• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1978

Changes in contents of general components of comfrey cultured in Korea were experimented and amino acids were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (T.L.C.) and gas chromatography (G.L.C.). The results obtained were as follows; 1. General components of comfrey such as moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate, crude fiber and total ash were 13.20, 2.22, 22.30, 37.62, 9.38 and 15.06%. respectively, after 60 days growth. 2. The root of comfrey after 60 days contained 6.03% of alanine, 2.24% valine, 10.77% arginine, 2.96% glycine, 4.08% histidine. 1.54% isoleucine, 0.58% cystein, 1.72% methionine, 7.55% aspartic acid, 7.81% glutamic acid and 4.65% lysine in the gas chromatographic analysis of amino acid composition 3. The crude protein was decreased after 60 days of growth whereas the contents of carbohydrate, crude fiber and total ash were increased. 4. The total amount of amino acids in root was greater than that in leaf of comfrey.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.823-832
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• 2020

Background: The formation of a nanotube layer on a titanium nanotube (N-Ti) plate facilitates an active reaction between bone cells and the material surface via efficient delivery of the surface materials of the dental implant into the tissues. Studies have reported that Korean Red Ginseng extracts (KRGEs) are involved in a variety of pharmacological activities: we investigated whether implantation with a KRGE-loaded N-Ti miniimplant affects osteogenesis and osseointegration. Methods: KRGE-loaded nanotubes were constructed by fabrication on pure Ti via anodization, and MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on the N-Ti. N-Ti implants were subsequently placed on a rat's edentulous mandibular site. New bone formation and bone mineral density were measured to analyze osteogenesis and osseointegration. Results: KRGE-loaded N-Ti significantly increased the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells compared with cells on pure Ti without any KRGE loading. After 1-4 weeks, the periimplant tissue in the edentulous mandibular of the healed rat showed a remarkable increase in new bone formation and bone mineral density. In addition, high levels of the bone morphogenesis protein-2 and bone morphogenesis protein-7, besides collagen, were expressed in the periimplant tissues. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that KRGE-induced osteogenesis and osseointegration around the miniimplant may facilitate the clinical application of dental implants.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 2020

We previously reported the potential of Senna tora L. seeds fermented by Lactobacillus casei (FSL) as a laxative agent in a loperamide-induced constipation rat model. Here, we examine the mechanism of action of FSL and its bioactive compound, revealed herein, on loperamide-induced constipation Sprague Dawley rat model. We identified the compound aurantio-obtusin (AO) using HPLC quantitative analysis. Rats were randomly assigned to six experimental groups (eight rats each)-normal and constipated groups (loperamide, FSL [100, 300, 500 mg/kg], and AO [1 mg/kg]). The FSL and AO-treated group showed an increase in the frequency, amount, and water content of feces in the constipated rat. Moreover, FSL and AO increased the intestinal transit speed in the constipated rat. Histological analysis revealed that FSL and AO recovered the intestinal mucus, the number of goblet cells, as well as thickness of the mucosa layer and muscle. Furthermore, the protein levels of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3, which is involved in intestine contraction, were recovered in the FSL and AO-treated group. Its downstream signaling pathway (p-protein kinase C) was recovered by FSL and AO treatment. In conclusion, fermentation of S. tora L. seeds increases AO, which improves intestinal function, indicating that FSL is effective for treating constipation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.756-763
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• 2021

Agarose is a linear polysaccharide composed of ᴅ-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-ʟ-galactose (AHG). It is a major component of the red algal cell wall and is gaining attention as an abundant marine biomass. However, the inability to ferment AHG is considered an obstacle in the large-scale use of agarose and could be addressed by understanding AHG catabolism in agarolytic microorganisms. Since AHG catabolism was uniquely confirmed in Vibrio sp. EJY3, a gram-negative marine bacterial species, we investigated AHG metabolism in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), an agarolytic gram-positive soil bacterium. Based on genomic data, the SCO3486 protein (492 amino acids) and the SCO3480 protein (361 amino acids) of S. coelicolor A3(2) showed identity with H2IFE7.1 (40% identity) encoding AHG dehydrogenase and H2IFX0.1 (42% identity) encoding 3,6-anhydro-ʟ-galactonate cycloisomerase, respectively, which are involved in the initial catabolism of AHG in Vibrio sp. EJY3. Thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry of the bioconversion products catalyzed by recombinant SCO3486 and SCO3480 proteins, revealed that SCO3486 is an AHG dehydrogenase that oxidizes AHG to 3,6-anhydro-ʟ-galactonate, and SCO3480 is a 3,6-anhydro-ʟ-galactonate cycloisomerase that converts 3,6-anhydro-ʟ-galactonate to 2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate. SCO3486 showed maximum activity at pH 6.0 at 50℃, increased activity in the presence of iron ions, and activity against various aldehyde substrates, which is quite distinct from AHG-specific H2IFE7.1 in Vibrio sp. EJY3. Therefore, the catabolic pathway of AHG seems to be similar in most agar-degrading microorganisms, but the enzymes involved appear to be very diverse.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1037-1047
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• 2017

Objective: Despite an increasing number of investigations into the pathophysiology of necrotic enteritis (NE) disease, etiology of NE-associated diseases, and gene expression profiling of NE-affected tissues, the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of NE-affected poultry have been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to induce NE disease in the genetically disparate Fayoumi chicken lines, and to perform non-coding RNA sequencing in the intestinal mucosal layer. Methods: NE disease was induced in the Fayoumi chicken lines (M5.1 and M15.2), and non-coding RNA sequencing was performed in the intestinal mucosal layer of both NE-affected and uninfected chickens to examine the differential expression of miRNAs. Next, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time qPCR) was performed to further examine four miRNAs that showed the highest fold differences. Finally, bioinformatics analyses were performed to examine the four miRNAs target genes involvement in the signaling pathways, and to examine their interaction. Results: According to non-coding RNA sequencing, total 50 upregulated miRNAs and 26 downregulated miRNAs were detected in the NE-induced M5.1 chickens. While 32 upregulated miRNAs and 11 downregulated miRNAs were detected in the NE-induced M15.2 chickens. Results of real-time qPCR analysis on the four miRNAs (gga-miR-9-5p, gga-miR-20b-5p, ggamiR-196-5p, and gga-let-7d) were mostly correlated with the results of RNAseq. Overall, ggamiR-20b-5p was significantly downregulated in the NE-induced M5.1 chickens and this was associated with the upregulation of its top-ranking target gene, mitogen-activated protein kinase, kinase 2. Further bioinformatics analyses revealed that 45 of the gene targets of gga-miR-20b-5p were involved in signal transduction and immune system-related pathways, and 35 of these targets were predicted to interact with each other. Conclusion: Our study is a novel report of miRNA expression in Fayoumi chickens, and could be very useful in understanding the role of differentially expressed miRNAs in a NE disease model.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.522-527
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• 2002

The experiment was conducted for a period of 56 days with twelve Bangladeshi bull calves of average body weight of $127.20{\pm}11.34$ kg. The calves were divided into 3 groups having 4 animals in each. The animals were fed urea-treated rice straw designated as A) 4% urea-treated rice straw, B) 4% urea+4% soybean-treated rice straw and C) 4% urea+6% soybean-treated rice straw. In addition, all the animals were supplied 2 kg green grass, 350 g Til-oil-cake and 100 g common salt per 100 kg body weight of animals. Straw was treated with 4% urea solution and soybean meal at 4 and 6% were added to treated straw and kept for 48 h in double layer polythene bags under anaerobic condition. Urea treatment improved crude protein (CP) content of rice straw from 2.68 to 8.70% and it was further increased by 10.74 and 12.12% with the addition of 4 and 6% soybean meal. Dry matter (DM) intake (kg) was higher (p<0.05) in C (4.2) followed by B (4.1) and A (4.0). Crude protein intake was significantly higher (p<0.05) in group B and C than group A. Total live weight gains were 20.2, 24.8 and 25.6 kg for calves of group A, B and C respectively (p<0.01). The addition of soybean meal to treated rice straw did not affect the coefficients of digestibility of DM, OM, EE and NFE. However, CP and CF digestibility were significantly higher in group B and C (p<0.05). The values for digestible crude protein (DCP), digestible ether extract (DEE), digestible nitrogen free extract (DNFE) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in diet C and B in comparison to diet A, but there were no significant difference in digestible organic matter (DOM) and digestible crude fibre (DCF) value among the groups. It may be concluded that 4% urea treated rice straw can be fed to growing bull calves with 2 kg green grass and a small quantity of concentrate without any adverse effect on feed intake and growth. Moreover, soybean meal at 4 and 6% can be added to urea treated rice straw at the time of treatment for rapid hydrolyzing of urea, which resulted an improvement in nutrient digestibility and better utilization of rice straw for growth of growing bull calves.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.17.1-17.6
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• 2015

The present study investigated the nutritional and economic suitability of cashew reject meal (full fat and defatted) as replacement for groundnut cake (GNC) in the diets of laying chickens. A total of eighty four brown shavers at 25 weeks of age were randomly allotted into seven dietary treatments each containing 6 replicates of 2 birds each. The seven diets prepared included diet 1, a control with GNC at $220gkg^{-1}$ as main protein source in the diet. Diets 2, 3 and 4 consist of gradual replacement of GNC with defatted cashew reject meal (DCRM) at 50%, 75% and 100% on weight for weight basis respectively while diets 5, 6 and 7 consist of gradual inclusion of full fat cashew reject meal (FCRM) to replace 25%, 35% and 50% of GNC protein respectively. Each group was allotted a diet in a completely randomized design in a study that lasted eight weeks during which records of the chemical constituent of the test ingredients, performance characteristics, egg quality traits and economic indicators were measured. Results showed that the crude protein were 22.10 and 35.4% for FCRM and DCRM respectively. Gross energy of DCRM was 5035 kcal/kg compared to GNC, 4752 kcal/kg. Result of aflatoxin $B_1$ revealed moderate level between 10 and $17{\mu}g/Kg$ in DCRM and GNC samples respectively. Birds on control gained 10 g, while those on DCRM and FCRM gained about 35 g and 120 g respectively. Feed intake declined (P < 0.05) with increased level of FCRM. Hen day production was highest in birds fed DCRM, followed by control and lowest value (P < 0.05) was recorded for FCRM. No significant change (P > 0.05) was observed for egg weight and shell thickness. Fat deposition and cholesterol content increased (P > 0.05) with increasing level of FCRM. The cost of feed per kilogram decreased gradually with increased inclusion level of CRM. The prediction equation showed the relative worth of DCRM compared to GNC was 92.3% whereas the actual market price of GNC triples that of DCRM. It was recommended that GNC could be completely replaced by DCRM in layer's diets in regions where this by product is abundant. However, FCRM should be cautiously used in diets of laying chickens.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2689-2698
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• 2013

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a collection of events that allows the conversion of adherent epithelial cells, tightly bound to each other within an organized tissue, into independent fibroblastic cells possessing migratory properties and the ability to invade the extracellular matrix. EMT contributes to the complex architecture of the embryo by permitting the progression of embryogenesis from a simple single-cell layer epithelium to a complex three-dimensional organism composed of both epithelial and mesenchymal cells. However, in most tissues EMT is a developmentally restricted process and fully differentiated epithelia typically maintain their epithelial phenotype. Recently, elements of EMT, specially the loss of epithelial markers and the gain of mesenchymal markers, have been observed in pathological states, including epithelial cancers. Increasing evidence has confirmed its presence in human colon during colorectal carcinogenesis. In general, chronic inflammation is considered to be one of the causes of many human cancers including colorectal cancer(CRC). Accordingly, epidemiologic and clinical studies indicate that patients affected by ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease, have an increased risk of developing CRC. A large body of evidence supports roles for the SMAD/STAT3 signaling pathway, the NF-kB pathway, the Ras-mitogenactivated protein kinase/Snail/Slug and microRNAs in the development of colorectal cancers via epithelial-tomesenchymal transition. Thus, EMT appears to be closely involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, and analysis refered to it can yield novel targets for therapy.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.34-45
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• 1994

This investigation has been carried out to examine the structure of digestive tract from Korean Leech, Erpobdella lineata, using light and electron microscope. The digestive tract is composed of mouth, pharynx, Oesophagus, six-chambered stomach, three-chambered intestine, rectum and anus. Stomach and intestine have not gastric or intestine ceca and consist of only straight tube. All digestive tracts from pharynx to rectum are covered with simple columnar epithelial cells. While the surfaces of endothelial cell of pharynx and rectum are covered with cuticular layer of about $0.3{\mu}m$ in thickness, stomach and intestine are covered with estimated $0.2-0.3{\mu}m$ and $0.5{\mu}m$ microvilli respectively. Circular folds were found only in first and second chambers of stomach, intestine and rectum, but not in pharynx and the other chambers (third to sixth) of stomach. The granules of $0.3-0.8{\mu}m$ and $0.5-1.0{\mu}m$ in diameter were observed in the cytoplasm of stomach endothelial cell. These granules were demonstrated to contain protein which showed a positive reaction to ninhydrin. It was also found that there are well-developed microvilli in the apical portion of intestine endothelial cell in which endocytosis occurs actively.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.79-89
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• 1978

The RK-temperate phage which infected with Bacillus cereus was isolated and the characters were investigated. The induction of RK-temperate phage from host bacterium attained by ultraviolet light irradiation (15W, 30cm, 30-120sec) and mitomycin C treatment (0.2-2 ug/ml). The host range of RK-temperate phage was not revealed with lysogenic and related strains of B. cereus. But B. cereus(PS) 352 which obtained by N-nitrosoguanidine treatment(1,000.$\mu$g/ml) to phage infected with host bacteria was sensitive bacteria of RK-temperate phage. RK-temperate phage was stabilized at the condition of nutrient broth (pH 7-8), Tris-buffer (pH 7-8) and ammonium buffer (pH 8-9) and Sorensen's phosphate buffer (pH 6-7), but unstabilized at other salt solutions and pH range. Also, thermostability was to 45.deg.C but unstabilized at above 50.deg.C. At RK-temperate phage, the measurment values of head, neck, mid tail and end tail were 59nm, 9*16nm, 10*189nm, and 10*14nm respectively. The morphology of head was regular polyhedron, and the end tail was coneate form. On the one hand, the number of capsid protein layer of tail were consist of 4, 35, and 1 at neck, mid tail, and end tail, respectively. RK-temperate phage was identified with DNA phage and G+C contents were 38.63. The latent time of RK-temperate phage was 30 minutes and the burst size was 70-80. And the host bacteria was lysed in case of multi-infection, above moi 1.