• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.9
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• pp.179-191
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• 2000

Anti-bone resorption properties of the Korean herbal medicine, CEDR, which is comprised 5 herbs of [Drynariae Rhizoma, Loranthi Ramus, Cibotii Rhizoma, Amydae carapax, Psoraleae semen], were investigated. Mouse calvarial osteoblast cells were isolated and cultured. Mouse osteoblasts, which were stimulated by PTH, $1,25(OH)_2D_3$, $TNF-\alpha$ and IL-1 as bone resorption agents, showed increased collagenolysis by producing the active gelatinase. IL-1 in stimulating bone resorption was examined using fetal mouse long bone organ culture. IL-1 stimulated bone resorption and produced marked resorption when present simultaneously. The results of in vitro cytotoxicities showed that CEDR extracts have no any cytotoxicities in concentrations of $1-60{\mu}g/ml$ and furthermore there is no any cytotoxicity even in concentration of $120{\mu}g/ml$ on mouse calvarial bone cells. CEDR extracts had protective activity against PTH (5 units/ml, or $IL-1{\alpha}$ (1 ng/ml) or $TNF-\alpha$ or $1,25(OH)_2D_3$ (20 ng/ml), $IL-1{\alpha}$ and $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ collagenolysis in the mouse calvarial cells. Pretreatment of the CEDR extracts for 1 h, which by itself had little effect on cell survival, did not enhance the collagenolysis, nor significantly reduced the collagenolysis by pretreatment. Furthermore, the medicinal extracts were shown to have the protective effects against collagenolysis induced by $IL-1{\alpha}$ and $IL-1{\beta}$. Pretreatment of the extracts for 1 h significantly reduced the collagenolysis. Interestingly, the CEDR extracts were shown to have the inhibiting effects against gelatinase enzyme and processing activity induced by the bone resorption agents of PTH, $1,25(OH)_2D_3$, $TNF-\alpha$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IL-1{\alpha}$ with strong protective effect in pretreatment with the extracts. CEDR extracts were shown to have the inhibiting effects against $IL-1{\alpha}-$ and $IL-1{\beta}-stimulated$ bone resorption and the effect of the pretreatment with a various concentrations of the medicinal extracts were significant. These results indicated that the CEDR extracts are highly stable and applicable to clinical uses in osteoporosis.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.417-424
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• 2015

In this study, the relationship between selenoprotein concentrations in blood and stomach cancer have been searched for Korean. The concentration of each selenoprotein in blood serum was analyzed and the correlation between the concentration and stomach cancer was studied to find a potential for using Selenium as a biomarker. In concentration determination, a simple calibration curve method was used with the monitoring of m/z 78 without the use of solid phase extraction. This is a lot more simple than the method using SPE with post column isotope dilution. The result obtained from the analysis of CRM BCR-637, 72.20±3.35 ng·g⁻¹, showed similar value of reference value (81±7 ng·g⁻¹). The total concentration of Se for the controlled group, cardiovascular patients group, was 105.70±21.20 ng·g⁻¹. This value was the same as normal healthy person reported earlier. Each selenoprotein concentration of GPx, SelP and SeAlb was 26.12±7.84, 65.15±14.50, 14.43±6.99 ng·g⁻¹, respectively. The distribution of each selenoprotein was 24.7%, 61.6%, and 13.7%, which was similar to the normal person. The result of stomach cancer patients, the total concentration of Se was 76.11±28.12 ng·g⁻¹ and each concentration of GPx, SelP and SeAlb was 15.41±9.01, 50.83±17.91, and 9.87±5.21 ng·g⁻¹, respectively. The total and each selenoprotein concentration level showed significant decrease for the stomach cancer patients. The level of decrease was 41.0% for GPx, 22.0% for SelP, and 31.6% for SeAlb. However, the distribution of each selenoprotein was not much different. Either total Selenium or each selenoprotein could be used as a possible index for the diagnosis of cancer. However, in age group study, it is shown that young age group (30's-40's) did not show much difference.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.281-288
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• 2001

The relationships between the growths of Abies koreana W. and climatic factors were analyzed by the use of tree-ring analysis at the subalpine belt of Mt. Halla National Park. The four cores were extracted from each 21 trees at north-facing slope (1,900m a.s.1.). The site chronology was established on the periods from 1912 to 1999. The growth of A. koreana was very poor, in particular in the years of 1982, 1988 and 1996. Simple correlation was employed to analyze the relationship between the growth of A. koreana and climatic factors. The result of simple correlation indicates that the growth of A. koreana represent positive correlations both with the mean temperatures of April and previous November, and the precipitation of previous December and January. The presence of large number of frost-damaged scars in the individual trees of A. koreana implies that local freezing temperature conditions at Mt. Halla have occurred in 1964, 1965 and 1966. The correlations between the fir chronology SOI(Southern Oscillation Index) of previous January, February and November were significantly positive. The growth ratio of A. koreana demonstrates that this species is sensitive to seasonal variations. As the winter temperature rises, the growth ratio of A. koreana decreases, on the other hand, the increase of autumn temperature accelerates the growth ratio of A. koreana. The growth decline of A. koreana was observed from 51 cores out of the 54 cores, and the overall growth declines have initiated at 1978, 1982 and 1988. Distinct growth decline of A. koreana in the range of 70% is noticed at 34 cores out of the 51 cores. The decline of, A. koreana growth appears to be related to the winter temperature which has increased since mid-1970s.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.10
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• pp.15-21
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• 1968

In order to fractionate the rice protein employing paper electrophoresis, 9 subjects of Korean rice and one Indica type, Pin Galw 50 were examined, the results were as follows. 1. Polished rice protein was separated into albumin, globulin, prolamine, and oryzenin. The amount of these fractions was determined by Kjeldahl method showing respectively 0.26%, 0.65%, 0.41%, and 5.01% in average. Albumin was extracted with deionized water, globulin with 10% NaCl, prolamine with 70% ethanol, and oryzenin with 0.05N-NaOH. 2. Albumin was extracted with deionized water and dialyzed by a cellophan tube. The supernatant was submitted to paper electrophoresis using phosphate buffer (pH 7.6, ${\mu}$ 0.18). Albumin was identified as monocomponent in all of 10 varieties under study. Globulin was extracted and dialyzed to remove the albumin. The precipitates were resolved in 10% saline solution and examined by paper electrophoresis. The globulin consists of two components in phosphate buffer(pH 7.6, ${\mu}$ 0.18) Any subject, regardless the origin, appears to contain globulin I and globulin II. Prolamine was extracted with 70% ethanol, dialayzed against deionized water, resolved with ethanol, and analyzed by Paper electrophoresis. It was proved as one component in the 70% alcoholic buffer(pH 9.0, ${\mu}$=0.0095). On the contrary, paper electrophoresis with oryzenin demonstrated two or three components in Sorensen's buffer(pH 13.0, ${\mu}$ 0.11). Yookoo 132, Dungpan 5, Kwansan, and Jaekun contain oryzenin I, oryzenin II, and oryzenin III. On the other hand, Paldal, Jinheung, Sukwang, Eunbangzu, Damakum, and Pin Galw 56 contain only oryzenin II, and oryzenin III. On the basis of these analyses a discussion of the differences between the protein fractions of 10 varieties was presented. 3. Globulin I varied from 0.22% to 0.46% (aver. 0.35%) in the amount, globulin II from 0.21 to 0.44%(aver. 0.32%), oryzenin I from 0.17% to 0.44%(aver. 0.3%), oryzenin II from 1.59% to 2.88%(aver. 2.23%), and oryzenin III from 2.02% to 3.57%(aver. 2.66%).

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.138-146
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• 1994

The structural characteristics of Antheraea yamamai and Antheraea pernyi silk were investigated by using x-ray diffraction method, IR spectroscopy and polarizing microscopy. The amino acid composition, fiber density, thermal decomposition temperature and glass transition temperature were also measured for relating these physical properties to the structure in comparison with those of Bombyx mori silk fiber. There was no significant structural difference between A. yamamai and A. pernyi silk fiber on an examination of x-ray diffraction curve and IR spectrum. Both of these wild silk fibers showed double diffraction peaks at the Bragg angle 2Θ16.7˚ and 20.5˚by x-ray diffraction analysis as well as IR absorption peaks for the bending vibration of specific groups related to ala-ala amino acid sequence. On the other hand, the x-ray diffraction curve and IR spectrum of Bombyx mori silk fiber are different from those of wild silk fibers, indicating different crystal structure as well as amino acid sequences. It showed under the polarizing microscope examination that the birefringence and optical orientation factor of wild silk fibers are much lower than those of B. mori silk. Also, the surface of degummed wild silk fibers was characterized by the longitudinal stripes of microfibrils in the direction of fiber axies. The amino acid composition, which is strongly related to the fine structure and properties, was not significantly different between these two wild silk fibers. However, the alanine content was somewhat less and polar amino acid content more for A. yamamai. As a result of fiber density measurement, the specific gravities of B. mori, A. pernyi and A. yamamai were 1.355~1.356, 1.308~1.311, 1.265~1.301g/㎤ in the order, respectively. The calculated crystallinity(%) was 64% for B. mori and 51~52% for wild silk fibers, which showed same trend by IR method in spite of somewhat higher value. The thermal decomposition behaviour was examined by DSC and TGA, showing that the degradation temperature was in the order of B mori, A. prernyi and A. yamamai at around 350$^{\circ}C$. It was also observed by TGA that the decomposition seems to proceed step by step according to their specific regions in the fiber structure, resulting the difference in their thermal stabilities. The glass transition temperature was turned out to be 220$^{\circ}C$ for B. mori, 240$^{\circ}C$ A. yamamai and 255$^{\circ}C$ A. pernyi by the dynamic mechanical analysis. It is expected that the chemical properties are affected by the dynamic mechanical behavior in accordance with their structural characters.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 1974

Since the summer of the year 1972 ulcer disease of common carp, colour carp ana goldfish had suddenly spread widely and caused a serious mortality at fish farms especially around Gim-hae and Yang-san, near Busan. The present study aimed to find out the causative organisms, histopathological changes and the way of treatment, and the results are summarized as follows : Two kinds of pathogenic bacteria, i. e, Chondrococcus columnaris and Aeromonas sp. were isolated from the mucus of the lesion. According to the macroscopic findings, these symptoms began with the hemorrhagic spots under scales which fell out, after the collapse of the dermis, which was followed by lesion to form ulcer, and then the muscle was exposed. The fin was eroded mostly from the distal part, but sometimes from the basal part. Gills showed grey colour, and this part of the tissue collapsed. According to the histopathological findings, the dermis was exposed after the collapsed of the epithelium of the skin, and the necrosis of the musculature occurred, the muscular fibre being destroyed. The epithelial cells of gill tissue proliferated, thus gill filaments were conglutinated and collapsed. Fatty degeneration happened at the liver but the other organs seem to be normal. Treatment with the following mixtures were effective the water temperature of $22\~25^{\circ}C$, but not effective when the temperature was under as low as $13\~15^{\circ}C$. Mixture 1. Aivet (HB-115.HCI) 0.3ppm Malachite green 0.2ppm. Dipterex 0.4ppm Mixture 2. Furanace (P-7138) 0.05ppm Malachite green 0.2ppm Dipterex 0.4ppm When lesion healed, the epithelium, dermis, and the muscular fibre were regenerated.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.350-359
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to develop theme-based integrated science unit by the interdisciplinary approach and to analyze it's effects on the science achievement and the attitude towards science learning. 'Interaction' and 'Stability' were selected as the integrated themes, and the main concept and subconcept in relation to the themes were extracted from the four areas of science, and the learning contents were constructed in the integrated ways. While the main concept have relevance to subconcept in the interaction, the main concept have little relevance to subconcept in the stability. Therefore, the stability was to fit with middle school integrated science theme, but the interaction was not. The theme-based integrated science units developed was implemented in middle school, and the results are follows. First, the science achievement of group of theme-based integrated science teaching is significantly higher than those of group of traditional teaching. Second, the scores of the test of attitude toward science learning of the group of theme-based integrated science teaching is significantly higher than those of group of traditional teaching. Third, the students' perception of theme-based integrated science teaching was positive. The students have participation, interest, motivation in theme-based integrated science teaching, and students have difficulty in learning theme-based integrated science teaching.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.575-589
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• 2009

Groundwater has been extracted for irrigation in Sacheon-Hadong area, which is close to the South Sea. We analyzed chemical components of groundwater to examine the effects of seawater intrusion and agricultural activities in the study area. Most groundwater samples displayed the Na/Cl concentration ratios similar to that of seawater (0.55) with an increasing tendency of electrical conductivity ($227-7,910\;{\mu}S/cm$) towards the coast. In addition, statistical interpretation of the cumulative frequency curves of Cl and $HCO_3$ showed that 30.1% of the groundwater samples were highly affected by seawater intrusion. Groundwaters in the study area mostly belonged to the Ca-Cl and Na-Cl type, demonstrating that they were highly influenced by seawater intrusion and cation exchange. The result of oxygen-hydrogen isotope analysis demonstrated slightly higher $\delta^{18}O$ ((-8.53)-(-6.13)‰) and ${\delta}D$ ((-58.7)-(-43.7)‰) comparing to mean oxygen-hydrogen isotope ratios in Korea. As a result of nitrogen isotope analysis, the $\delta^{15}N-NO_3$ values ((-0.5)-(19.1)‰) indicate two major sources of nitrate pollution (organic nitrogen in soil and animal and human wastes) and mixed source of the two. However, denitrification may partly contribute as a source of nitrogen. According to factor analysis, four factors were identified among which factor 1 with an eigenvalue of 6.21 reflected the influence of seawater intrusion. Cluster analysis indicated the classification of groundwater into fresh, saline, and mixed ones.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.573-584
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• 2002

Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and Milk protein (MP) are being used as indicators of the protein-energy balance and for actual farm feeding practices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the MUN and MP concentrations of individual cows and bulk tank milk to evaluate the dietary protein-energy balance from lactating Holstein cows. Mean MUN and MP concentrations in the milk samples obtained from 132,636 cows of 4,856 herd during Jan. 1999 to Dec. 2001 were 16.2 5.2mg/dl and 3.30 0.35%, respectively. The highest values were found during summer and lowest valued during winter in MUN. But, the average contents of MP were the highest during winter and the lowest during summer. In order to evaluate protein-energy balance for feeding, we set the level of recommended MP range of 2.90${\sim}$3.29% in early lactation considering a negative energy balance. The recommended level of MP in mid-lactation and late lactation were set as 3.10${\sim}$3.49%, and 3.30${\sim}$3.69%, respectively. Recommended MUN range of 12${\sim}$18 mg/dl was determined through the whole lactation period. Individual cows milk were analyzed by the 9 types based on this levels of MP and MUN in this study. Among the total cows investigated, 26.8%, 25.8%, and 22.2% have shown the recommended criteria of MP and MUN values, respectively. Also, of total herds surveyed, 11.6% had MUN values lower than 12.0 mg/dl and 32.9% had values higher than 18.0 mg/dl and 44.5% of total herd have not met with the recommended criteria of MP values in bulk tank milk. In case of MP, out of the total herd surveyed, 26.0% had MP values lower than 3.10% and 24.0% had values higher than 3.30% and 50.0% had MP values outside the recommended interval (3.1${\sim}$3.3%). This study has indicates that many dairy farms are under improper feeding management practice of the dietary protein-energy balance.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.380-391
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• 1993

The experimental study was made to propose the treatment method of wastewater in the high-density fish culture system. The BOD to COD ratios of effluents were almost same to 0.65 in the eel-farm, but were various in the farm rearing together with tilapia etc. A BOD rate curve of the eel-farm effluent could be described mathematically by the equation, $BODu=14.1(1-10^{-0.222t})+30.9(1-10^{-0.035(t-8)})$. Nitrification in Biological Fluidized Bed(BFB) system to treat the fish-farm wastewater could be reduce ammonium level up to $65{\sim}79\%$ when ammonium loading rates were between 0.014 and 0.075g $NH_4/g$ BVS-day. Nitrification efficiency was decreased by organic matters in the wastewater when ammonium loading was low(0.014 g $NH_4/g$ BVS-day). T-N removal ratios were decreased to increase loading in denitrification process, because of low C/N ratio. Based on much higher biological mass concentrations, BFB system takes many advantages of a practical viewpoint, such as stability of treatment efficiency and reduction of necessary site area for the facility, as compared with conventional treatment systems.