• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2009

Ergogenic aids are substances, devices, and practices that enhance an individual's energy use and production, and recovery from fatigue. L-carnitine increases enhance performance and aerobic capacity by stimulating lipid oxidation in muscle cells during long term exercise. L-carnitine is a well known and widely used ergogenic aid. In the present study, the effect of L-carnitine at concentrations of 100 nM, 1 μM, 10 μM, and 100 μM on the amplitude of field potential in rat cardiac muscle slices was measured using multi-channel extracellular recording (MED 64) system. In the present result, L-carnitine was shown to enhance field potential as a does-dependent manner. The increasing effect of the L-carnitine on field potential was not affected by application of the glibenclamide, an ATP-dependant K⁺ channel antagonist. The increasing effect of L-carnitine on field potential was suppressed by application of the diazoxide, an ATP-dependent K⁺ channel agonist. Present data show that L-carnitine potentiates field potentials by inhibition on ATP-dependant K⁺ channel in cardiac muscles. The enhancing effect of the L-carnitine on the field potential in cardiac muscles can be suggested as one of the underlying mechanism of ergogenic aid of the L-carnitine.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.7-14
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• 2001

Objective: This study was done to observe the effects on the thermal changes and side effects of Bee Venom acupuncture. The objectives are as follows; If there are remarkable local thermal changes between pre and post Bee Venom acupuncture therapy on D.I.T.I. or not. If there are those, we examine how long it' s changes are maintained, what is the adequate interval on Bee Venom acupuncture therapy, and what the reactions in a local or whole body are on that therapy. Methods: To study the local thermal changes in Bee Venom acupuncture therapy, D.I.T.I. was used. Determination of this analysis periods are pre and post-therapy(5 minutes, 1 hour, 1day,2days, 3days, 5days and 7days later). The study group was divided into two groups. One was BV group(N=19), another was NS(Normal Saline) group. The Bee Venom acupuncture was injected by 0.2ml divided into 0.05ml at the Fengmen(風門:12), Feishu(肺兪:B13), Fufen(附分:B41), Pohu(魄戶: B42) 4 points. Then, in order to analyze the clinical form, we have observed responses of 23 students whenever we checked the thermal changes of their after performing. Results: The following results were obtained. 1. In BV group, there was a significant dermatothermal difference between pre and post therapy. That difference was most remarkable in post-therapy 1 hour to lday, and was not remarkable in post-therapy 5-7days later. 2. There was no significant dermatothermal changes at NS group, but BV group had remarkable changes between operated and non operated area in post-therapy 1hour, 1day, 2days. But there was none 7 days later. 3. Among the physical reactions after Bee Venom acupuncture therapy, operated-area pain, itching, pain on moving and fatigue sign most appeared until post-therapy 3days. Itching and fatigue sign appeared until post-therapy 7days. 4. In comparison the dermatothermal changes with the physical reactions, the decrease of { CT = (Rt Temperature -Lt. Temperature) / Rt. $Temperature{\times}100$} and the disappearance of physical reactions were about the same.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.333-345
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• 2008

concrete deck bridges are increasingly aplied to twin- girder bridges and open-stel box girder bridges.One of the most dificult isues in the design of shear conect ors is the mater of achieving ful composite action. Many connectors in smal area require a significant section los of precast decks resulting in difficult reinforcement details. In this closer spacing than the required minimum spacing in the design codes was evaluated through static tests. Test results s howed that the ultimate strength decreased as the conector spacing was reduced. The strength enhancement was observed due to aditional reinforcement for precast slabs or for shear pockets. Thus, the design of group stud shear connection needs to anticipate failure modes and the conector failure should be induced. Based on the test results, an empirical equation consi dering stud spacing was proposed to evaluate the ultimate strength of group stud shear conection. Fatigue tests showed n o reduction in fatigue life of the group stud shear conection in the range of this research. Details of the precast decks wer e enhanced using the findings of the study.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.149-159
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• 2000

Bee-venom Acupucture has good effect on pain control but We may be anxious about the problem of side-effect. Bee-venom components are composed of phospholipase $A_2$, hyaluronidase, melitin, apamin, MCD peptide, citrate and so on. Especially Apamin, MCD peptide and histamine cause severe reacting that is named Anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a clinical syndrome characterized by the acute system reaction of multiple organ systems to an IgE-mediated immunologic mediator release in previously sensitized individuals. Respiratory and dermatologic manifestations are the most commonly expressed clinical features of anaphylaxis, and a majority of anaphylactic reactions initially appear to be localized to these two systems. Anaphylatic reaction of bee-venom are expressed clinically ulticaria, itching sensation, erythema, dizziness, nausea, hypotension and so on. Especially ulticaria and erythema are end points of increased vascular permeability and vasodilatation at the other extreme of the clinical spectrum, Gastrointestinal mucosal edema and smooth muscle contraction can result in cramping abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Therefore, we have observed anaphylatic reaction of bee-venom in 11 patients, who visited WonKwang University Kunpo Oriental Medical Center, treated bee venom. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The patient distribution ratio, in regard to sex, was shown to be 1 : 2.67 for male to females. In regard to age, it was shown that people in their 30's was the most predominant case, followed by people in their 20's, 30's, 50's and 60's, respectively. 2. When Anaphylaxis was occured, it was observed to abnormality of CBC, LFT, IgE, IgG. 3. In regard to patient condition, it was observed that fatigue was most frequent. 4. In regard to the number of times and quantity of bee venom inj., it was observed that anaphylaxis is most frequent at 7-10 times(1.6-2.0cc) 5. In regard to duration of reaction, it was observed that people in their l0min' was most frequent. In disappearing duration of anaphylaxic reaction, The results showed under 60min lcases(9%), 60-120min 7cases(64%) and 180-240min 3cases(27%). 6. In symptoms of anaphylaxis, The results showed hypotension 8cases(19%), itching sensation 7cases(16%), nausea 4cases(9%), erythema 4cases(9%) and dizziness 4cases(9%). In mentality, The results showed drowsy 8case(73%) and alert 3cases(27%). 7. Generally, patients were treated with Avil, Dexa IM and PDS, peniramine, cimetidine, Q-zyme per os after H/S, N/S inj. $O_2$ was supplied according to patient's symptom. In 1 severe case, Dopamine was iv injected.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2014

This study investigated the influence of different durations of aerobic exercise on fuel utilization, lactate levels and antioxidative status in trained rats. Forty rats underwent physical training (T, n = 20) or non- training (NT, n = 20) for 6 weeks. For physical training, animals exercised on a treadmill for 30 min 5 days per week. At the end of week 6, the animals in each group were subdivided into BE, DE-0.5, DE-1 and DE-2, which were sacrificed at the end of week 6 without having performed exercise or after exercise on a treadmill for 0.5h, 1h and 2h, respectively, immediately before being sacrificed. The plasma glucose level in DE-2 of the NT group was significantly lower than in the other groups. Muscle and liver glycogen levels were significantly lower in DE-1 and DE-2, but there were no significant differences between DE-1 and DE-2 in the T group. Liver protein in DE-2 of the NT group was significantly lower. Muscle TG levels were decreased in DE-0.5 of the T group, while those of the NT group were decreased in DE-1. FFA levels were increased in DE-0.5 of the T group and in DE-1 of the NT group. Lactate levels were increased in DE-0.5 of the NT group, while they were increased in DE-1 of the T group. Catalase activity of the T group was lower in BE but higher in DE-0.5, DE-1 and DE-2. SOD activities were higher in trained rats, while the GSH/GSSG ratios were higher in BE, DE-0.5 and DE-1 in the T group, and there was no difference in that of DE-2. There were no differences in MDA levels in BE and DE-0.5, but they were significantly lower in DE-1 and DE-2 of the T group. Overall, the results of this study, suggest that training may improve exercise performance by facilitating the mobilization and oxidation of fat and conserving limited carbohydrate storage, and that it may delay the onset of fatigue and enhance the antioxidative defense system, but cannot support two hours of vigorous exercise.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2013

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the shaping ability of newly marketed single-file instruments, Wave One (Dentsply-Maillefer) and Reciproc (VDW GmbH), in terms of maintaining the original root canal configuration and curvature, with or without a glide-path. Materials and Methods: According to the instruments used, the blocks were divided into 4 groups (n = 10): Group 1, no glide-path / Wave One; Group 2, no glide-path / Reciproc; Group 3, #15 K-file / Wave One; Group 4, #15 K-file / Reciproc. Pre- and post-instrumented images were scanned and the canal deviation was assessed. The cyclic fatigue stress was loaded to examine the cross-sectional shape of the fractured surface. The broken fragments were evaluated under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for topographic features of the cross-section. Statistically analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test (${\alpha}$ = 0.05). Results: The ability of instruments to remain centered in prepared canals at 1 and 2 mm levels was significantly lower in Group 1 (p < 0.05). The centering ratio at 3, 5, and 7 mm level were not significantly different. Conclusions: The Wave One file should be used following establishment of a glide-path larger than #15.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 2013

In order to study the effect of the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) on the simulation results, the external characteristics and internal flow features of a diffuser pump were analyzed with a two-way flow solid coupling method. And the static and dynamic structure analysis of the blade was also caculated with the FEA method. The steady flow field is based on Reynolds Averaged N-S equations with standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ turbulent model, the unsteady flow field is based on the large eddy simulation, and the structure response is based on elastic transient structural dynamic equation. The results showed that the effect of FSI on the head prediction based on CFD really exists. At the same radius, the van mises stress on the nodes closed shroud and hub was larger than other nodes. A large deformation region existed near inlet side at the middle of blades. The strength of impeller satisfied the strength requirement with static stress analysis based on the fourth strength theory. The dynamic stress varied periodically with the impeller rotating. It was also found that the fundamental frequency of the dynamic stress is the rotating frequency and its harmonic frequency. The frequency of maximum stress amplitude at node 1626 was 7 times of the rotating frequency. The frequency of maximum stress amplitude at node 2328 was 14 times of the rotating frequency. No matter strength failure or fatigue failure, the root of blades near shroud is the key region to analyse.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 2005

The main aim of this study was to investigate stress related activities of ginsenosides and their action mechanism. Control group and ginsenoside supplemented groups were exposed to stress while no-stress group was not done. Animals of each group (n=$8\~10$) were orally administerd 100 mg red ginseng extract (R-G), or 10 mg ginsenosides/kg body weight once a day. Animals were given materials for 5 days without stress, and then were given supplements for 5 days with restraint and electroshock stress. Mice were given materials for 5 days for experiments on anti-fatigue effect. After loading final stress, stress-related behavioral changes of experimental animals were examined and plasma corticosterone levels were measured. R-G and ginsenoside $Rb_{1}$ supplementation partially blocked the stress effects on locomotion and elevated plus-maze test in rats and mice. They also partially blocked stress induced behavioral changes such as freezing, smelling, face-washing, rearing behavior in rats. R-G and $Rb_{1}$ decrease adrenal gland size and plasma corticosterone level, which were increased by stress in rats. R-G increased enduring time on the Rota rod, cold water and horizontal wire, but $Rb_{1}$ didn't. Effects of $Rb_{1}$ on plusmaze test were inhibited by administration of flumazenil. These results suggest that $Rb_{1}$ is the main antistress principle in ginseng and it's effect is modulated by GABAnergic nervous system.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.70-77
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• 2022

PURPOSE. This study evaluated screw loosening and 3D crown displacement after cyclic loading of implant-supported incisor crowns cemented with original titanium bases or with three compatible, nonoriginal components. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 32 dental implants were divided into four groups (n = 8 each): Group 1 used original titanium bases, while Groups 2-4 used compatible components. The reverse torque value (RTV) was evaluated prior to and after cyclic loading (1,200,000 cycles). Samples (prior to and after cyclic loading) were scanned with a microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). Preload and postload files were superimposed by 3D inspection software, and 3D crown displacement analysis was performed using root-mean-square (RMS) values. All datasets were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc analysis. RESULTS. Significant variations were observed in the postload RTV, depending on the titanium base brand (P < .001). The mean postload RTVs were significantly higher in Groups 1 and 2 than in the other study groups. While evaluating 3D crown displacement, the lowest mean RMS value was shown in the original Group 1, with the highest RMS value occurring in Group 4. CONCLUSION. Within the limitations of this in vitro study and under the implemented conditions, it was concluded that the manufacturer brand of the titanium base significantly influenced screw loosening following the fatigue test and influenced 3D crown displacement after cyclic loading.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.679-693
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• 2016

The purposes of this study were to examine the patterns of recalling memories in the series and look into the desires of viewers disclosed in the process. Entering the 2010s, people got to recall their memories from the 1980s and 1990s. Nostalgia and retro became cultural products. What made the series, those depict the pure love, friendship, and family affection of main characters under age in those decades, so popular among the viewers? Finding a repeating pattern in recollection of the past, dating, and family love, the investigator saw that the pattern met the needs of viewers and thus analyzed their desires inherent in the series with a focus on its "narratives" and "characters." Their unique sounds effect and music established a micro-narrative that could be divided, thus allowing viewers to own certain scenes easily, which worked to make "non-existent" memories. Secondly, the series succeeded in capturing the desire of viewers living in the age of neoliberalism to reduce their fatigue from excessive choices by setting the characters in a contrived way and thus presenting the desire of maintaining the stable middle class world with no conflicts and the passive female characters. The recollections provided by the series, in the end, fill the desire and deficiency of the present beyond a simple return to the past.