• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1308-1318
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal with treated castor meal with (CMT) or without lime (CMNT) on the nutrient intake, performance, carcass characteristics, and yield of commercial cuts of beef cattle from a feedlot. Thirty male, castrated, crossbreed zebu cattle were used in the study, with an average initial weight of $360{\pm}30.27\;kg$. Five animals were used as a control group and were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment; the remaining animals (n = 25) were distributed in random blocks (repetitions), with body weight as the criterion for block assignment. The animals were fed a diet containing 65% corn silage and 35% of concentrate on dry matter (DM) basis. Five diets consisted of four levels of soybean meal (SM) substituted with CMT (0, 33, 67 and 100%) on a DM basis and a diet with 100% of SM replaced with CMNT. At the end of the experiment, all animals were slaughtered, and their gastrointestinal tracts were emptied to determine their empty body weights (EBW). No significant effects were observed (p>0.05) for the substitution of soybean meal with CMT on intake of dietary nutrients, the average daily body weight gain (ADG) or EBW gain (EBWG). In spite of greater (p<0.05) ricin intake for the diet containing CMNT (3.06 mg/kg BW) compared to the CMT diet (0.10 mg/kg BW/d), there were no effects (p>0.05) on intake of dietary nutrients, ADG or EBWG. The average intake of DM and the ADG were 10,664.63 and 1,353.04 g/d, respectively. Regarding carcass characteristics, only carcass yield in relation to body weight was linearly reduced (p<0.05) upon substitution of SM by CMT. There was no effect (p>0.05) of the substitution of SM by CMT or CMNT on the yield of carcass basic cuts. CMT prices that are higher than 85% of the SM price do not economically justify the use of CMT. For CMT prices between 20 and 80% of the SM price, the optimal level was 67% substitution, while for prices below 15% of the SM price, the optimal level was 100% substitution with CMT. It can be concluded that treated castor meal with 6% lime can totally replace soybean meal in beef cattle diets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2003

It is very difficult assignment that grasp three-dimensional real life in Web base network environment. But, the recent simulation tools embody third dimension elements within 2 dimensions screen that is limited through third dimension implementation technology. Many GIS tools are offering excellent functions for third dimension data creation. But, research about design of third dimension GIS that use virtual reality technique in Web environment is status that is unprepared. So, in this research embodied third dimension topography map using virtual reality modelling language to produce active third dimension VR map that can supply visual information for direction, visual point that want in World Wide Web without support of expensive Map exclusive use program. And these 3D Web-Map is thought that possibility is enough as next generation map medium.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.39C no.12
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• pp.1230-1242
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• 2014

There might be still weakness in domestic R&D of DIY based modular smart phone and device to cope effectively with post smartphone era. Currently, it is essential for us to provide technology development and countermeasure way against subversive influence that development and commercial release of Google's modular smartphone can cause in such ecology. This paper focused to suggest binding assignment and technology prospect required in promoting industrialization related with IoT and deducing the global countermeasure ways through investigation and analysis about advanced technology and patents of modular smart phone and devices. Description includes introduction, technology outline, technology and patent trend, conclusion.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 1986.12a
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• pp.505.2-506
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• 1986

L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (A-2-C), a four-membered cyclic imino acid has been identified in certain plants, and the microorganism Actinoplanes ferrugineus. The imino acid A-2-C has a physiological significance as an antgaonist of proline during peptide synthesis. The biosynthetic mechanism for the formation of A-2-C has not been studied in any detail. By using various amino acids such as methionine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine labeled with deuterium or carbon-14, the details of the biosynthetic pathway and a possible mechanism for the formation of L-A-2-C in .4. ferrugineus have been unravelled, Both in vivo and in vitro experimental results suggest the biosynthesis of L-A-2-C is mediated by a confactor containing a carbonyl group, probably pyridoxal Phosphate. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine, which seems to be the direct biosynthetic substrate, has undergone a f-displacement by an ${\alpha}$-amino group of the amino acid portion of the substrate S-adenosyl-L-methionine potentially via a vinylglycine intermediate. The overall stereochemical events at the ${\beta}$-carbon of the substrate have been shown to inversion of configuration. The overall stereochemical events at the -position of the sub- strate have also been shown to occur with inversion of configuration. The ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$-elimination reaction of the substrate seems to follow a cisoidal-type mechanism and the addition portion of the reaction a transoidal-type mechanism . The assignment of the proton NMR of A-2-C has been deduced by apply- ing NOE difference experiments, Gd(III) line-broadening experiments and 2D-NOESY experiments of regio-and stereospecificially deuterated A-2-C's.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.144-152
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• 1996

Recently, as the demands for radio spectrum are growing and the number of cell sites is increasing rapidly, the spectrum engineering plays an important role in estimating frequency sharing and reuse. The radio propagation analysis is essential in the basic technology of radio network design such as deciding the service area and selecting the position of the base station. But, domestic propagation environment in which mountainous region is occupying over 70% of our terrain does not allow us to apply foreign studies which are deduced in highly different environments. Therefore, we need to have our propagation analysis system derived from our own terrain condition. In this paper, we propose the propagation prediction model which issuitable toour propagation environment, and also usinghis model, we implement thesimulator based on GIS(Geographic Information System)which can be applied to both spectrum engineering and radio propagation analysis. We showed that this simulator can well be applied to frequency assignment, propagation network design as well as other radio services. Considering the results of our analysis, we could guarantee the standard deviation of error between the measured data and predicted results as 5 to 7 dB.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.13 no.4 s.34
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• pp.39-46
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• 2005

This paper use virtual running after possible traffic capacity application for optimal route location. General road is designed the design after we examine an alternate adequacy investigation and an execution design sufficiently. Various road user's requirement must be reflected from the beginning. But it is difficult to contain the various suitable design criteria because we consider the existing 2-dimension element. First of all, this study chose optimal route, used traffic assignment and 3D simulation. Then selected optimal route through the consistent road construction by analyzing road driving simulation of 3-dimension data and the urban landscape. possible traffic capacity and virtual running will be able to do the urban landscape analysis harmonizing with the environment; equally, it could be objectively solve the problem of a civil appeal.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.33-41
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• 1982

Development is given for an analytical approach that can investigate parameters characterizing road network geometry. A grid transportation network having a hierarchy structure is considered on a homogeneous and isotropic urban plane in which trip origins and destinations are uniformly dispersed and the trip length distribution is independent of the location of the origin. The object is to find the optimal spacings between urban arterials so as to minimize the sum of travel and construction costs, subject to the hypothesis that a trip assignment follows the Wardrop's first principle. The proposed approach is not the genera method for determining an efficient network layout, but can be used as basic concept for generating and evaluating urban road network alternatives. Given an O-D table and cost estimates the approach is able to outline at least in a qualitative sense the optimal spacings of urban arterial roads.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.47-57
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• 2016

PURPOSES : This study aims to examine the differences between the existing traffic demand forecasting method and the traffic demand forecasting method considering future regional development plans and new road construction and expansion plans using a four-step traffic demand forecast for a more objective and sophisticated national highway maintenance. This study ultimately aims to present future pavement deterioration and budget forecasting planning based on the examination. METHODS : This study used the latest data offered by the Korea Transport Data Base (KTDB) as the basic data for demand forecast. The analysis scope was set using the Daejeon Metropolitan City's O/D and network data. This study used a traffic demand program called TransCad, and performed a traffic assignment by vehicle type through the application of a user equilibrium-based multi-class assignment technique. This study forecasted future traffic demand by verifying whether or not a realistic traffic pattern was expressed similarly by undertaking a calibration process. This study performed a life cycle cost analysis based on traffic using the forecasted future demand or existing past pattern, or by assuming the constant traffic demand. The maintenance criteria were decided according to equivalent single axle loads (ESAL). The maintenance period in the concerned section was calculated in this study. This study also computed the maintenance costs using a construction method by applying the maintenance criteria considering the ESAL. The road user costs were calculated by using the user cost calculation logic applied to the Korean Pavement Management System, which is the existing study outcome. RESULTS : This study ascertained that the increase and decrease of traffic occurred in the concerned section according to the future development plans. Furthermore, there were differences from demand forecasting that did not consider the development plans. Realistic and accurate demand forecasting supported an optimized decision making that efficiently assigns maintenance costs, and can be used as very important basic information for maintenance decision making. CONCLUSIONS : Therefore, decision making for a more efficient and sophisticated road management than the method assuming future traffic can be expected to be the same as the existing pattern or steady traffic demand. The reflection of a reliable forecasting of the future traffic demand to life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) can be a very vital factor because many studies are generally performed without considering the future traffic demand or with an analysis through setting a scenario upon LCCA within a pavement management system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.5 s.83
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• pp.157-167
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• 2005

Seoul metropolitan public transport reform results in the introduction of the semi-public operation and distance-based fare policies. With implementation of these policies, public transport revenue allocation has been (will be) evolved very complicated because the existing revenue allocation issues have not only been clearly solved, which is generated by the combined relationship among Korea Railroad Corporation (KRC). Seoul Metropolitan Subway Corporation (SMSC). Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation (SMRTC), and Incheon Rapid Transit Corporation (IRTC), but also the revenue allocation problem between bus and urban railroad-related organizations need to be considered in this combined framework. On top of that. based on the future plans such as the private sector's railroad construction plan(s), the light rail transit construction plans of several local governments and the join of remained bus lines of Seoul metropolitan areas, it is understood that the revenue allocation among public transport operating organization will become one of main issues of operation organization as well as local and central governments. As a basic approach for revenue allocation of public transport operation organizations, the purpose of this paper is to propose an integrated model applicable to estimate degree of service contribution in passenger carriage in the combined public transport network. With a hypothesis that the complete electronic card system is deployed, this paper supposes every passenger's loading and alighting stations is recordable. Thereby, this paper limits research scope as to Seoul metropolitan railroad area since used route(s) between origin and destination stations can not be traceded because transfer stations each passenger path through is not recorded. Each model proposed in the paper is as follows: 1. a generalized cost reflecting passenger's transfer behavior; 2.a K path model for determining similar routes between O-D; 3.an assignment model for loading O-D trips onto the detected similar routes using Logit Model.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.93-102
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• 2005

An Origin-Destination (O/D) is considered as one of the important information in route choices and trip assignments. A household interview survey is deemed to be the traditional and the most widely used method in making sample O/D and its conversion to the total O/D. Some researchers have studied to estimate dynamic O/D from the relationship between link volumes and trip assignment model. Nowadays, owing to the recent rapid spread of cellular phones. Location information of the cellular phone through the Base Station(BS) is considered as an alternative to O/D estimation. In this study, the methodology of generating BS-based O/D and the methodology of converting this O/D into an administrative district-based O/D are proposed. The information of GPS positions and cellular BS positions have acquired by establishing GPS equipment and cellular phone on taxies in Cheongju. Three weeks data are collected and used in estimating O/D by matching them on a digital map. Scatter diagram and sample correlation coefficients are used to investigate the similarity of the GPS-based O/D pattern among weeks, among days, and among times in day. The results show that there are few significant differences among weeks. But there is a difference in O/C pattern between weekday and weekend. Furthermore, there is a difference between morning peak and afternoon peak. Two methodologies are proposed to convert BS-based O/D into an administrative district-based O/D. The first one is to use the distribution pattern of GPS coordinates, the other is to use the coverage area of the BSs. To validate such converted O/D, GPS O/D is used as a true value. The statical analyses through scatter diagram, MAE and RMSE shows that there is few significant defference of pattern between the estimated BS-based O/D and GPS O/D. In the case of using only cellular information, the methodology using coverage area of the BSs is recommended for estimating O/D.