• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2008

In the present study, we examined how the transport of choline is regulated at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) under the central nervous system (CNS) cellular damages by oxidative stress using a conditionally immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cells (TR-BBB), in vitro the BBB model. It was also tested whether the choline uptake is influenced by membrane potential, extracellular pH, protonophore (FCCP) and amiloride in TR-BBB cells. In result, $[^3H]choline$ uptake was inhibited by FCCP and dependent on extracellular pH. The treatment of TR-BBB cells with 20 ng/mL tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ $(TNF-{\alpha})$, 10 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 100 ${\mu}M$ diethyl maleate (DEM) and 100 ${\mu}M$ glutamate resulted in 3.0-fold, 2.6-fold, 1.8-fold and 2.0-fold increases of $[^3H]choline$ uptake at the respective peak time, respectively. In contrast, hydrogen peroxide and raffinose did not show any significant effects on choline uptake. In addition, choline efflux was significantly inhibited by $TNF-{\alpha}$, LPS and DEM producing cell damage states. In conclusion, the influx and efflux transport system for choline existed in TR-BBB cell line and this process was affected by several oxidative stress inducing agents.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 2009

Taurine is the most abundant free amino acid in the retina and transported into retina via taurine transporter (TauT) at the inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB). In the present study, we investigated whether the taurine transport at the iBRB is regulated by oxidative stress or disease-like state in a conditionally immortalized rat retinal capillary endothelial cell line (TR-iBRB) used as an in vitro model of iBRB. First, [$^3H$]taurine uptake and efflux by TR-iBRB were regulated in the presence of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$. [$^3H$]Taurine uptake was inhibited and efflux was enhanced under $Ca^{2+}$ free condition in the cells. In addition, oxidative stress inducing agents such as tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), diethyl maleate (DEM) and glutamate increased [$^3H$]taurine uptake and decreased [$^3H$]taurine efflux in TR-iBRB cells. Whereas, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), which is known to NO donor decreased [$^3H$]taurine uptake. Lastly, TR-iBRB cells exposed to high glucose (25 mM) medium and the [$^3H$]taurine uptake was reduced about 20% at the condition. Also, [$^3H$]taurine uptake was decreased by cytochalasin B, which is known to glucose transport inhibitor. In conclusion, taurine transport in TR-iBRB cells is regulated diversely at extracellular $Ca^{2+}$, oxidative stress and hyperglycemic condition. It suggested that taurine would play a role as a retinal protector in diverse disease states.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.96-115
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• 2003

Introduction and Objectives : Administrating the Sopungchengyoungtanggami-bang (SCG) extract on to the atopic dermatitis(AD) is to study change of external dermal formation, change of leukocytes in vasculature, change of lipid formation in stratum corneum and distribution of ceramide and this study is done through forcing injury to rat's back skin which are lipid protect formation in stratum corneum. Materials and Methods : The AD which caused intentionally using the external application on the rat's back skin was used the SCG. The change of leukocytes in vasculature has been identified through optima 5.2 and student t-test and the results were made into dermal formation graph. Results : After dispensing SCG extract into the AD, the dermal injury was decreased. Especially, recover of lipid protection formation which include lipid and ceramide in stratum corneum is suppressing acute inflammation that some factors are PKC, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-12B which controled the secretion of relating inflammatory cytokine, also went onto decrease of angiogenesis, and the decrease of degranulated mast cell. In addition, the decrease of epithelial injury also caused the growth of cell to decrease in stratum basale and cytoclasis. In the vasculature, the leukocytes were also decreased and it could relate to decrease AD Conclusions : Thus, SCG has effect on AD suppressing the dermal injury through recovering of lipid protection formation in stratum corneum.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.112-129
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• 2003

Introduction and Objectives : Applying the saingheylyunbooemgami(SY) extract on to the atopic dermatitis(AD) is to study change of external dermal formation, change of leukocytes in vasculature, change of lipid formation in stratum corneum and distribution of ceramide and this study is done through forcing injury to rat's back skin which are lipid protect formation in stratum corneum. Materials and Methods : The AD which caused intentionally using the external application on the rat's back skin was used the SY. The change of leukocytes in vasculature has been identified through optima 5.2 and student t-test and the results were made into dermal foramtion graph. Results : After dispensing SY extract into the AD, the dermal injury was decreased, Especially, recover of lipid protection formation which include lipid and ceramide in stratum corneum is suppressing acute inflammation that some factors are PKC, TNF-${\alpha}$, lL-12B which controled the secretion of relating inflammatory cytokine, also went onto decrease of angiogenesis, and the decrese of degranulated mast cell. In addition, the decrease of epithelial injury also caused the growth of cell to decrease in stratum basale and cytoclasis. In the vasculature. the leukocytes were also decreased and it could relate to decrease AD. Conclusions : Thus. SY has effect on AD suppressing the dermal injury through recovering of lipid protection formation in stratum corneum.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.131-135
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• 1981

'Ssangwha-Tang,' which have known as a tonic and restorative preparation in Korean traditional medicines, was shown to have signification antiinflammatory activity in the edema-induced carrageenin inflammation of rats, and also indicated remarkable preventive effect to chronic arthritis model in rat induced by Freund's complete adjuvant method.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.11-19
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was aimed to determine which pharmacopuncture was effective in relieving pain in standard pain model, acute grade 3 ankle sprain rat model. Methods : Percentage changes of weight bearing ratio(WBR), as pain indicator, were measured after anti-inflammation, neutro Eohyul, Hwangryunhaedock-decoction pharmacopuncture were injected to Guheo ($GB_{40}$). Results : In three kinds of pharmacopuncture, neutro Eohyul and Hwangryunhaedock-decoction pharmacopuncture represented more effect in percentage changes of WBR than surgical(non treatment), needling group. Conclusions : Comparing of pharmacopuncture in grade 3 ankle sprain rat model, these results provide basis to select pharmacopuncture in sprain disease. Furthermore, mechanism of pharmacopuncture's analgesia, anti-inflammation should be progressed.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.732-737
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• 2012

The aim of this study is examine the protection effect for artery and antithrombotic effect of Sokmyong-tang(SMT; xuming-tang) on carotid artery thrombosis in a rat model. Thirty minutes before $FeCl_3$ treatment, SD rats were intraperitoneal injected with SMT. We tested the effects of SMT on time to occlusion (TTO) in thrombosis model by induced $FeCl_3$ using the laser Doppler flow meter and accessed thrombus weight (TW) inhibition and measured collagen fibers in the vessel after injury using Masson's trichrome stain. SMT(100 mg/kg, i.p.) showed significantly delayed TTO ($13.17{\pm}1.33$ min, P < 0.001) compared to vehicle control group ($8.63{\pm}0.92$ min) and inhibiting effect on TW with $0.72{\pm}0.02$ mg/mm (P < 0.05). In addition, SMT prevented collagen fibres damage in injured vessel ($22.24{\pm}4.48%$, P < 0.001). These results provide experimental evidence for SMT can be used to prevent vascular injury and thrombosis such as hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and so on.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.2 s.141
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• pp.81-87
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• 2005

The effects of the DWP-04 [DDB:selenium yeast:glutathione (31.1 : 6.8 : 62.1 (w/w%)] on acetaminophen detoxification enzyme system were studied in rats. Treatment with DWP-04 was prevented againt acetaminophen-induiced hepatotoxicity in rat as evidenced by the decreased formation of lipid peroxide. Effect of DWP-04 on the activities of free radical-generating enzymes, free radical scavenging enzymes and glutathione-related enzymes as well as detoxification mechanism of DWP-04 against acetaminophen-treated was investigated in rat. Activities of cytochrome p450, cytochrome b5, aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase as free radical-generating enzymes activities were decreased by the treatment with DWP-04 against acetaminophen treated. Although acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity results in the significantly decrease in the level of hepatic glutathione and activities of glutathine S-transferase, quinone reductase, glutathione reductase and ${\gamma}-glutamyl-$cysteine synthetase, these decreasing effects were markedly lowered in the DWP-04-treated rat. Therefore, it was concluded that the mechanism for the observed preventive effect of DWP-04 against the acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity was associated with the decreased activities in the free radical-generating enzyme system.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.370-378
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• 2019

The hepatic ischemic model has recently been widely used for the epidemiological study of ischemic reperfusion injury. This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of vanillin, which is known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, against hepatic and renal injury using an ischemia-reperfusion rat model, and we also investigated the mechanism related to vanillins' protective effect. The test material was administered at a concentration of 100 mg/kg for 3 days, followed by ligation of the liver for 60 minutes to induce ischemia reperfusion. As control groups, there was a negative control, sham control and ischemia-reperfusion-only ischemia reperfusion control, and the controls groups were compared with the drug administration group. In the vanillin group, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were significantly inhibited compared with the AST and ALT activities of the ischemia-reperfusion group, and histopathological examination showed significant reduction of both inflammation and necrosis. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly different from the ischemia-reperfusion group. In conclusion, vanillin showed a hepatocyte protective action by alleviating the cellular inflammation and cell necrosis caused by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion, and vanillin mitigated inflammatory changes in the kidney glomeruli and distal tubules. The protective effect is considered to be caused by vanillin's antioxidant function. Further studies such as on cell death and possibly vanillin's same effect on damaged tissue will be necessary for clinical applications such as organ transplantation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.567-575
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• 1998

Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer has been known for hundreds of years as the most valuable drug having mysterious effects among all the herbal medicines and plants in Korea. Also, many experimental studies have been performed recently that the various effects were identified and applied clinically. So we attempted an experimental study on the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 mixtures in an isolated rat heart with the use of the Langendorff model. The objective of this study was to determine whether this ginsenoside Rg1 mixtures would protect the myocardial injury after ischemic arrest and reperfusion. Isolated rat hearts were allowed to equilibrate for 20 minutes and were then subjected to 15 minutes of normothermic ischemia. After this ischemic period, isolated rat hearts were allowed to reperfusion for 10 minutes(Ischemic Group). In other group , isolated rat hearts were perfused for 60 minutes continuously with normothermia( Normothermic Group). Hemodynamic and biochemical parameters such as heart rate, left ventricular pressure, +dp/dt max, coronary blood flow and cardiac enzymes were measured during initial perfusion, ischemia, reperfusion period (Ischemic group) and 20, 40 and 60 minutes after continuous perfusion(Normothermic group). After completion of the experiment, this data was evaluated and the following results were obtained. 1. Heart rates showed an increase in both ischemic and normothermic experimental groups, but statistically significant differences were not identified. 2. LVP(Left Ventricular Pressure) showed statistically significant differences in both ischemic and normothermic experimental groups(p<0.005, p<0.01). 3. +dp/dt max showed statistically significant differences in both ischemic and normothermic experimental groups(p<0.01, p<0.01). 4. There were no statistically significant differences in coronary blood flow and cardiac cenzymes in all groups, but experimental groups seemed to have better protection and recovery. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 mixtures has a protective effect on the myocardial injury after ischemia and reperfusion.