• Title/Summary/Keyword: S-RAT model

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Effect of Decreased Locomotor Activity on Hindlimb Muscles in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease (파킨슨병 모델 쥐에서 보행활동저하가 뒷다리근에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Yong-Bum;Choe, Myoung-Ae
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.580-588
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    • 2010
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine effects of decreased locomotor activity on mass, Type I and II fiber cross-sectional areas of ipsilateral and contralateral hindlimb muscles 21 days after establishing the Parkinson's disease rat model. Methods: The rat model was established by direct injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 50 ${mu}g$) into the left substantia nigra after stereotaxic surgery. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of two groups; the Parkinson's disease group (PD; n=17) and a sham group (S; n=8). Locomotor activity was assessed before and 21 days after the experiment. At 22 days after establishing the rat model, all rats were anesthetized and soleus and plantaris muscles were dissected from both ipsilateral and contralateral sides. The brain was dissected to identify dopaminergic neuronal death of substantia nigra in the PD group. Results: The PD group at 21 days after establishing the Parkinson's disease rat model showed significant decrease in locomotor activity compared with the S group. Weights and Type I and II fiber cross-sectional areas of the contralateral soleus muscle of the PD group were significantly lower than those of the S group. Conclusion: Contralateral soleus muscle atrophy occurs 21 days after establishing the Parkinson's disease rat model.

Development of Grid-Based Conceptual Hydrologic Model (격자기반의 개념적 수문모형의 개발)

  • Kim, Byung-Sik;Yoon, Seon-Kyoo;Yang, Dong-Min;Kwon, Hyun-Han
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.43 no.7
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    • pp.667-679
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    • 2010
  • The distributed hydrologic model has been considerably improved due to rapid development of computer hardware technology as well as the increased accessibility and the applicability of hydro-geologic information using GIS. It has been acknowledged that physically-based distributed hydrologic model require significant amounts of data for their calibration, so its application at ungauged catchments is very limited. In this regard, this study was intended to develop a distributed hydrologic model (S-RAT) that is mainly based on conceptually grid-based water balance model. The proposed model shows advantages as a new distributed rainfall-runoff model in terms of their simplicity and model performance. Another advantage of the proposed model is to effectively assess spatio-temporal variation for the entire runoff process. In addition, S-RAT does not rely on any commercial GIS pre-processing tools because a built-in GIS pre-processing module was developed and included in the model. Through the application to the two pilot basins, it was found that S-RAT model has temporal and spatial transferability of parameters and also S-RAT model can be effectively used as a radar data-driven rainfall-runoff model.

A study on cerebral ischemic model of rat (Effect of 1 hour occlusion of CCA on the distal or proximal MCA occlusioned site) (흰쥐의 허혈성(虛血性) 중풍증(中風證) 모델에 관한 연구(硏究) (중뇌동맥 원 및 근위부폐색에 대한 양측 경동맥 1시간 결찰의 효과))

  • Yoon, Sang-Hyub
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.337-343
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    • 1997
  • With the purpose of producing easily the basal ganglia infarction into Chen's, scerebral ischemic model which is almost cortical infarct made by the ligation of distal part of MCA and 1 hr obliteration of both common carotid arteries in rat, the MCA obstruction was extended between rhinal fissure and olfactory tract with electrocauterization in place of 10-0 silk suture ligation of distal part of MCA. Both original Chen's model and modified Chen's have shown the cortical infarction in dorsolateral & lateral frontoparietal cortex, but not any infarction in basal ganglia. However, the modified Chen's model have shown the effect of average 12% increase in cortical infarct than that of original Chen's model. This experimental results suggest the modified Chen's model can not reduce the blood flow of the lateral lenticulostriatal artery enough to make the basal ganglia infarction and that blood circulation of basal gagglia under its condition is probably being kept partly through the posterior cerebral artery via vertebral artery. Therefore, The follow-up observation on ischemic time lapse would be needed.

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Functional Recovery Following the Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model

  • Muniswami, Durai Murugan;Tharion, George
    • Asian Spine Journal
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    • v.12 no.6
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    • pp.998-1009
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    • 2018
  • Study Design: Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) from rat olfactory mucosa were cultured, characterized, and transplanted into a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Purpose: To evaluate different doses of OECs in a rat model of SCI. Overview of Literature: SCI causes permanent functional deficit because the central nervous system lacks the ability to perform spontaneous repair. Cell therapy strategies are being explored globally. The clinical use of human embryonic stem cell is hampered by ethical controversies. Alternatively, OECs are a promising cell source for neurotransplantation. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different doses of allogenic OEC transplantation in a rat model of SCI. Methods: OECs were cultured from the olfactory mucosa of Albino Wistar rats; these cells were characterized using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Rats were divided into five groups (n=6 rats each). In each group, different dosage ($2{\times}10^5$, $5{\times}10^5$, $10{\times}10^5$, and >$10{\times}10^5$) of cultured cells were transplanted into experimentally injured spinal cords of rat models. However, in the SCI group, only DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) was injected. Rats were followed up upto 8 weeks post-transplantation. The outcome of transplantation was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scale; motor-evoked potential studies; and histological examination. Results: Cultured cells expressed 41% of p75NTR, a marker for OEC, and 35% of anti-fibronectin, a marker for olfactory nerve fibroblast. These cells also expressed $S100{\beta}$ and glial fibrillary acid protein of approximately 75% and 83%, respectively. All the transplanted groups showed promising BBB scores for hind-limb motor recovery compared with the SCI group (p<0.05). A motor-evoked potential study showed increased amplitude in all the treated groups compared with the SCI. Green fluorescent protein-labeled cells survived in the injured cord, suggesting their role in the transplantation-mediated repair. Transplantation of $5{\times}10^5$ cells showed the best motor outcomes among all the doses. Conclusions: OECs demonstrated a therapeutic effect in rat models with the potential for future clinical applications.

Neuroprotective Effects of Herbal Ethanol Extracts from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on L-DOPA Therapy in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease (돌외 에탄올 추출물 엑스가 6-hydroxydopamine-유도 파킨슨병 백서 모델에서의 L-DOPA 요법에 미치는 영향)

  • Suh, Kwang-Hoon;Choi, Hyun-Sook;Shin, Keon-Seong;Hwang, Bang-Yeon;Lee, Myung-Koo
    • Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.341-347
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    • 2011
  • The neuroprotective effects of herbal ethanol extracts from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP-EX) in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease treated with L-DOPA were investigated. Rats were prepared for the Parkinson's disease model by 6-OHDA-lesioning for 14 days. The rats were then treated with L-DOPA (10 and 20 mg/kg) with or without the oral administration of GP-EX (30 mg/kg, daily) for 28 days. L-DOPA (20 mg/kg) treatment for 28 days enhanced dopaminergic neuronal cell death in 6-OHDA-lesioned rat groups, but L-DOPA (10 mg/kg) did not. However, the oral administration of GP-EX (30 mg/kg) for 28 days ameliorated the enhanced neurotoxic effects induced by chronic L-DOPA treatment in 6-OHDA-lesioned rat groups by increasing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunohistochemical staining and the number of TH-immunopositive cells surviving in the substantia nigra. In addition, GP-EX administration (30 mg/kg) for 28 days recovered the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine of the striatum in 6-OHDA-lesioned rat groups, which were markedly reduced by L-DOPA treatment (20 mg/kg). GP-EX (30 mg/kg) did not produce any signs of toxicity, such as weight loss, diarrhea, or vomiting in rats during the 28-day treatment period. These results suggest that GP-EX has protective functions against chronic L-DOPA-induced neurotoxic reactions in dopaminergic neurons in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. Therefore, GP-EX may be beneficial in the prevention of adverse symptoms in parkisonian patients.

The effects of paeoniflorin injection on soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid-1 (sTREM-1) levels in severe septic rats

  • Liu, Xiao-Rong;Xu, Jie;Wang, Yi-Min;Ji, Ming-Suo;Liu, Fu-Shan
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.565-571
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    • 2016
  • Paeoniflorin (PAE) is the most abundant compound in Xuebijing injection widely used to treat sepsis. We aimed to investigate effect of PAE on expression of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) in a rat model of sepsis. Wistar rats were divided into Normal, Model, and PAE groups (n=20 each). Endotoxin was administrated at 5 mg/ml/kg in Model and PAE rats to establish rat sepsis model. 1 h after endotoxin administration, PAE was administrated at 4 ml/kg in PAE group once per day for 3 days. Routine blood tests and biochemical indexes were assessed, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). The plasma sTREM-1 level was measured using quantitative ELISA. At the end of experiment, the small intestine, liver, kidney and lung were subjected to pathological examinations. A rat model of sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) was established successfully with endotoxin administration (5 mg/ml/kg), evidenced by histo-pathological examinations, routine blood tests and biochemical indexes: platelet count decreased and white blood cell count increased (p<0.05), CK-MB and AST increased (p<0.05). PAE treatment significantly reduced the plasma levels of AST, CK-MB, and sTREM-1, compared to Model group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, sepsis-induced damages in the liver, lung, stomach and intestinal mucosa were also markedly ameliorated by PAE treatment. PAE demonstrated a significantly protective effect in a rat model of sepsis by decreasing plasma sTREM-1 level, reducing inflammation, preventing MODS and protecting organ functions.

Ginsenoside Rg1 enhances the healing of injured tendon in achilles tendinitis through the activation of IGF1R signaling mediated by oestrogen receptor

  • Wu, Tianyi;Qi, Wenxiao;Shan, Haojie;Tu, Bin;Jiang, Shilin;Lu, Ye;Wang, Feng
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.46 no.4
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    • pp.526-535
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    • 2022
  • Background: During the pathogenesis of tendinopathy, the chronic inflammation caused by the injury and apoptosis leads to the generation of scars. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is extracted from ginseng and has anti-inflammatory effects. Rg1 is a unique phytoestrogen that can activate the estrogen response element. This research aimed to explore whether Rg1 can function in the process of tendon repair through the estrogen receptor. Methods: In this research, the effects of Rg1 were evaluated in tenocytes and in a rat model of Achilles tendinitis (AT). Protein levels were shown by western blotting. qRT-PCR was employed for evaluating mRNA levels. Cell proliferation was evaluated through EdU assay and cell migration was evaluated by transwell assay and scratch test assay. Results: Rg1 up-regulated the expression of matrix-related factors and function of tendon in AT rat model. Rg1 reduced early inflammatory response and apoptosis in the tendon tissue of AT rat model. Rg1 promoted tenocyte migration and proliferation. The effects of Rg1 on tenocytes were inhibited by ICI182780. Rg1 activates the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF1R) and MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusion: Rg1 promotes injured tendon healing in AT rat model through IGF1R and MAPK signaling pathway activation.

Effect of L-carnitine on Ischemic Myocardium of Langendorff`s Isolated Rat Heart (Langendorff 분리쥐 심모형에서 L-Carnitine이 허혈성 심근에 미치는 효과)

  • Jeong, Eon-Seop;Kim, Song-Myeong
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.24 no.5
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    • pp.429-437
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    • 1991
  • Beta hydroxytrimethylammonium butyrate[L-carnitine] is highly concentrated in myocardium and it is essential substance for transfer of fatty acids into the mitochondria. We respect that L-carnitine has protective action to myocardium during ischemia. I studied coronary flow and CK - MB isoenzyme of coronary effluent of Langendorff`s isolated rat heart model. As a control group 5 Sprague-Dowley species rat hearts were connected to Langendorff`s isolated rat heart model and perfused for 30 minutes with Kreb-Henseleit buffer solution. After cessation of perfusion for 30 minutes they were reperfused for 30 minutes. In experimental group 10 Sprague-Dowley species rat hearts were perfused with 10mmole /L of L-carnitine contained in Kleb-Henseleit buffer solution. In equilibrium state, coronary flow was 1.7 times greater in experimental group. During reperfusion, both group showed equally decreased flow amount of about 60% of that of equilibrium state. CK-MB isoenzyme level of perfused coronary fluid showed no significant difference in equilibrium state. In reperfusion. CK-MB isoenzyme levels of control group were 17.61$\pm$8. 68U/L at 25 minutes, 23.32$\pm$4.15U /L at 30 minutes; and in experimental group, 13.63$\pm$6. 08U/L at 15 minutes and 13.6$\pm$8.41U /L at 30 minutes respectively. Those values in both states showed significantly lower CK-MB level in experimental group. In conclusion, L-carnitine prevent ischemic myocardial damage during ischemic and reperfusion state of Langendorff`s isolated rat hearts and also I suggest the L-carnitine act potent coronary vasodilator during preischemic and postischemic states of rat hearts.

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Hydrological Assessment of Multifractal Space-Time Rainfall Downscaling Model: Focusing on Application to the Upstream Watershed of Chungju Dam (멀티프랙탈 시·공간 격자강우량 생산기법의 수문학적 적용성 평가 : 충주댐상류유역 중심으로)

  • Song, Ho Yong;Kim, Dong-Kyun;Kim, Byung-Sik;Hwang, Seok-Hwan;Kim, Tae-Woong
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.47 no.10
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    • pp.959-972
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    • 2014
  • In this study, a space-time rainfall grid field generation model based on multifractal theory was verified using nine flood events in the upstream watershed of Chungju dam in South Korea. For this purpose, KMA radar rainfall data sets were analyzed for the space-time multifractal characteristics. Simulated rainfall fields that represent the multifractal characteristics of observed rainfall field were reproduced using the space-time rainfall grid field generation model with log-Poisson distribution and three-dimension wavelet function. Simulated rainfall fields were applied to the S-RAT model as input data and compared with both observed rainfall fields and low-resolution rainfall field runoff. Error analyses using RMSE, RRMSE, MAE, SS, NPE and PTE indicated that the peak discharge increases about 20.03% and the time to peak decreases about 0.81%.

Impaired Voluntary Wheel Running Behavior in the Unilateral 6-Hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

  • Pan, Qi;Zhang, Wangming;Wang, Jinyan;Luo, Fei;Chang, Jingyu;Xu, Ruxiang
    • Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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    • v.57 no.2
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    • pp.82-87
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    • 2015
  • Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate voluntary wheel running behavior in the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 2 groups : 6-OHDA group (n=17) and control group (n=8). The unilateral 6-OHDA rat model was induced by injection of 6-OHDA into unilateral medial forebrain bundle using a stereotaxic instrument. Voluntary wheel running activity was assessed per day in successfully lesioned rats (n=10) and control rats. Each behavioral test lasted an hour. The following parameters were investigated during behavioral tests : the number of running bouts, the distance moved in the wheel, average peak speed in running bouts and average duration from the running start to the peak speed. Results : The number of running bouts and the distance moved in the wheel were significantly decreased in successfully lesioned rats compared with control rats. In addition, average peak speed in running bouts was decreased, and average duration from the running start to the peak speed was increased in lesioned animals, which might indicate motor deficits in these rats. These behavioral changes were still observed 42 days after lesion. Conclusion : Voluntary wheel running behavior is impaired in the unilateral 6-OHDA rat model and may represent a useful tool to quantify motor deficits in this model.