• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.239-245
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• 2001

The CA(Controlled Atmosphere) storage of cherry tomatoes were carried out under seven gas compositions including air. The weight loss of cherry tomatoes progressively increased with storage time. In the case of cherry tomatoes stored under CA conditions, increment of weight loss was reduced. However, cherry tomatoes (in air) tut about 15% weight at the end of storage. In CA stored cherry tomatoes lost about 10% weight at the same time. General trend was a decrease in titratable acidity with storage time. In air md 6.4% O$_2$, 4.2% CO$_2$, titratable acidity was lower than that in other storage conditions. During storage of cherry tomatoes, soluble solids increased till 8 days of storage, and then decreased. Stored cherry tomatoes in air and 6.4% O$_2$+4.2% CO$_2$ have lower values. Lycopene contents of cherry tomatoes with 6% O$_2$ storage condition increased and cherry tomatoes with 1% O$_2$+6% CO$_2$ and 3% O$_2$+3.1% CO$_2$maintained s initial contents. In air, flesh firmness decrease till 8 days, and then increase. At 1% O$_2$+6% CO$_2$ ethanol contents were ten times to that of other experimental conditions. Air and 6% O$_2$+7.8% CO$_2$ condition had lowest value for the ethanol content. In changes of organic acid and citric acid decreased slowly during storage, malic acid in air and below 3% O$_2$was disappeared at 8 days. Above 4% O$_2$concentration malic acid contents were maintained till 16 days. In over all acceptability, air and 6.4% O$_2$+7.8% CO$_2$ condition took a good score from the panel. Quality of stored cherry tomatoes was not edible condition in 1% O$_2$+6% CO$_2$. CA storage cherry tomatoes took a good score in firmness and juiciness where as control received good score in color and sweetness. This result was explained that in air ad 6.4% O$_2$+7.8% CO$_2$stored cherry tomato was ripened and full color development, but in CA was break stage because of suppressed ripening.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of onion and garlic juice on the lipid oxidation of fish oil as antioxidants and quality characteristics of fish muscle. The samples were treated with onion and garlic juice at 5%(w/w) or 10%(w/w) of fish muscle, and stored at 4$\pm$1$\^{C}$ and -18$\pm$2$\^{C}$ for 7 and 42 days, respectively. The results of this study were as follows: Lipid oxidation in samples was measured by AV, POV and TBA value. AV and TBA values of the samples treated with 5% onion and garlic juice were lower than those treated with l0% onion and garlic juice. POV of the samples treated with onion were lower than those treated with garlic juice. Lightness and yellowness of the sample were the highest in 10% onion and garlic juice-treated ones. The score of overall quality in sensory evaluation was the highest in the samples treated with onion juice stored at 4$\pm$1$\^{C}$.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.889-900
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• 2003

This study was carried out to obtain information regarding eating habits, including health related behavior and health food consumption patterns. The subjects of this study were 149 men and 152 women residing in the Ulsan area. We obtained results by means of a questionnaire and an interview, and these were analyzed using the SPSS package program. The results of this study are summarized as follows The average age of the men was 47.6 $\pm$ 7.3 years and of the women was 47.3 $\pm$ 7.6 years old. The average height and weight of the men were 169.4 $\pm$ 5.5 cm and 67.7 $\pm$ 8.2 kg, respectively. Those of the women were 157.6 $\pm$ 5.0 cm and 58.2 $\pm$ 7.5 kg, respectively. The BMI values of all the subjects ranged from 20.0 to 25.0, all within the normal levels. In the case of dietary patterns, 24.3% of the total population always skipped a meal. In particular, 15.9% of the total population skipped breakfast. No time to eat, no appetite, having no taste, and having poor health were themain reasons for skipping meals. With regard to health care, there was a significant difference between the men and the women with respect to smoking and drinking (p<0.001). Of the total population, 40.5% hardly exercised (less than once a week), 26.2% exercised occasionally, 13.6% frequently exercised, and 19.6% exercised almost every day. A total of 60.7% responded that they were not interested in their health. The mean eating habit score of the subjects was 65.6 $\pm$ 9.9. The women had a higher eating habit score than the men (64.0 $\pm$ 9.6 for the men and 67.2 $\pm$ 9.9 for the women). Except for one group above 60 years, the older group had a higher eating habit score than the younger one. The group having a higher income and a more specialized career had a higher eating habit score than the one having a lower income and a less specialized career. There was also a marital difference. The group of single subjects showed a lower eating habit score than the married group. The group having a higher eating habit score drank, smoked and went out for meals less, and exercised more than the group having lower scores. They also were more concerned about their health. In the older group, there were more diabetic and hypertensive individuals. The subjects who had a higher BMI index were more likely to be patients with hypertension, especially in the men's group. Those who had a higher BMI index and hypertension simultaneously took a variety of medicines and foods for promoting health. Those who worried a lot about their health and had health problems tended to take special foods for their health. Patients usually took tonics. Special foods for health included Chinese medicines, tonic foods, vitamin or mineral supplements and manufactured health food supplements. Preferences for them depended on the sex and age of the subject. In the case of tonic foods, the men liked them more than the women. Foods other than tonic foods were favorites with the women. This study may provide basic information on the eating habits and health related behaviors of middle-aged people. However, further studies are needed to improve the eating habits and to change the nutritional attitudes, so that people can make better choices of health foods.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.278-291
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• 2001

Mesothermal gold vein minerals of the Seolhwa mine were deposited in a single stage of massive quartz veins which filled the mainly NE-trending fault shear zones exclusively in the granitoid of the Gyeonggi Massif. The Seolhwa mesothermal gold mineralization is spatially associated with the Jurassic granitoid of 161 Ma. The vein quartz contains three main types of fluid inclusions at 25$^{\circ}$C: 1) low-salinity (< 5 wt.% NaCl), liquid CO$_{2}$-bearing, type IV inclusion; 2) gas-rich (> 70 vol.%), aqueous type II inclusions; 3) aqueous type I inclusions (0${\sim}$15 wt.% NaCl) containing small amounts of CO$_{2}$. The H$_{2}$O-CO$_{2}-CH$_{4}$-N$_{2}$-NaCl inclusions represent immiscible fluids trapped earlier along the solvurs curve at temperatures from 430$^{\circ}$ to 250$^{\circ}$C and pressures of 1 kbars. Detailed fluid inclusion chronologies may suggest a progressive decrease in pressure during the auriferous mineralization. The aqueous inclusion fluids represent either later fluids evelved through extensive fluid unmixing (CO$_{2}-CH$_{4}$ effervescence) from a homogeneous H$_{2}$O-CO$_{2}-CH$_{4}$-N$_{2}$-NaCl fluid due to decreases in temperature and pressure, or the influence of deep circulated meteoric waters possibly related to uplift and unloading of the mineralizing suites. The initial fluids were homogeneous containing H$_{2}$O-CO$_{2}-CH$_{4}$-N$_{2}$-NaCl components and the following properties: the initital temperature of >250$^{\circ}$ to 430$^{\circ}$C, X$_{CO}\;_{2}$ of 0.16 to 0.62, 5 to 14 mole% CH$_{4}$, 0.06 to 0.3 mole% N$_{2}$ and salinities of 0.4 to 4.9 wt.% NaCl. The T-X data for the Seolhwa gold mine may suggest that the Seolhwa auriferous hydrothermal system has been probably originated from adjacent granitic melt which facilitated the CH$_{4}$ formation and resulted in a reduced fluid state evidenced by the predominance of pyrrhotite. The dominance of negative ${\delta}\;^{34}$S values of sulfides (-0.6 to 1.4$%_o$o) are consistent with their deep igneous source.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.721-733
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• 2009

A pattern of tropical cyclone (TC) movement in the western North Pacific area was studied using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and the best track data from 1951 to 2007. The independent variable used in this study was defined as the frequency of tropical cyclone passage in 5 by 5 degree grid. The $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$ and $3^{rd}$ modes were the east-west, north-south and diagonal variation patterns. Based on the time series of each component, the signs of first and second mode changed in 1997 and 1991, respectively, which seems to be related to the fact that the passage frequency was higher in the South China Sea for 20 years before 1990s, and recent 20 years in the East Asian area. When the eigen vectors were negative values in the first and second modes and TC moves into the western North Pacific, TC was formed mainly at the east side relatively compared to the case of the positive eigen vectors. The first mode seems to relate to the pressure pattern at the south of Lake Baikal, the second mode the variation pattern around $30^{\circ}N$, and the third mode the pressure pattern around Japan. The first mode was also closely related to the ENSO and negatively related to the $Ni\tilde{n}o$-3.4 index in the correlation analysis with SST anomalies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.1551-1558
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• 2009

The management of skeletal health in the twenties is the number one priority for preventing fracture or osteoporosis occurrence in later life cycle. Therefore, the factors influencing bone mineral density were examined by anthropometric measurements, food intakes, bone mineral density and biochemical nutritional indexes in blood among college students. Among the students who received health examinations from May to December, 2007, 532 male and 507 female students who agreed to participate in the study were selected. Nutritional intakes were estimated with 3-day 24-hour recall method. Bone mineral density was measured by ultrasonic attenuation passing through right calcaneus bone and expressed as broadband ultrasound attenuation and t-score was calculated by WHO criteria. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit values were measured by whole blood analysis, and alkaline phosphatase, serum calcium and serum iron were used as indexes for biochemical nutritional status. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 14.0 program, and protecting and risk factors on bone health status were analyzed by logistic regression analysis between normal bone health group (t-score$\underline{\geq}$ -1.0) and osteopenia group (t-score<-1.0). The results showed that more people belong to the normal bone health group probably because this study was conducted among those with their peak bone density. Biochemical nutritional status and nutrition intakes of both groups for normal and osteopenia did not show statistically significant difference except MCHC, animal protein and animal iron intakes in female. According to the results of logistic regression analyses, dietary intakes of animal protein, animal iron and zinc showed protecting effects against osteopenia. Therefore, dietary nutritional intakes of micronutrients, especially iron and zinc are important for bone health of young people.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1296-1303
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• 2014

This study was conducted to develop predictive models for the growth of Bacillus cereus on carrot treated with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAcEW) and ultrasonication (US) at different storage temperatures. In addition, the inactivation of B. cereus by US with SAcEW was investigated. US treatment with a frequency of 40 kHz and an acoustic energy density of 400 W/L at $40^{\circ}C$ for 3 min showed the maximum reduction of 2.87 log CFU/g B. cereus on carrot, while combined treatment of US (400 W/L, $40^{\circ}C$, 3 min) with SAcEW reached to 3.1 log CFU/g reduction. Growth data of B. cereus on carrot treated with SAcEW and US at different temperatures (4, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and $35^{\circ}C$) were collected and used to develop predictive models. The modified Gompertz model was found to be more suitable to describe the growth data. The specific growth rate (SGR) and lag time (LT) obtained from the modified Gompertz model were employed to establish the secondary models. The newly developed secondary models were validated using the root mean square error, bias factor, and accuracy factor. All results of these factors were in the acceptable range of values. After compared SGR and LT of B. cereus on carrot, the results showed that the growth of B. cereus on carrot treated with SAcEW and US was slower than that of single treatment. This result indicates that shelf life of carrot treated with SAcEW and US could be extended. The developed predictive models might also be used to assess the microbiological risk of B. cereus infection in carrot treated with SAcEW and US.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.105-111
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• 2009

In this study, we carried out an experiment for estimation the larval digestibility in aspects which digestive enzymatic activities and nutrition of the rotifers, Brachionus rotundiformis. Thus we enhanced the digestive enzymatic activity through the addition of starch for the increase of digestibility of rotifer (starch-rotifer), and compared with the feed efficiency through rearing of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus used rotifer lipid-enriched with Algamac $2000^{(R)}$ (CE-rotifer). The digestive enzyme activities (except for TG-lipase), total protein contents, total essential amino acid, essential amino acids (methionin and phenylalanine) of starch-rotifer (the rotifer used a starch as additive, and enriched not) was assayed significantly higher than CE-rotifer (P<0.05). And total lipid, lipid classes (except for sterol) and fatty acids as DHA and EPA showed higher in CE-rotifer than starch-rotifer (P<0.05). But, sterol contents and ST/TG ratio were shown significantly higher in starch-rotifer (P<0.05). The flounder larvae supplied the two rotifers showed standard length and body weight that not significantly differed with ranges $3.72{\sim}3.79\;mm$ and $32.9{\sim}37.8\;mg$/larva on 6 days after hatching (DAH), respectively (P>0.05). However, these of 12 DAH showed the values of significantly higher to $5.94{\pm}0.249\;mm$, $144.0{\pm}23.86\;mg$/larva and $26.2{\pm}12.13%$ in standard length, body weight and survival in CE-flounder than that of starch-flounder (P<0.05). The hydrolytic enzymatic activities of flounder larvae severally supplied the two rotifers showed the significantly higher activities in acidic -amylase, neutral -amylase, TG-lipase, lysozyme and acidic phosphatase in starch-flounder on 5 DAH (P<0.05). But neutral $\alpha$-amylase, three proteases and two phosphatases of CE-flounder on 11 DAH showed the significantly higher activities than that of starch-flounder (P<0.05). Therefore, for the flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus larvae just depleted yolk was more beneficial to supply the feed, rotifer, enhanced the digestibility than to supply the feed lipid-enriched for aspect of larval digestibility up to 6 DAH, thereafter nutrition of absorption due to the development of digestive organs suggested that enrichment effect appeared with larval somatic growth. Consequently, investigation more detailed about the larval digestive physiological and nutritional requirement variations after 6 DAH will be necessary, thereafter.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.944-955
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• 2000

Background : In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), several factors have been associated with a poor prognosis. These include old age, low $FEV_1$ low diffusing capacity, high alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference, and finally cor pulmonale. This study was done to investigate if the ECG signs suggesting cor pulmonale were independent prognostic factors in patients with COPD. Method : We analyzed ECG, pulmonary function data and arterial blood gas values in 61 patients who were admitted through the emergency department with an acute exacerbation of COPD. The ECG signs reflecting cor pulmonale were right strial overloading(RAO), right bundle branch block, right ventricular hypertrophy and low-voltage QRS. The 61 patients were divided into 2 groups ; group I with no ECG signs(n=36) and group II with one or more ECG signs(n=25) suggesting cor, pulmonale. Results : Poor, prognostic factors by univariate analysis were low $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$ % pred., VC % pred., DLco, DLco % pred., $PaO_2$ and $SaO_2$ high $PaCO_2$ presence of ECG signs reflecting cor pulmonale, presence of mental status change, use of mechanical ventilator, and long term use of glucocorticoid. A multivariate analysis indicated that age(risk ratio=1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.23), DLco % pred. (risk ratio=0,97. 95% confidence interval 0.94-0.99), $PaO_2$ (risk ratio=0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.90-0.99) and RAO(risk ratio=5.27, 95% confidence interval 1.40-19.85) were independent prognostic factors of survival. There was a significant difference in survival between the patients with and without RAO(p=0.038). The survival rates at 1, 2, and 5 years were 94.5%. 81.4%, and 50.0% in patients without RAO and 82.4%, 70.6%, and 27.5% in patients with RAO, respectively. Conclusion : These results suggest that the presence of ECG signs reflecting cor pulmonale is a predictor of survival and that RAO of these ECG signs is a significant independent predictor of survival in patients with COPD.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.388-394
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• 2003

Background : Monoclonal antibodies directed against well-known epitopes on cytokeratin (CK) 8, 18 and 19 (Monototal) have been used in the development of a new diagnostic tool for lung cancer. In the mid-1990s, CK 19 fragments (Cyfra 21-1) became popular and widely used for such diagnosis. This is the first study specifically designed to compare these two markers. Method : The serum levels of CK 8, 18 and 19 were measured using two-site monoclonal/polyclonal immunoradiometric assay kit in 57 healthy adults and 289 patients who were admitted to Seoul National University Hospital from May to September, 2002. The lung cancer group comprised 129 primary lung cancer patients; 116 with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) and 13 with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The control group comprised 160 non-malignant pulmonary lung disease patients and 57 healthy adults. A total of 166 twin Monototal and Cyfra 21-1 serum assays were obtained; 76 with lung cancer, 70 with non-malignant pulmonary lung disease and 20 healthy adults. Results : The mean serum value of Monototal was $412.47{\pm}455.45U/L$ in NSCLC, $237.08{\pm}145.15U/L$ in SCLC, $126.54{\pm}95.72U/L$ in non-malignant pulmonary lung disease, and $63.68{\pm}31.66U/L$ in healthy adults. The serum values of the lung cancer groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (p<0.01). Using a cut off value of 188U/L, sensitivity and specificity was 66.4% and 81.9% in NSCLC, and 43.8% and 81.9% in SCLC, respectively. The serum levels of CK 8, 18 and 19 were higher in advanced NSCLC than in early stage disease. Conclusion : The serum levels of CK 8, 18 and 19 may be useful in the diagnosis of NSCLC.