $E_2$ and IL1B in endometrial tissues. Conclusion: S100A7A was expressed at the maternal-conceptus interface at the initiation of implantation in response to conceptus-derived estrogen and IL1B and could be a unique endometrial epithelial marker for conceptus implantation in pigs. These findings provide an important insight into the understanding of conceptus-endometrial interactions for the successful establishment of pregnancy in pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.432-437
• /
• 2002

Immunosuppressive potential of 65 kDa buffalo placental protein (bPP65) on B-cell proliferation in vitro and antibody response in vivo was evaluated. B-cell proliferation was estimated by measuring incorporation of tritiated thymidine in buffalo lymphocytes while primary antibody responses against phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) were evaluated in mice. bPP65 suppressed proliferation of lipopolysaccharide (a B-cell specific mitogen)-stimulated buffalo lymphocytes in vitro indicating suppression of B-cells. This suppression was dose dependent over the protein concentration range $25-100 {\mu}g/ml$. Primary antibody responses in mice against PHA and KLH in presence of bPP65 were lower as compared to in its absence but these were not statistically significant. Amino acid composition data of bPP65 and BSA suggested that bPP65 is different from BSA.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2012

Differentially expressed genes by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) were identified in order to evaluate them as dioxin-sensitive markers and crucial signaling molecules to understand dioxin-induced toxic mechanisms in human bronchial cells. Gene expression profiling was analyzed by cDNA microarray and ten genes were selected for further study. They were cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP1B1), S100 calcium binding protein A8 (calgranulin A), S100 calcium binding protein A9 (calgranulin B), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A3 (ALDH6) and peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5) in up-regulated group. Among them, CYP1B1 was used as a hallmark for dioxin and sharply increased by TCDD exposure. Down-regulated genes were IK cytokine, interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1), nuclease sensitive element binding protein 1 (NSEP1), protein tyrosine phosphatase type VI A, member 1 (PTP4A1), ras oncogene family 32 (RAB32). Although up-regulated 4 genes in microarray were coincided with northern hybridization, down-regulated 5 genes showed U-shaped expression pattern which is sharply decreased at lower doses and gradually increased at higher doses. These results introduce some of TCDD-responsive genes can be sensitive markers against TCDD exposure and used as signaling cues to understand toxicity initiated by TCDD inhalation in pulmonary tissues.