• 제목/요약/키워드: S.M.R

검색결과 7,482건 처리시간 0.05초

In-field evaluation of clinoptilolite feeding efficacy on the reduction of milk aflatoxin M1 concentration in dairy cattle

  • Katsoulos, Panagiotis D.;Karatzia, Maria A.;Boscos, Constantinos;Wolf, Petra;Karatzias, Harilaos
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제58권7호
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    • pp.24.1-24.7
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    • 2016
  • Background: Clinoptilolite is a natural zeolite with high adsorption capacity for polar mycotoxins such as aflatoxins. The efficacy of clinoptilolite in ameliorating the toxic effects of aflatoxicosis has been proven in monogastric animals, but there is no such evidence for ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate, under field conditions, whether the dietary administration of clinoptilolite in dairy cows could reduce the concentration of aflatoxin M1 ($AFM_1$) in bulk-tank milk, in farms with higher than or close to $0.05{\mu}g/kg$ of milk (European maximum allowed residual level). An objective of the present study was also to investigate the effect of particle size of clinoptilolite on aflatoxin binding. Methods: Fifteen commercial Greek dairy herds with AFM1 concentrations in bulk tank milk ${\geq}0.05{\mu}g/kg$ were selected. Bulk tank milk AFM1 was determined prior to the onset and on day 7 of the experiment. Clinoptilolite was added in the total mixed rations of all farms at the rate of 200 g per animal per day, throughout this period. Two different particle sizes of clinoptilolite were used; less than 0.15 mm in 9 farms (LC group) and less than 0.8 mm in 6 farms (HC group). Results: Clinoptilolite administration significantly reduced $AFM_1$ concentrations in milk in all farms tested at an average rate of 56.2 % (SD: 15.11). The mean milk $AFM_1$ concentration recorded on Day 7 was significantly (P < 0.001) lower compared to that of Day 0 ($0.036{\pm}0.0061$ vs. $0.078{\pm}0.0074{\mu}g/kg$). In LC group farms the reduction of milk $AFM_1$ concentration was significantly higher than HC group farms ($0.046{\pm}0.0074$ vs. $0.036{\pm}0.0061{\mu}g/kg$, P = 0.002). As indicated by the Pearson correlation, there was a significant and strong linear correlation among the milk $AFM_1$ concentrations on Days 0 and 7 (R = 0.95, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Dietary administration of clinoptilolite, especially of smallest particle size, at the rate of 200 g per cow per day can effectively reduce milk $AFM_1$ concentration in dairy cattle and can be used as a preventive measure for the amelioration of the risks associated with the presence of aflatoxins in the milk of dairy cows.

Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Captive Non-Human Primates in Qinling Mountains

  • Du, Shuai-Zhi;Zhao, Guang-Hui;Shao, Jun-Feng;Fang, Yan-Qin;Tian, Ge-Ru;Zhang, Long-Xian;Wang, Rong-Jun;Wang, Hai-Yan;Qi, Meng;Yu, San-Ke
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제53권4호
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    • pp.395-402
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    • 2015
  • Non-human primates (NHPs) are confirmed as reservoirs of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. In this study, 197 fresh fecal samples from 8 NHP species in Qinling Mountains, northwestern China, were collected and examined using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. The results showed that 35 (17.8%) samples were positive for tested parasites, including Cryptosporidium spp. (3.0%), G. intestinalis (2.0%), and E. bieneusi (12.7%). Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 6 fecal samples of Macaca mulatta, and were identified as C. parvum (n=1) and C. andersoni (n=5). Subtyping analysis showed Cryptosporidium spp. belonged to the C. andersoni MLST subtype (A4, A4, A4, and A1) and C. parvum 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) subtype IId A15G2R1. G. intestinalis assemblage E was detected in 3 M. mulatta and 1 Saimiri sciureus. Intra-variations were observed at the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), beta giardin (bg), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) loci, with 3, 1, and 2 new subtypes found in respective locus. E. bieneusi was found in Cercopithecus neglectus (25.0%), Papio hamadrayas (16.7%), M. mulatta (16.3%), S. sciureus (10%), and Rhinopithecus roxellana (9.5%), with 5 ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes: 2 known genotypes (D and BEB6) and 3 novel genotypes (MH, XH, and BSH). These findings indicated the presence of zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in NHPs in Qinling Mountains. This is the first report of C. andersoni in NHPs. The present study provided basic information for control of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and microsporidiosis in human and animals in this area.

반응표면분석에 의한 사과 pomace로부터의 폴리페놀 추출조건 최적화 (Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Polyphenolic Compounds from Apple Pomace by Response Surface Methodology)

  • 김윤숙;김로사;문지혜;지중룡;최희돈;박용곤
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제41권3호
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    • pp.245-250
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    • 2009
  • 사과 pomace의 알콜 추출 조건을 최적화하기 위하여 중심합성계획법을 이용하여 용매비와 침지시간, 추출시간, 추출온도는 독립변수로 수율과 총 폴리페놀 함량은 종속변수로 설정하였다. 실험 결과 최적조건은 반응표면분석을 이용하여 모니터링하였다. 반응표면그래프 분석 결과 사과 pomace의 알콜 추출 시 수율은 침지시간과 추출시간에는 큰 영향을 받지 않았으며, 시료에 대한 용매비가 높을수록 또는 추출온도가 높아질수록 증가하였다. 총폴리페놀 함량은 모든 독립변수에 영향을 받아 비례적으로 함께 증가하였으나 최고점을 보인 후 다시 감소되는 경향을 나타내었다. 총 폴리페놀 함량을 최대로 하는 최적 알콜 추출 조건은 사과 pomace에 용매비를 13.00 mL/g로 하고 89.02분 동안 침지시킨 후 $70^{\circ}C$에서 180분 추출하였을 때로서 그 때의 수율은 3.76%, 총 폴리페놀 함량은 29.68 mg catechin equiv./g으로 나타났다.

저궤도 위성의 폐기기동 계획 연구 (A Study of the Disposal Maneuver Planning for LEO Satellite)

  • 성재동;김해동;최하연
    • 한국항공우주학회지
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    • 제44권4호
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    • pp.352-362
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    • 2016
  • 본 논문에서는 저궤도 위성의 한 예제로써 우주파편 완화 가이드라인을 준수하는 아리랑 2호 위성의 폐기기동에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 분석은 상용소프트웨어인 STK$^{(R)}$와 ESA의 우주파편 분석 툴 DRAMA를 사용하였으며, 가이드라인 규정 중 '25년 규정'을 만족하는 적정 폐기고도를 산출하였고, 아리랑 2호 위성의 비제어 재진입을 가정하여 내부부품의 생존률 및 지상피해면적을 분석하였다. 마지막으로 비제어 재진입 시 내부부품의 생존을 가정했을 때 다양한 초기궤도 오차를 수렴할 수 있는 적정 재진입 초기궤도를 분석하였다. 분석결과 아리랑 2호 위성은 '25년 규정' 만족을 위해 최소 43km에서 최대 105km의 고도하강이 필요하며, 비제어 재진입 시 질량이 큰 물체나 내열성이 강한 부품이 생존하여 $4.3141m^2$의 피해면적을 야기하였다. 마지막으로 재진입 초기궤도의 승교점경도를 129도로 설정했을 때 일정수준의 오차를 포함하더라도 가이드라인 기준을 만족하는 인명 피해확률을 보여주었다.

Bacillus sp. DYL130 균주의 Biosurfactant의 정제 및 특성 (Purification and Characterization of Biosurfactant from Bacillus sp. DYL130)

  • 박인혜;김선희;이상철;하순옥;이용석;유아름;김근기;최용락
    • 한국해양바이오학회지
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    • 제1권4호
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    • pp.268-274
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    • 2006
  • 해양 원유 오염원의 제거 및 항진균 활성을 가진 균주를 분리하기 위해 1% crude oil을 탄소원으로 이용하여 생육하는 수십 종의 균주를 분리하였다. 분리된 균주 중 biosurfactant를 생성하는 균주를 1% tributyrin에서 투명환 생성 유무를 통해 선별되었으며, 이를 Bacillus sp. DYL130으로 명명하였다. Bacillus sp. DYL130의 표면장력은 최저 28 mN/m까지 감소되었다. 이 균주로부터 biosurfactant를 정제하기 위해 배양 상등액을 친화성 크로마토그래피와 TLC를 이용하여 정제된 biosurfactant를 얻었다. TLC 결과 0.78정도의 Rf값을 확인하였다. 정제된 biosurfactant의 CMC 값은 35 mg/l인 것으로 나타났으며, 유화활성과 안정성은 soybean oil을 기질로 사용하였을 경우 최대인 것으로 나타났다. Botrytis cineria에 대한 길항작용도 우수한 것으로 보인다.

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내장리슈만편모충 유래 GP63 항원을 마우스에 접종한 후 관찰되는 Th1/Th2-type 복합 면역반응 (Development of mixed Th1/Th2-type immune response in mice following immunization with GP63 from Leishmania donovani)

  • 산성식
    • 대한수의학회지
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    • 제41권2호
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    • pp.211-218
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    • 2001
  • 병원성 내장리슈만편모충(Leishmania donovani)에서 추출한 GP63 또는 LPG 항원을 liposome으로 캡슐화하고 보강제로서 BCG를 조합하여 DBA-2N 마우스에 면역접종을 한 후, 내장리슈만편모충의 병원성 amastigote를 접종하여 이들 물질의 방어면역 효과를 관찰하였다. 그 결과 GP63 과 LPG, 그리고 BCG를 모두 첨가하여 접종한 마우스의 간 조직에서 유의성 있는 내장리슈만편모충의 감소가 관찰되었으나 감소율은 27.4%에 불과하였다. 실험적 피부리슈만편모충증에 대하여 성공적인 방어면역성을 나타낸 GP63이 내장리슈만편모충 감염에 대하여 방어면역성을 상실한 원인을 분석하기 위한 실험에서 C3H 마우스에 GP63-GST 단백질과 BCG를 혼합하여 면역접종하고 내장리슈만편모충의 병원성 amastigote로 접종한 후, 혈청 내 특이항체와 비장세포에서의 감마인터페론 및 IL-5의 생산을 관찰하였다. 그 결과 GP63-GST와 BCG를 혼합하여 면역 접종한 마우스의 간 조직에서도 유의성 있는 amastigote의 감소는 관찰되지 않았다. 한편 이들 마우스의 비장세포에서는 BCG 만을 접종한 군에 비해 10배 이상의 감마인터페론과 3배의 IL-5가 생산되었다. 이와 같은 사실은 GP63-GST 단백질과 BCG를 혼합하여 접종한 마우스에서 Th1 및 Th2 타입 면역반응이 모두 활성화되었음을 시사하며, Th1 뿐만 아니라 Th2 타입 면역 반응도 함께 활성화된 것이 실험적 내장리슈만편모충 감염에 대한 방어면역에 실패한 원인 중의 하나일 것으로 사료되었다.

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마우스 소뇌과립층의 apoptosis를 지표로 한 진단용 초음파의 안전성 검증 (The evaluation on the biological safety of diagnostic ultrasound using radiation-induced apoptosis in the external granular layer of mouse cerebellum)

  • 오헌;이송은;양정아;조성기;정치영;손창호;김성호
    • 대한수의학회지
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    • 제39권3호
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    • pp.628-634
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    • 1999
  • We have studied, by a nonisotopic in situ end-labeling(ISEL) technique, frequency of apoptosis in the external granular layer(EGL) of the cerebellum of immature mice by ${\gamma}$-rays irradiation from $^{60}Co$ or diagnostic ultrasound exposure. The total number of normal cells and cells showing morphological features of apoptosis were counted. The frequency of apoptotic cells was expressed as a percentage of the total number of cells in EGL. The extent of changes following 200 cGy(1090 cGy/min) was studied at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, or 24 hours after exposure. The maximal frequency was found 6~8 hours after exposure. The immature mice that received 18, 36, 54, 108, 198, 396 cGy of ${\gamma}$-rays or diagnostic ultrasound(7.5MHz, 4.2mW, $I_{SPTA}=7.9mW/cm^2$, $I_{SPTA}=114.3W/cm^2$) for 10 or 30 minutes were examined 6 hours after irradiation. Measurements performed after ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation showed a dose-related increase in apoptotic cells in each of the mice studied. The dose-response curves were analyzed by a linear-quadratic model ; frequency of apoptotic cell in the EGL was y = $(0.1349{\pm}0.01175)D$+$(-0.0001522{\pm}0.0000334)D^2$+0.048($r^2$ = 0.981, D = dose in cGy). In the experiment of ultrasound exposure, the frequency of apoptotic cell was $0.106{\pm}0.130$(10 minutes exposure) and $0.167{\pm}0.220$(30 minutes exposure). We estimated the relative dose of the yield from the experiment with ultrasound by substituting the yield from ultrasound exposure into the curve from the ${\gamma}$-irradiation. The relative dose of ultrasound exposure compared with ${\gamma}$-irradiation were 0.432 cGy(10 minutes exposure) and 0.885 cGy(30 minutes exposure). We have found that there is no evidence to indicate that diagnostic ultrasound involves a significant risk.

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Salinity Stress Resistance Offered by Endophytic Fungal Interaction Between Penicillium minioluteum LHL09 and Glycine max. L

  • Khan, Abdul Latif;Hamayun, Muhammad;Ahmad, Nadeem;Hussain, Javid;Kang, Sang-Mo;Kim, Yoon-Ha;Adnan, Muhammad;Tang, Dong-Sheng;Waqas, Muhammad;Radhakrishnan, Ramalingam;Hwang, Young-Hyun;Lee, In-Jung
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제21권9호
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    • pp.893-902
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    • 2011
  • Endophytic fungi are little known for their role in gibberellins (GAs) synthesis and abiotic stress resistance in crop plants. We isolated 10 endophytes from the roots of field-grown soybean and screened their culture filtrates (CF) on the GAs biosynthesis mutant rice line - Waito-C. CF bioassay showed that endophyte GMH-1B significantly promoted the growth of Waito-C compared with controls. GMH-1B was identified as Penicillium minioluteum LHL09 on the basis of ITS regions rDNA sequence homology and phylogenetic analyses. GC/MS-SIM analysis of CF of P. minioluteum revealed the presence of bioactive $GA_4$ and $GA_7$. In endophyte-soybean plant interaction, P. minioluteum association significantly promoted growth characteristics (shoot length, shoot fresh and dry biomasses, chlorophyll content, and leaf area) and nitrogen assimilation, with and without sodium chloride (NaCl)-induced salinity (70 and 140 mM) stress, as compared with control. Field-emission scanning electron microcopy showed active colonization of endophyte with host plants before and after stress treatments. In response to salinity stress, low endogenous abscisic acid and high salicylic acid accumulation in endophyte-associated plants elucidated the stress mitigation by P. minioluteum. The endophytic fungal symbiosis of P. minioluteum also increased the daidzein and genistein contents in the soybean as compared with control plants, under salt stress. Thus, P. minioluteum ameliorated the adverse effects of abiotic salinity stress and rescued soybean plant growth by influencing biosynthesis of the plant's hormones and flavonoids.

Efficacy Evaluation of Anti-wrinkle Products in Japan

  • Masaki Hitoshi
    • 대한화장품학회지
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    • 제29권2호
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    • pp.67-77
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    • 2003
  • Two categories of cosmetic products, cosmetics and quasi-drugs, have been established by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) in Japan. Japanese pharmaceutical law has defined that products categorized as cosmetics do not exhibit any effects on human skin. In fact, cosmetic products are not permitted to claim any efficacy. On the other hand, products in the quasi-drug category can claim several efficacies such as anti-inflammatory effects, whitening/lightning effects, hair growth effects and so on. Unfortunately, the Japanese MHLW has not yet approved the efficacy of anti-aging/anti-wrinkle effects as a claim point. However, the population is aging, and the demand for anti-aging/anti-wrinkle products is increasing year by year. Japanese cosmetic companies have proposed to the MHLW that anti-aging/anti-wrinkle agents be approved as a claim concept of a quasi-drug. However, unified evaluation methods for anti-aging/anti-wrinkle effects have not been established. Currently, each company evaluates the efficacy of products/materials using their own original methods. Thus, to request approval of the MHLW, the establishment of a unified evaluation method is needed. Consequently, the Japan Cosmetic Industry Association (JCIA) has established a task force to develop guidelines for evaluating anti-wrinkle effects in 1998. In conclusion, the JCIA would like to adopt visual and image analysis scales to evaluate the anti-wrinkle effects objectively. Generally, wrinkles are roughly classified into three groups as fine wrinkles, linear deep wrinkles and crow's feet. However, academic societies of dermatology or cosmetics have not yet established a definition of wrinkles in Japan. Thus, in advance of setting up an evaluation method, the definition of wrinkles f3r evaluation must be decided. Wrinkles are defined by the task force of the JCIA as follows; furrows that people can recognize visually and that appear on the forehead, the corners of the eyes and the backs of the neck with aging. In addition, furrows are emphasized by exposure to solar light and by dry conditions. Visual evaluation is the most sensitive method and can be applied to most types of wrinkles. However, visual evaluation is hard to express digitally as results. Besides, in the case of image analysis, comparisons of data obtained from distinct examinations can not be done, because data from image analysis are relative values. Thus, to enhance the reliability of the evaluations, the adoption of an objective scale was required. The principle of the evaluation method is to analyze images taken from silicone replicas of wrinkle areas using several parameters, such as the proportion of the wrinkle $area({\%})$, the mean depth of the wrinkles (mm), the mean depth of the deepest wrinkle (m) and the deepest point on the deepest wrinkle. Lights are shown on the skin replica from an orthogonal direction of the main orientation of the wrinkle, and the resulting shadow images are quantified by the image analysis method. To increase the precision of the data or to allow comparisons of independent examinations, a scale with furrows of several depths, 200, 400, 600, 800, and $1000{\mu}m$, is adapted in the evaluation system. I will explain the guidelines established by the JCIA in the presentation.

인삼모상근의 생장과 Ginsenosides 생성에 미치는 Electron Acceptor, Electron Transport Inhibitors 및 Antioxidants의 효과 (Effect of Electron Acceptor, Electron Transport Inhibitors and Antioxidants on Growth and Ginsenosides Production in Hairy Root Cultures of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)

  • 김용해;최규명;양덕춘;윤길영;양덕조
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.205-210
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    • 1999
  • 전자수용체인 DCPIP 처리구에서 모상근의 생장은 광상태에서 대조구 보다 약 $69\%$정도 향상되었으나 7종류의 ginsenosides함량에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 반면, 전자전달 저해제(electron transport inhibitors) 처리구에서 CCCP와 methylarnine은 광상태에서 모상근의 생장을 각각 $71%,\;22\%$ 감소시켰다. 그러나 traizine 처리구를 제외한 모든 처리구에서 7종류의 ginsenosides함량은 오히려 암 및 광상태에서 대조구보다 $45\%$ 이상 감소하였다. 항산화제 처리구에서 propylgallic acid는 광상태하에서 인삼모상근의 생장을 대조구보다 $68\%$ 증가시켰으며, ascorbic acid와 DMF처리구에서는 각각 $23\~25\%$ 정도 증가하였다. 모든 항산화제 처리구에서는 7종류의 ginsenoside 함량 변화에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 인삼모상근의 생장 및 ginsenosides생산성 향상에 효과적인 ascorbic acid와 DMF의 처리시기는 1/2MS배지에서 4주간 배양한 후 1주간 처리하였을 때 가장 양호하였다. 따라서 인삼모상근으로부터 ginsenosides생산성을 향상을 위해서는 적절한 항산화제의 개발이 요구된다.

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