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엔터테인먼트 관점에서 바라본 영화로 본 역사 - 영화 '엘리자베스'에 나와 있는 여성 통치자에 대한 관점을 중심으로 - (Entertainment History Perspective - Around the Grand Duchess to Appear in Movies 'Elizabeth' -)

  • 최선아
    • 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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    • 제13권6호
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    • pp.247-256
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    • 2019
  • 국내의 역사학계는 언터테인먼트 분야의 하나인 영화와 관련하여 여러 변화의 양상을 보이고 있다. 학회에서 영화 관련 분과 발표가 활발히 이루어지고 역사와 영화를 주제로 한 학술대회가 개최되고 있다. 영화의 역사가 시작된 지는 100여 년이 지났고, 엔터테인먼트 분야의 하나인 영상 매체는 20세기와 21세기를 거쳐 인간의 소통 과정에서 큰 역할을 한다고 볼 수 있다. 영화와 역사를 연계한 융복합 수업에서 주의해야 할 부분은 자칫 역사가들의 관심이 주로 영화가 지니는 사료로서의 가치나 한 시대의 가치관과 관심사를 투영한, 역사 소재로서의 가치에 기울어져 있을 수 있다는 것이다. 따라서 이러한 면을 방지하기 위해서 융복합수업의 특징인 두 개 이상 분야의 전공자, 역사 담당 전공자와 즉 영화 관련한 공연 영상학과 담당교수의 공동 수업은 필요한 시대적 요구를 반영한 것이라고 할 수 있다. 기존에 역사수업의 특징은 역사학을 객관적 진실을 '사료'에 의해 학생들에게 전달하는 방식이었다. 이러한 수업방식에서는 역사 '사료'에 의존하여 다른 매체를 활용한 역사 서술에는 관심을 두지 않았다. 따라서 역사와 영화를 융복합하여 각각의 전공 교수가 코티칭으로 수업하는 방식은 엔터테인먼트 분야의 영화를 역사 서술과 수업에 적용하는 하나의 방식이라고 할 수 있다. 물론 영화라는 엔터테인먼트적인 분야는 영상의 특성상 고증되거나 복원될 수 없는 세밀한 부분까지 보여주게 되므로, 허구적인 요소가 반영될 가능성이 존재한다. 따라서 이러한 특징은 역사와 영화를 연계한 융복합 수업에서 활용하여, 역사적으로 객관적 고증 분야와 영화적 요소와 허구적 요소를 학생들에게 설명하는 것은 수업의 긴장감과 관심을 증대시키는데 도움이 될 것이다. 역사 수업은 단순히 과거를 복원하는 것이 아니라 여러 사건들을 인과적으로 설명하고 분석하는 과정이 주를 이루게 된다. 따라서 엔터테인먼트 분야의 하나인 영화를 활용한 융복합 수업에서는 구체적인 사물을 보여주는 영상물로써 이야기를 들려주는 일차원적인 역사에서 벗어나, 학생들의 역사 지식에 미치는 영향력을 증대시키는 역할을 해 나아가야 할 것이다. 또한 역사 영화도 전통적인 역사학의 한계에서 벗어나려고 하는 새로운 융복합 수업의 소재로 쓰이면서, 교수자의 학셍들에 의해 새로운 관점과 새로운 화법으로 해석되었다. 교수설계는 바람직한 학습목표 성취를 위하여 수업체제(instructional systems)를 만드는 과정이라고 할 수 있다. 또한 교수설계는 교수·학습문제를 파악하고 적절한 교육방법을 통하여 관련 문제를 해결하기 위하여 설계자의 창의성이 요구되는 역동적인 작업이다. 교수설계는 체제이론, 문제해결방법 등을 주로 사용하여 학습환경을 설명하고 개발하며, 학습과학과 수업심리학으로부터 학습과 수업의 원리를 활용한다. 교수설계는 분석, 설계, 개발, 활용, 평가의 단계를 포함한다. 오늘날 사회는 기초적 창의적 지성능력과 총체적 종합적 사유능력을 갖춘 인력을 필요로 하고 있고, 대학교육에서 인접 학문의 영역 간 경계를 해체하고 융복합교육을 추진하고 있다. 급속하게 변하는 현대 사회에서 전통적 학문영역에 기초한 지식과 사유로는 창의적 사유와 문제해결에 한계가 있기 때문에 융합교육이야말로 통섭적 사유를 통해 사물과 세계를 총체적으로 이해하고 창의적 문제해결 능력을 갖춘 인재를 양성하는데 실질적으로 기여할 수 있다. 이러한 통섭적 사유능력과 상상력을 지향하는 지식융합 교과목은 기업이 요구하는 창의적이고 문제해결능력이 뛰어난 인재를 양성하는데 결정적인 자질과 소양을 배양할 것이다. 더 나아가 21세기 전문가 시대를 주도할 수 있는 미래지향적 시유와 창의적 해석능력을 갖춘 인재를 양성하는 데 중요한 밑거름이 될 것으로 기대된다.

$^{51}Cr$을 사용(使用)한 장관내(賜管內) 출혈량측정법(出血量測定法) (The Use of Radioactive $^{51}Cr$ in Measurement of Intestinal Blood Loss)

  • 이문호
    • 대한핵의학회지
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.19-26
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    • 1970
  • 서론(緖論) 위장관내(胃腸管內)의 출혈(出血)의 유무(有無)를 진단(診斷)한다는 것은 임상적((臨床的)으로 대단(大端)히 중요(重要)하며 잠혈반응(潛血反應)은 임상검출법(臨床檢出法)의 하나로 많이 이용(利用)되고 있다. 잠혈반응(潛血反應)에 사용(使用)되는 각종화학반응(各種化學反應)은 그 검출법(檢出法)이 비교적(比較的) 간편(簡便)하되 출혈량(出血量)을 추정(推定) 하는것은 곤란(困難)하여 정성반응(定性反應)의 영역(領域)을 벗어나지 못하고 있다. 특(特)히 우리라라에는 소화관내(消化管內)의 출혈(出血)을 야기(惹起)하기 쉬운 위궤양(胃潰瘍), 십이지장궤양(十二指賜潰瘍) 내지(乃至) 위암(胃癌)과 같은 각종(各種) 질환(疾患)의 이환율(罹患率)이 많을 뿐만 아니라 십이지장충(十二指腸蟲) 감염자(感梁者)가 많아 출혈량(出血量)의 측정(測定)은 각종질환(各種疾患)의 치료방침(治療方針) 내지(乃至) 예후(豫後)를 결정(決定)하는데 대단(大端)히 중요(重要)하다. 최근(最近) 방사성(放射性)$\ulcorner$크롬$\lrcorner$($^{51}Cr$)으로 표지(標識)된 적혈구(赤血球)를 정주(靜注)한 후(後) 대변내(大便內)에 배설(排泄)되는 방사능(放射能)을 측정(測定)하여 말초혈액단위량내(末消血液單位量內)의 방사능(放射能)과 비교(比較)하여 소화관내(消化管內)의 출혈량(出血量)을 측정(測定)하는 연구(硏究)가 보고(報告)되고 있다. 저자(著者)는 출혈량(出血量)이 적혈구수명측정(赤血球壽命測定)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 관찰(觀察)하는 예비실험(豫備實驗)의 하나로 종래(從來) $^{51}Cr$를 사용(使用)한 소화관내(消化管內)의 출혈량측정법(出血量測定法)에 대(對)한 몇가지 기초적(基礎的) 연구(硏究)를 시도(試圖)하여 $^{51}Cr$법(法)의 신빙성여하(信憑性如何)를 검토(檢討)한 바 있어 이에 보고(報告)하는 바이다. 실험방법(實驗方法) 및 실험대상(實驗對象) I) 방사성(放射性)$\ulcorner$크롬$\lrcorner$($^{51}Cr$)과 적혈구(赤血球)의 표지법(標識法): 원자력연구소(原子力硏究所)에서 생산(生産)된 $Na_2^{51}CrO_4$를 사용(使用)하였고 표지법(標識法)은 적혈구수명측정(赤血球壽命測定)때와 같은 방법(方法)(Gray & Sterling, Read)을 사용(使用)하였다. 정주(靜注)된 $^{51}Cr$의 배설(排泄) 및 경구투여(經口投與)한 $^{51}Cr$의 흡수도(吸收度)를 관찰(觀察)하기 위(爲)하여 다음과 같은 예비(豫備) 실험(實驗)을 하였다. $^{51}Cr$로 표지(標識)된 일정량(一定量)의 적혈구(赤血球)를 Levine tube를 사용(使用)하여 피검자(被檢者)의 십이지장부위(十二指腸部位)에 정확(正確)히 전량(全量)을 주입(注入)시킨다음 tube속의 $^{51}Cr$ 방사능(放射能)을 없애기 위하여 약 100ml의 수도(水道)물로 세척(洗滌)한다음 24시간(時問) 후(後)부터 대변(大便), 뇨(尿) 및 혈액(血液)을 매일채취(每日採取)하여 $^{51}Cr$의 방사능(放射能)을 측정(測定)하여 투여(投與)한 $^{51}Cr$에 대(對)한 백분률(百分率)을 산출(算出)한다. 대변(大便) 및 뇨(尿)의 채취(採取)는 그속의 방사도(放射度)를 측정(測定)할 수 없을때 까지 실시(實施)한다(대량(大略) $7{\sim}10$일간(日問)). 수집한 대변(大便)은 $900{\sim}1,000^{\circ}C$의 전기로(電氣爐)속에서 소각 하여 완전탄화(完全灰化)시킨다음 일정량(一定量)의 증류수(蒸溜水)로 희석(稀釋)한 다음 well형(型) scintillation counter로 $^{51}Cr$의 방사도(放射度)를 계측(計測)하고 혈액량(血液量)으로 환산(換算)한다. 뇨(尿는) 24시간(時間) 뇨(尿)를 전부(全部) 축뇨(蓄尿)한 다음 $3{\sim}5ml$의 시료(試料)를 채취(採取)하여 방사도(放射度)를 측정(測定)하고 1일(日) 뇨중(尿中)의 $^{51}Cr$ 배설량(排泄量)을 계산(計算)하는 한편(便) 혈액량(血液量)으로 환산(換算)한다. 혈액량(血液量)의 측정(測定): 적혈구수명측정(赤血球壽命測定)때와 같은 방법(方法)으로 처리(處理)하여 정주(靜注)한 후(後) 10분(分) 20분(分) 내지(乃至) 30분(分) 후(後)에 heparin을 첨가(添加)하여 $2{\sim}4ml$가량(可量) 채혈(採血)하고 그 방사도(放射度)를 측정(測定)하여 그 평균치(平均値)를 구(求)한다. 실험성적(實驗成績) $^{51}Cr$의 대변(大便) 및 뇨중(尿中) 배설(排泄)을 관찰(觀察)하는 한편 투여(投與)한 혈액량(血液量)($^{51}Cr$로 표지(標識)된)과의 상호관계(相互關孫)도 아울러 고찰(考察)할 목적(目的)으로 투여혈액량(投與血液量)을 달리하는 조건하(條件下)에 실시(實施)한 성적(成績)을 보면 다음과 같다. 즉(卽) 1) $^{51}Cr$표지적혈구(標識赤血球)의 경구투여후(經口投與後)의 대변(大便) 및 뇨중(尿中)에의 $^{51}Cr$ 회수율(回收率) 및 배설률(排泄率) : $^{51}Cr$표지적혈구(標識赤血球) 5ml, 10ml, 15ml 및 20ml를 각각(各各) 잠혈반응(潛血反應)이 음성(陰性)인 정상(正常) 건강인(健康人) 3명(名) 내지(乃至) 5명(名)에게 십이지장관내(十二指腸管內)에 주입(注入)한 후(後)의 대변내(大便內)의 $^{51}Cr$ 회수율(回收率)과 장관내흡수율(腸管內吸收率)(뇨중배설량(尿中排泄量)을 보면 Table 1, 2 및 3에서 보는 바와 같다. 즉(卽) 5 ml식(式) 주입(注入)한 검사군(檢査群)(A)에서는 대변내(大便內)의 $^{51}Cr$ 회수율(回收率)은 $85.7{\sim}90.7%$, 평균(平均) 87.8%이고 뇨중배설량(尿中排泄量)은 $0.5{\sim}1.2%$, 평균(平均) 0.8%로 총회수율(總回收率)은 $86.7{\sim}91.4%$, 평균(平均) 88.5%이었고 10ml식(式) 주입(注入)한 검사군(檢査群)(B)에서는 대변(大便)속의 $^{51}Cr$ 회수율(回收率)은 $87.5{\sim}92.5%$, 평균(平均) 90.0%, 뇨중배설량(尿中排泄量)은 0.5-1.5%, 평균(平均) 0.9%로 총회수율(總回收率)은 88.2%{\sim}94.0%, 평균(平均) 90.9%이었다. 한편(便) 15ml 내지(乃至) 20ml식(式) 투여(投與)한 검사군(檢査群)(C)에서 는 대변(大便)속의 $^{51}Cr$회수율(回收率)은 89.7{\sim}97.7%, 평균(平均) 94.3%, 뇨중배설량(尿中排泄量)은 0.5{\sim}1.2%, 평균(平均) 0.8%로 총회수율(總回收率)은 95.1%이었다. 2) $^{51}Cr$표지적혈구(標識赤血球)의 정주후(靜注後)의 장관내배설(賜管內排泄) : $^{51}Cr$표지적혈구(標識赤血球)를 정주(靜注)하면 $^{51}Cr$의 대부분(大部分)은 뇨중(尿中)으로 배설(排泄)됨이 알려져 있으나 그 이외(以外)의 배설경로(排泄經路)에 관(關)하여는 그다지 알려져 있지 않다. 잠혈반응(潛血反應)이 음성(陰性)인 정상건강인(正常健康人) 5례(例)에게 $^{51}Cr$표지적혈구(標識赤血球) 15ml를 정맥주사(靜脈注射)한 후(後) 경시적(經時的)으로 타액(唾液), 위액(胃液), 십이지장액(十二指腸液) 및 대변(大便)을 채취(採取)하였다. 타액(唾液), 위액(胃液) 및 십이지장액(十二指腸液)(A- 담즙(膽汁) 및 B- 담즙(膽汁)으로 구별(區別)하였음)을 각각(各各) $2{\sim}5ml$식(式) 채취(採取)하였고 대변(大便)은 $4{\sim}5$일간(日間)(변비시(便秘時)에는 $7{\sim}10$일간(日間)까지)채취(採取) 전기로(電氣爐)로 회화(灰化)하여 각각(各各) 그의 방사능(放射能)을 계측(計測)하였고 대변(大便)속의 $^{51}Cr$방사도(放射度)는 혈액량(血液量)으로 환산(換算)하였으며 그 성적(成績)은 Table 4에서 보는바와 같다. 즉(卽) 타액(唾液)이나 B-담즙(膽汁)속에서는 거의 $^{51}Cr$방사능(放射能)을 발견(發見)할 수 없었는데 반(反)하여 위액(胃液) 및 담즙(膽汁) A속에서는 정주(靜注) $1{\sim}2$일(日) 이내(以內)에 약간(若干)의 방사능(放射能)을 검출(檢出)할 수 있었다. 한편 대변(大便)속에서는 1일(日) 0.5 내지(乃至) 1.5ml의 혈액(血液)에 해당되는 $^{51}Cr$의 방사능(放射能)을 관찰할 수 있었으며 이 정도(程度)(평균(平均) 0.9ml/혈액(血液)/일(日))의 $^{51}Cr$의 변중(便中) 출현(出現)은 진성출혈(眞性出血)과는 무관(無關)한 것으로 생각된다. 총괄(總括) Owen 등(等)은 2필(匹)의 개에서 $Na_2^{51}CrO_4$로 표지(標識)한 적혈구(赤血球)를 위내(胃內)에 주입(注入)하여 거의 대부분(大部分)이 대변(大便)으로 배설(排泄)되는 한편(便) 정주(靜注)로 주입(注入)한 $^{51}Cr$의 대부분(大部分)은 뇨중(尿中)으로 배설(排泄)됨을 발표(發表)하였고 그 후 Roche 등(等)은 $^{51}Cr$표지적혈구(標識赤血球)를 십이지장관내(十二指腸管內)에 주입(注入)한 8례(例)에서 뇨중배설(尿中排泄)은 1.7%($0{\sim}5.3%$), 변중(便中) 회수율(回收率)은 96.7%($90.7{\sim}103.5%$), 총배설률(總排泄率)은 98.7%($91.5{\sim}105.7%$)라고 보고(報告)한바 있다. 저자(著者)의 성적(成績)을 보면 투여(投與)한 혈액량(血液量)이 많을수록 대변(大便)속의 회수율(回收率)은 높으며(Fig. 1) 대변(大便)속의 예민(銳敏)하고 높은 회수율(回收率)을 얻고저 할때에는 적어도 15ml 이상(以上)의 적혈구(赤血球)를 투여(投與)함이 타당(妥當)함을 알 수 있었다. 경구투여후(經口投與後)의 $^{51}Cr$의 위장관흡수율(胃腸管吸收率)(뇨중배설(尿中排泄))을 보면 대체(大體)로 1%이내(以內)($0.8{\sim}1.5%$)이며 투여혈액량(投與血液量)과는 무관(無關)함을 알 수 있었다. 한편(便) $^{51}Cr$의 정주후(靜注後)에는 대부분(大部分)이 뇨중배설(尿中排泄)의 경로(經路)를 취(取)하되 담관내(膽管內)의 출혈량(出血量)을 이 방법(方法)으로 계측(計測)하고저 할때에는 자관내(腸管內)의 chromium 배설유무(排泄有無)를 관찰(觀察)함이 필요(必要)하다. 잠혈반응(潛血反應)이 음성(陰性)인 정상건강인(正常健康人)에게 $^{51}Cr$표지적혈구(標識赤血球)를 정주(靜注)하였을때 대변(大便)속에서 출혈(出血)과 관계(關係)없는 $^{51}Cr$의 방사능(放射能)을 계측(計測)할 수 있으며 이때의 $^{51}Cr$의 방사능(放射能)을 혈액량(血液量)으로 산출(算出)한 연구(硏究)들이 보고(報告)되고 있다. 즉(卽) Roche 등(等)은 정상인(正常人)에서 1.27ml/d, Ebaugh 등(等)은 $0.3{\sim}2.0ml/d$, Hushes-Jones는 2ml/d이하(以下)의 출혈(出血)을 볼 수 있었다고 하고 Nakao는 1.0ml전후(前後)의 혈액(血液)에 해방되는 출혈(出血)을 보았다고 한다. 저자(著者)는 평균(平均) 0.9ml의 혈액(血液)에 해방되는 출혈(出血)과는 전연(全然) 무관(無關)한 $^{51}Cr$의 방사능(放射能)을 발견(發見)할 수 있었다. 정주투여시(靜注投與時)의 뇨중(尿中) 이외(以外)에 $^{51}Cr$배설(排泄)의 경로(經路)를 관찰하기 위하며 경시적(經時的)으로 위액(胃液), 타액(唾液) 및 십이지장액(十二指腸液)(A 및 B 담즙(膽汁)으로 구별(區別))은 채취(採取)하여 그속으로 배설(排泄)되는 $^{51}Cr$의 방사능(放射能)을 측정(測定)해본 즉 주입초기(注入初期)에 위액(胃液) 및 A담즙(膽汁)속에서 약간(若干)의 방사능(放射能)을 발견(發見)할 수 있었으며 상술(上述)한 출혈(出血)과 무관계(無關係)한 $^{51}Cr$의 사용배설(使用排泄)은 주(主)로 담즙(膽汁) 및 위액(胃液)을 통(通)한것이 아닌가 생각된다. 결론(結論) $Na_2^{51}CrO_4$를 사용(使用)하여 적혈구(赤血球)를 표지정주(標識靜注)한 후 대변(大便)속으로 배설(排泄)되는 방사능(放射能)을 측정(測定)하여 소화관내(消化管內)의 출혈량(出血量)을 측정(測定)하는 방법(方法)에 관(關)한 기초적(基礎的) 임상실험(臨床實驗)을 하여 다음과 같은 성적(成績)을 얻었다. 1. 잠혈반응(潛血反應)의 음성(陰性)인 정상건강인(正常健康人) 16례(例)에서 $^{51}Cr$표지적혈구(標識赤血球)를 경구투여(經口投與)하였을때 대변내(大便內)의 평균(平均) 회수율(回收率)은 90.7%($83.7{\sim}97.7%$)로 투여혈액량(投與血液量)이 많을수록 변중회수율(便中回收率)은 높으며 따라서 검사시(檢査時)에는 적어도 15ml이상(以上)의 혈액(血液)을 사용(使用)함이 적당(適當)하다고 생각된다. 한편(便) 이때의 뇨중(尿中) 배설(排泄)은 평균(平均) 0.8%($0.5{\sim}1.5%$)이었다. 2. $^{51}Cr$표지적혈구(標識赤血球)를 정상건강인(正常健康人)에게 정주(靜注)하였을때 $^{51}Cr$의 방사능(放射能)을 변(便)속에서 검출(檢出)할 수 있었으며 혈액량(血液量)으로 환산(換算)하여 0.9ml에 해당한다. 이 방사능(放射能)은 출혈(出血)과는 무관계(無關係)하여 주(主)로 A- 담즙(膽汁) 및 위액(胃液)으로 배설(排泄)되는것으로 생각된다. 따라서 적어도 2.0ml이상(以上)의 혈액량(血液量)에 해당되는 $^{51}Cr$의 방사능(放射能)이 있을때 임상적(臨床的)으로 의의(意義)가 있다고 본다.

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농촌(農村) 주민(住民)들의 의료필요도(醫療必要度)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (A Study Concerning Health Needs in Rural Korea)

  • 이성관;김두희;정종학;정극수;박상빈;최정헌;홍순호;라진훈
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • 제7권1호
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    • pp.29-94
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    • 1974
  • Today most developed countries provide modern medical care for most of the population. The rural area is the more neglected area in the medical and health field. In public health, the philosophy is that medical care for in maintenance of health is a basic right of man; it should not be discriminated against racial, environmental or financial situations. The deficiency of the medical care system, cultural bias, economic development, and ignorance of the residents about health care brought about the shortage of medical personnel and facilities on the rural areas. Moreover, medical students and physicians have been taught less about rural health care than about urban health care. Medical care, therefore, is insufficient in terms of health care personnel/and facilities in rural areas. Under such a situation, there is growing concern about the health problems among the rural population. The findings presented in this report are useful measures of the major health problems and even more important, as a guide to planning for improved medical care systems. It is hoped that findings from this study will be useful to those responsible for improving the delivery of health service for the rural population. Objectives: -to determine the health status of the residents in the rural areas. -to assess the rural population's needs in terms of health and medical care. -to make recommendations concerning improvement in the delivery of health and medical care for the rural population. Procedures: For the sampling design, the ideal would be to sample according to the proportion of the composition age-groups. As the health problems would be different by group, the sample was divided into 10 different age-groups. If the sample were allocated by proportion of composition of each age group, some age groups would be too small to estimate the health problem. The sample size of each age-group population was 100 people/age-groups. Personal interviews were conducted by specially trained medical students. The interviews dealt at length with current health status, medical care problems, utilization of medical services, medical cost paid for medical care and attitudes toward health. In addition, more information was gained from the public health field, including environmental sanitation, maternal and child health, family planning, tuberculosis control, and dental health. The sample Sample size was one fourth of total population: 1,438 The aged 10-14 years showed the largest number of 254 and the aged under one year was the smallest number of 81. Participation in examination Examination sessions usually were held in the morning every Tuesday, Wenesday, and Thursday for 3 hours at each session at the Namchun Health station. In general, the rate of participation in medical examination was low especially in ages between 10-19 years old. The highest rate of participation among are groups was the under one year age-group by 100 percent. The lowest use rate as low as 3% of those in the age-groups 10-19 years who are attending junior and senior high school in Taegu city so the time was not convenient for them to recieve examinations. Among the over 20 years old group, the rate of participation of female was higher than that of males. The results are as follows: A. Publie health problems Population: The number of pre-school age group who required child health was 724, among them infants numbered 96. Number of eligible women aged 15-44 years was 1,279, and women with husband who need maternal health numbered 700. The age-group of 65 years or older was 201 needed more health care and 65 of them had disabilities. (Table 2). Environmental sanitation: Seventy-nine percent of the residents relied upon well water as a primary source of dringking water. Ninety-three percent of the drinking water supply was rated as unfited quality for drinking. More than 90% of latrines were unhygienic, in structure design and sanitation (Table 15). Maternal and child health: Maternal health Average number of pregnancies of eligible women was 4 times. There was almost no pre- and post-natal care. Pregnancy wastage Still births was 33 per 1,000 live births. Spontaneous abortion was 156 per 1,000 live births. Induced abortion was 137 per 1,000 live births. Delivery condition More than 90 percent of deliveries were conducted at home. Attendants at last delivery were laymen by 76% and delivery without attendants was 14%. The rate of non-sterilized scissors as an instrument used to cut the umbilical cord was as high as 54% and of sickles was 14%. The rate of difficult delivery counted for 3%. Maternal death rate estimates about 35 per 10,000 live births. Child health Consultation rate for child health was almost non existant. In general, vaccination rate of children was low; vaccination rates for children aged 0-5 years with BCG and small pox were 34 and 28 percent respectively. The rate of vaccination with DPT and Polio were 23 and 25% respectively but the rate of the complete three injections were as low as 5 and 3% respectively. The number of dead children was 280 per 1,000 living children. Infants death rate was 45 per 1,000 live births (Table 16), Family planning: Approval rate of married women for family planning was as high as 86%. The rate of experiences of contraception in the past was 51%. The current rate of contraception was 37%. Willingness to use contraception in the future was as high as 86% (Table 17). Tuberculosis control: Number of registration patients at the health center currently was 25. The number indicates one eighth of estimate number of tuberculosis in the area. Number of discharged cases in the past accounted for 79 which showed 50% of active cases when discharged time. Rate of complete treatment among reasons of discharge in the past as low as 28%. There needs to be a follow up observation of the discharged cases (Table 18). Dental problems: More than 50% of the total population have at least one or more dental problems. (Table 19) B. Medical care problems Incidence rate: 1. In one month Incidence rate of medical care problems during one month was 19.6 percent. Among these health problems which required rest at home were 11.8 percent. The estimated number of patients in the total population is 1,206. The health problems reported most frequently in interviews during one month are: GI trouble, respiratory disease, neuralgia, skin disease, and communicable disease-in that order, The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the 1-4 age group and in the 60 years or over age group, the lowest rate was the 10-14 year age group. In general, 0-29 year age group except the 1-4 year age group was low incidence rate. After 30 years old the rate of health problems increases gradually with aging. Eighty-three percent of health problems that occured during one month were solved by primary medical care procedures. Seventeen percent of health problems needed secondary care. Days rested at home because of illness during one month were 0.7 days per interviewee and 8days per patient and it accounts for 2,161 days for the total productive population in the area. (Table 20) 2. In a year The incidence rate of medical care problems during a year was 74.8%, among them health problems which required rest at home was 37 percent. Estimated number of patients in the total population during a year was 4,600. The health problems that occured most frequently among the interviewees during a year were: Cold (30%), GI trouble (18), respiratory disease (11), anemia (10), diarrhea (10), neuralgia (10), parasite disease (9), ENT (7), skin (7), headache (7), trauma (4), communicable disease (3), and circulatory disease (3) -in that order. The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the infants group, thereafter the rate decreased gradually until the age 15-19 year age group which showed the lowest, and then the rate increased gradually with aging. Eighty-seven percent of health problems during a year were solved by primary medical care. Thirteen percent of them needed secondary medical care procedures. Days rested at home because of illness during a year were 16 days per interviewee and 44 days per patient and it accounted for 57,335 days lost among productive age group in the area (Table 21). Among those given medical examination, the conditions observed most frequently were respiratory disease, GI trouble, parasite disease, neuralgia, skin disease, trauma, tuberculosis, anemia, chronic obstructive lung disease, eye disorders-in that order (Table 22). The main health problems required secondary medical care are as fellows: (previous page). Utilization of medical care (treatment) The rate of treatment by various medical facilities for all health problems during one month was 73 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 52% while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was 61 percent (Table 23). The rate of receiving of medical care for all health problems during a year was 67 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 82 percent while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was as low as 53 percent (Table 24). Types of medical facilitied used were as follows: Hospital and clinics: 32-35% Herb clinics: 9-10% Drugstore: 53-58% Hospitalization Rate of hospitalization was 1.7% and the estimate number of hospitalizations among the total population during a year will be 107 persons (Table 25). Medical cost: Average medical cost per person during one month and a year were 171 and 2,800 won respectively. Average medical cost per patient during one month and a year were 1,109 and 3,740 won respectively. Average cost per household during a year was 15,800 won (Table 26, 27). Solution measures for health and medical care problems in rural area: A. Health problems which could be solved by paramedical workers such as nurses, midwives and aid nurses etc. are as follows: 1. Improvement of environmental sanitation 2. MCH except medical care problems 3. Family planning except surgical intervention 4. Tuberculosis control except diagnosis and prescription 5. Dental care except operational intervention 6. Health education for residents for improvement of utilization of medical facilities and early diagnosis etc. B. Medical care problems 1. Eighty-five percent of health problems could be solved by primary care procedures by general practitioners. 2. Fifteen percent of health problems need secondary medical procedures by a specialist. C. Medical cost Concidering the economic situation in rural area the amount of 2,062 won per residents during a year will be burdensome, so financial assistance is needed gorvernment to solve health and medical care problems for rural people.

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Sensory Information Processing

  • Yoshimoto, Chiyoshi
    • 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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    • 제6권2호
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 1985
  • The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

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SCS-CN 산정을 위한 수치세부정밀토양도 활용과 괴산군 소수면 소유역의 물 유출량 평가 (Estimation of SCS Runoff Curve Number and Hydrograph by Using Highly Detailed Soil Map(1:5,000) in a Small Watershed, Sosu-myeon, Goesan-gun)

  • 홍석영;정강호;최철웅;장민원;김이현;손연규;하상건
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제43권3호
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    • pp.363-373
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    • 2010
  • 수문 수자원 분야에서의 활용도를 제고하기 위하여 HSG 1995와 HSG 2006 두가지 분류법에 의한 우리나라 수문학적 토양유형의 분포에 대한 정보를 제공하고 이를 각각 충북 괴산군 소수면의 소유역의 수치세부정밀토양도 (1:5,000)에 적용하여 SCS-CN법을 이용한 유효 우량 산정과 유출곡선을 작성한 결과는 다음과 같다. 산악지에서 주로 침투능이 크고 하성 또는 해안평탄지로 가면서 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. HSG 1995 토양 유형 중 A군은 전체의 42.2%로 가장 넓게 분포하는 것으로 나타났고, B군 29.4%, C군 18.5%, D군 9.9% 순으로 나타났다. HSG 2006 토양유형은 A군 35.1%, B군 15.7%, C군 5.5%, D군 43.7%로 D군이 가장 넓게 분포하는 특징을 가진다. HSG 1995에서 A, B, C군으로 분류되었다가 HSG 2006에서 D군으로 분류된 토양 유형의 비율이 약 34.1%로 나타나 국립농업과학원에 의해 분류된 토양유형 중 D군의 면적이 크게 늘어난 것을 알 수 있었다. 충북 괴산군 소수면 소유역의 수치세부정밀토양도에 기반한 수문학적 토양유형 분포특성을 나타낸 것으로 산림과 밭으로 이용되는 토양의 유형이 A로 분류되는 것은 일치하는 경향을 보였다. HSG 2006의 토양유형은 유역에서 C 유형이 거의 없거나 적게 분포하고 HSG 1995에 비해 D 유형이 많게 나타난다. 미계측 유역에 대한 직접유출량 산정에 가장 많이 사용되는 SCS-CN법을 이용하여, 충북 괴산군 소수면 소유역에서 직접유출에 기여하는 유효우량을 산정하고 SCS 삼각단위도를 사용하여 첨두유량과 첨두시간을 계산한 결과는 다음과 같다. HSG 1995와 HSG 2006 수문학적 토양유형과 토지 이용별 CN값을 적용하여 유역의 CN값 (AMC II)을 구한 결과는 각각 54와 62로 나타났다. 이 때, 우량계가 설치된 지점의 강우자료를 평균하여 2004년~2005년 강우사상별로 정리하여 초기손실량 (I)이 총강우량 (P)보다 큰 경우를 제외한 강우사상을 선택하였고, 8월 16일에서 강우사상 전까지 내린 강수에 따라 선행수분조건 III으로 조정하여 유효우량 산출을 위한 CN값을 각각 73과 79로 하여 사용하였다. 강우사상에 대한 HSG 2006 기준의 유효우량이 56.67 mm로 HSG 1995 기준의 44.87 mm 보다 약 25% 많게 나타났다. 두 가지 수문학적 토양 유형 분류 기준에 따라 계산된 각 유효 우량에 대하여 수문곡선을 합성하여 실제 관측치와 비교한 결과 두 개 기준 모두 관측치와 유사한 변화 패턴을 보이고 있으나 실측치보다 감수부에서 급격하게 감소되는 특징을 나타냈다. 첨두유량은 HSG 1995 보다는 HSG 2006 기준을 사용할 때 관측치와 더 가까운 값을 나타내었다.

속리산국립공원에 방사된 꽃사슴(Cervus nippon)의 GPS collar를 이용한 행동권, 서식지 이용특성 분석 (Home Range and Behavioral Characteristics of released the sika deer(Cervus nippon) by using GPS Collar in Songnisan National Park)

  • 김규철;이용학;정대호;김기윤;김용훈;한혜성;손장익;이주형;이한웅;조선국;조재운
    • 한국환경생태학회지
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    • 제30권6호
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    • pp.962-969
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    • 2016
  • 본 연구는 속리산국립공원에 재도입 방사된 꽃사슴(n=6)(외래도입종)의 생태 및 행동학적 특징을 밝히기 위하여 2012년 4월부터 2016년 8월까지 수행되었다. 분석된 꽃사슴(Cervus nippon)은 GPS Collar 발신기를 부착하여 포획된 원서식지에 재 방사하였으며, 연구기간 동안 수집된 1,385개의 위치 좌표를 이용하여 연간 행동권, 고도 등 서식지 이용특성을 분석하였다. 속리산국립공원에 재도입된 꽃사슴의 연구결과, 전체 행동권은 MCP 95% $2.24{\pm}1.50km^2$(t=3.648, p<0.05), 핵심구역인 FK 50%에서 $0.46{\pm}0.31km^2$(t=3.666, p<0.05)로 나타났다. 암 수 연간 행동권은 MCP 95% 수준에서 암컷 $1.53km^2$, 수컷은 $2.94km^2$로 분석되었다. 꽃사슴의 서식지 이용 중 고도 400~500m, 경사도 $30^{\circ}{\sim}35^{\circ}$, 향 S(남향)를 평균적으로 이용하였고, 도로와의 거리는 0~100m, 수계와의 거리는 0~50m을 이용하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 자료는 외래도입종 꽃사슴에 대한 서식지 관리 정책 및 생태 등의 기초 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

열처리에 따른 은행 외종피 추출물의 생리활성 (Physiological Activities of Ginkgo biloba Sarcotesta Extract with Heat Treatment)

  • 김성태;이지현;이상훈;장귀영;;김민영;윤나라;이준수;정헌상
    • 한국식품영양학회지
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    • 제28권3호
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    • pp.369-375
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    • 2015
  • 은행 가공산업에서 부산물로 제거되는 은행 외종피의 활용성을 증대시키고자 다양한 생리활성에 미치는 열처리의 영향을 살펴보았다. 은행 외종피를 분리하여 $130^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 열처리한 후 물, 70% 에탄올 및 80% 메탄올 추출물을 제조하여 생리활성변화를 살펴본 결과, ABTS와 DPPH 자유라디칼 소거활성은 80% 메탄올 추출물을 제외하고, 열처리 후 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 물 추출물에서 각각 14.95 mg AAE/g과 7.36 mg TE/g으로 높게 나타났다. ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase 저해 활성은 물 추출물을 제외하고 열처리 시 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 열처리 전 80% 메탄올 추출물에서 98.66%로 가장 높게 나타났다. Angiotensin converting enzyme I 저해 활성은 추출물 간의 유의적인 차이가 없었으며(P>0.05), 열처리 후 모두 감소하였다. 산화질소 생성억제 활성은 열처리 시 증가하였으며, 물 추출물($200{\mu}g/mL$)이 $12.33{\mu}M$로 LPS 처리구에 비해 산화질소 생성량을 72.39% 감소시켰다. 지방구 축적억제 활성은 세포독성을 보이지 않는 농도에서 열처리 시 감소하였다. 유방암 세포주에 대한 항암 활성은 열처리 후 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 은행 외종피 추출물의 다양한 생리활성을 확인하였으며, 특히 열처리 후 항산화 활성과 유방암 세포주에 대한 증식억제 활성이 크게 증가하였으며, 추후 생리활성물질의 규명 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

도립$(-6^{\circ})$이 혈장 Catecholamine 및 심장혈관계에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Head-Down Tilt$(-6^{\circ})$ on Hemodynamics and Plasma Catecholamine Levels)

  • 송대규;배재훈;박원균;채의업
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.211-223
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    • 1987
  • Head-down tilt (HDT) at $-6^{\circ}$ has been commonly used as the experimental model in both man and animals to induce the blood shift toward the head or central protion of the body, demonstrating similar physiological effect encountered in the weightlessness in the orbital flight. There are few reports about the physiological response upon the cardiovascular regulatory system or the tolerance to the $(-6^{\circ})$ HDT within a relatively short period less than 1 hour. Therefore, the purpose of this study way to observe the effects of $-6^{\circ}$ HDT on cardiovascular system within 30 minutes and to evaluate early regulatory mechanism for simulated hypogravity. Ten mongrel dogs weighing 8-12 kg were anesthetized with the infusion of 1% ${\alpha}-chloralose$ (100 mg/kg) intravenously, and the postural changes were performed from the supine to the $-6^{\circ}$ head-down Position, then from the head-down to the supine (SUP), and each posture was maintained for 30 minutes. Blood flow $({\dot{Q}})$ through common carotid and femoral arteries were determined by the electromagnetic flowmeter. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate , and pH, $P_{O_2}$, $P_{CO_2}$ and hematocrit (Hct) of arterial and venous blood were also measured. The peripheral vascular resistance was calculated by dividing respective MAP values by ${\dot{Q}}$ through both sides of common carotid or femoral arteries. The concentration of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine was determined by Peuler & Johnson's radioenzymatic method. The results are summarized as follows: In the initial 5 minutes in $-6^{\circ}$ HDT, HR was significantly (p<0.05) increased and MAP slightly decreased. Although ${\dot{Q}}$ and carotid peripheral artery resistance were not significantly changed, ${\dot{Q}}$ through femoral artery was diminished and femoral peripheral artery resistance was elevated. In the SUP, the initial changes of MAP and HR were increased (p<0.05), but those of ${\dot{Q}}$ and peripheral vascular resistance through both common carotid and femoral arteries were not significant. After 10 minutes of each postural change in both HDT and SUP, MAP was maintained almost equal to that of the level of pretilting control. During 60 minutes of both postural changes of HDT and SUP, $P_{O_2}$ and Hct were not changed significantly. However pH tended to increase slowly and $P_{CO_2}$ was gradually decreased. The pH and $P_{CO_2}$ seemed to be related to the increased respiratory rate. Plasma epinephrine concentration was not changed significantly and plasma norepinephrine concentration was slightly decreased in the course of HDT and also at 10 minutes of SUP. However these concentration changes were statistically insignificant. From these results, it may be concluded that the effect of $-6^{\circ}$ HDT for 30 minutes on the cardiovascular system and plasma catecholamine levels of the dog is minimum and it is suggestive that the cardiovascular regulatory mechanism, possibly mediated by so called gravity receptors including baroreceptor and volume receptor, has been properly and adequately operated.

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골반부 방사선 치료 환자에서 in vivo 선량측정시스템의 임상적용 (Clinical Application of in Vivo Dosimetry System in Radiotherapy of Pelvis)

  • 김보경;지의규;허순녕;이형구;하성환
    • Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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    • 제27권1호
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    • pp.37-49
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    • 2002
  • 방사선치료 시 종양에 정확한 양의 방사선을 조사하는 것은 국소 재발을 방지하고 합병증의 빈도를 낮춰 효과적인 치료를 가능하게 하는 중요한 요소이다. 종양에 조사되는 방사선량의 측정을 통해 치료의 정확성을 확인하기 위한 여러 방법들이 시도되고 있으며, 투과선량을 이용한 측정법도 그 중 한 예로 비침습적이며 매 치료 시 측정이 가능한 장점을 가지고 있다. 본 교실에서는 투과선량을 이용한 in vivo 선량측정시스템과 임의의 치료 조건에서 투과선량을 계산하기 위한 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 본 교실에서 개발한 in vivo 선량측정시스템의 단기간 및 장기간의 재현성을 확인하고, 환자의 방사선치료에서의 이용 시 발생할 수 있는 문제점을 파악하고 알고리즘의 정확성을 확인하기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 2000년 7월 25일부터 8월 14일 사이에 방사선치료를 시행 받은 환자 66명을 대상으로 투과선량의 측정을 시행하였으며, 이 중 골반부위의 방사선 치료를 3회 이상 시행 받은 11명의 환자를 대상으로 측정선량과 예측선량의 비교 분석을 시행하였다. 측정시스템의 재현성의 확인을 위하여 환자의 치료 전 및 치료 중 매시간 기준 조사조건에서 측정치를 확인하였다. 일별 및 일 중 변동은 ${\pm}2%$ 이내로 재현성을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 시스템의 사용 시 별다른 문제점은 없었으나, 2명의 흉부 치료환자에서 투과선이 치료용테이블의 측면 금속을 관통하는 문제가 발생하였다. 골반부위 환자에서는 골반부위의 불균질조직에 의한 영향의 확인을 위하여, CT 및 simulation film을 이용하여 골 조직의 두께를 확인하여 보정 전 및 후의 값을 비교하였다. 전후방 및 후방조사야의 경우 골 조직의 보정을 시행하지 않은 경우 평균오차가 -5.20% 내지 +2.20%이었으며, 보정을 시행한 경우 -0.62%내지 +3.32%로 환자에 따라 정도의 차이는 있으나 골 보정이 필요함을 확인할 순 있었다. 측정치와 예측치 간 오차의 표준편차는 1.19%내지 2.46%로서 재현성이 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 좌우 측방조사야에서 골 보정을 시행하지 않은 경우 평균오차는 -10.80%내지 +3.46%로서 골 조직의 보정이 필요하지 않은 1인의 환자를 제외하면 모두 음수 값을 지녔고, 보정을 시행한 경우 -0.55% 내지 +3.50%의 평균오차를 지녀 골 보정의 필요성을 확인할 수 있었다. 측정치와 예측치 간 오차의 표준편차는 1.09%내지 6.98%로 전후방조사야의 경우보다 재현성이 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 복와위로 방사선치료를 시행 받은 환자의 경우를 제외하면, 표준편차는 1.09%내지 3.12%로 1례 외에는 2.57% 이내로 재현성이 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 실험을 통하여 in vivo 선량측정시스템의 안전성과 재현성을 확인할 수 있었다. 정확한 예측치를 얻기 위하여 불균질 조직이 조사야에 포함되는 경우 보정이 요구되며, 골반의 경우 골 조직의 보정이 중요한 요인임을 알 수 있었다. 이를 위하여 불균질 조직에 대한 정확한 정보가 요구되며, 이는 CT 영상을 이용하는 것이 크게 도움이 되리라 생각된다.

Cyclosporine과 Mitomycin의 일측성 신관류로 초래되는 백서 신병변에 관한 연구 (Effect of Unilateral Renal Perfusion of Cyclosporine and Mitomycin on Rat's Kidney)

  • 백승인;임현석;신원혜;고철우;구자훈;곽정식
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
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    • 제2권2호
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    • pp.138-144
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    • 1998
  • 목 적 : 면역억제제로 사용되는 cyclosporine과 항암제로 사용되는 mitomycin의 신장에 미치는 직접적인 독성여부를 확인하고 이들 약제의 사용으로 초래되는 신장병변의 발생기전을 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 실험동물은 체중 250-300gm의 Sprague-Dawley계 흰쥐를 암수 구별없이 사용하였으며 약물 투여는 Hoyer등이 기술한 방법을 다소 변형한 일측성 신관류 방법을 사용하여 좌측 신장을 대동맥과 대정맥의 혈류로부터 차단하고 좌측 신동맥을 통하여 좌측신을 관류시켰다. Cyclosporine은 4 mL에 2.5 mg, mitomycin은 4 mL에 1.6mg의 농도로 하였고 대조군은 생리적 식염수를 .사용하였으며 혈관 clamping으로부터 감자제거까지 소요된 총 ischemic time은 15분을 초과하지 않았다. 약제 투여후 48시간에 실험 동물을 도살하고 좌측 신장을 적출하여 광학 및 전자 현미경 검사를 시행하였다. 결 과 : Cyclosporine투여군에서는 사구체 내피세포 및 상피세포의 심한 종창이 있었으며 간질내 모세혈관의 내피세포도 심한 종창을 보였다. Mitomycin투여군에서는 사구체 내피세포 및 상피세포의 심한 종창을 보였으며 일부의 모세 혈관에는 혈소판의 응집, 종창 및 탈과립 현상과 섬유소 물질도 포함된 혈전성 미세혈관 병변의 소견을 보였다. 결 론 : Cyclosporine과 mitomycin은 신장 내피세포에 직접적인 손상을 초래하며 그러므로 이들 약제 사용으로 인한 혈전성 미세혈관 병변 (용혈성 요독증)의 발생 기전에는 이들 약제의 신장 내피세포에의 직접적인 손상이 중요한 시발점이 되는 것으로 생각된다.($41.4\%$)이 신초음파에서 이상소견을 보였다. 방광요관역류가 있었던 32명(53역류신장)은 역류정도에따라 Grade $I:25.0\%,\;II:44.5\%,\;III:64.3\%,;IV:92.9\%,\;V:100\%$에서 초기 DMSA 신주사상 이상소견을 보였다. 53역류신장중 전체적으로 DMSA신주사에서 36신장($68.0\%$), 신초음파에서 26신장($49.1\%$)이 이상소견을 보여 유의한 차이를 보였으며(P<0.05). 특히 Grade IV 역류신장에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(P<0.05). 결 론 : DMSA신주사를 이용한 급성신우신염의 진단은 신초음파검사 보다 유용하며, 초기 DMSA신주사 소견상 이상소견을 보인 경우 약 8-12주 후 추적검사를 시행하여 변화를 관찰하고 섭취결손 부분이 남아있는 경우에는 향후 새로운 병소의 출현 혹은 정상화 여부를 보기 위한 추적검사가 필요하리라 사료된다. 방광요관역류 환아에서 DMSA신주사소견은 방광요관역류의 정도가 심할수록 이상소견을 보일 확률이 높으며 신초음파 검사보다 민감도가 높은 것을 알 수 있었다.이는 혈압을 조절시키지 못하였고 저단백식이 항고혈압제투여군은 저단백식이 단독투여군보다 혈압조절 및 단백뇨의 감소 소견은 유의한 차이를 보였으나, mesangial matrix expansion score,대상성 사구체비대는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러므로 만성신부전의 진행을 지연시키는데 있어서 저단백식이와 함께 항고혈압제를 추가하였을 때 항고혈압제에 의한 추가적인 지연 효과는 관찰되지 않았다.학생이 남학생보다 높고, 물리치료과를 타의로

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