• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.320-326
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidative activities of water and ethanol extracts from a mixture of roasted coffee and red ginseng. The antibacterial effects of each extract were determined by the classical paper disc method. A water extract of mixture samples inhibited growth of all strains, but antibacterial effects were mostly weakened. Ethanol extracts showed stronger antibacterial effects than water extracts in all strains except Gram negative Escherichia coli and the fungi strain Candida albicans. Also, the antibacterial effect of the Bacillus cereus strain appeared in all samples, and the ES2 sample formed a clear zone of 19 and 20 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. Typhimurium respectively (MIC=0.25 and 0.125 mg/mL). Determinations of free radical elimination for the different mixture extracts using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were compared with ascorbic acid and butylated hyderoxytoluene as positive controls. The water and ethanol extracts of mixture samples (100 ${\mu}g/mL$) showed 55.38~60.01% and 59.37~70.50% DPPH scavenging activities, respectively. DPPH scavenging activities of all mixture samples were slightly higher than roasted coffee and red ginseng samples. However, DPPH scavenging activity decreased when red ginseng extract composed more than 70% of the total extract. The total polyphenol in the mixture samples measured by the Folin-Denis method revealed the highest level of polyphenol content in ethanol extract of sample 3, whereas polyphenol content differed with different mixture ratios, ranging from 105.16~119.79 mg/g in ethanol extract. In the water extract, the polyphenol content was greatest with water extract of sample 1, whereas in other samples the content varied from 93.75~109.18 mg/g.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.481-487
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• 2010

Purpose: Recently many studies show early exposure during childhood growth to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) and/or early exposure to allergens exhibit important role in development of allergy including bronchial asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of endotoxin and allergen exposure in early life via the airways in the pathogenesis of allergic airways inflammation and airway hyperresposiveness (AHR) in mouse model of asthma. Methods: Less than one week-old Balb/c mice was used. Groups of mice were received either a single intranasal instillation of sterile physiologic saline, 1% ovalbumin (OVA), LPS or $1.0{\mu}g$ LPS in 1% OVA. On 35th day, these animals were sensitized with 1% OVA for 10 consecutive days via the airways. Animals were challenged with ovalbumin for 3 days on 55th days, and airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and cytokine expression were assessed. Measurements of airway function were obtained in unrestrained animals, using whole-body plethysmography. Airway responsiveness was expressed in terms of % enhanced pause (Penh) increase from baseline to aerosolized methacholine. Lung eosinophilia, serum OVA-IgE and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytokine levels were also assessed. ANOVA was used to determine the levels of difference between all groups. Comparisons for all pairs were performed by Tukey-Kramer honest significant difference test; $P$ values for significance were set to 0.05. Results: Sensitized and challenged mice with OVA showed significant airway eosinophilia and heightened responsiveness to methacholine. Early life exposure of OVA and/or LPS via the airway prevented both development of AHR as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophilia. Exposure with OVA or LPS also resulted in suppression of interleukin (IL)-4, 5 production in BAL fluid and OVA specific IgE in blood. Conclusion: These results indicate that antigen and/or LPS exposure in the early life results in inhibition of allergic responses to OVA in this mouse model of astham. Our data show that early life exposure with OVA and/or LPS may have a protective role in the development of allergic airway inflammation and development of allergen-induced airway responses in mouse model of asthma.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1414-1426
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• 2005

The evaluation of students and employees on the importance and the performance for sanitary characteristics in high school foodservices, was investigated. The questionnaires were administered to 379 students and 141 employees in 13 high school, in Busan and then the data evaluated by 5 scales method of Likert were statistically analyzed. The mean scores of the importance and the performance evaluated by students (4.26/3.24) were significantly (p<0.01) lower than those by employees (4.71/4.51). Both the students and the employees percepted that, among sanitary characteristics, cleanliness of meals was most important. The student assessed the performance of withdrawal of plate waste as lowest scores, however the employees assessed student's hygiene as lowest scores, among sanitary characteristics. The gap score of the student (-1.02) between the importance and performance for sanitary factor was higher than that of the employees (-0.02) in high school foodservice. The importance grid of students and employees revealed that the items of tray cleanliness, dining table cleanliness, restaurant cleanliness, and handwashing before serving were high scores to the students, but low scores to the employees. The performance grid of students and employees revealed that the items of tray cleanliness, dining table cleanliness, restaurant cleanliness, the sanitation of treatment process of Plate waste, cleanliness of utensils of platewaste, not touch utensils before serving, handwashing before serving, handwashing before eating and not touch inside of tray were low scores to both the students and the employees. Therefore, it is suggested that the sanitary operations for dining place, treatment process of plate waste and the student's hygiene might have to increase in high school foodservice.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.659-674
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• 1998

This Study was to investigate elaborated research themes and direction through specifying the problems of clinical practice education and looking for the direction of improvement. It was in the basis of the viewpoint of the educators that professors and therapists who were the subjects of this study. Perform this study, the 15 colleges' professors and the 55 hospitals' therapists was made up questionnaire, and the data was analysing by Chi-square test and percentage. The results were as follow : ${\cdot}$ In a personal history among the general qualities, professors have little clinical practice history(l-5 years, 53.3%), and therapists have little lecture career(1-5 years, 43.6%, have no 49.0%), ${\cdot}$ The 78.6% subjects were unsatisfied of clinical practice systems. ${\cdot}$ The correlation between clinical history, school career and lecture career and the satisfaction level of clinical practice systems has no(P<.005), ${\cdot}$ The subjects were agreed to that clinical practice curriculum should be changed(67.1%), reinforced(82.9%), and specified(90.0%). ${\cdot}$ The clinical practice credits are 11 points averagely. ${\cdot}$ In the clinical practice curriculum, it made no difference in the practicum of diseases, modality, and the therapeutic techniques between professors and therapists. ${\cdot}$ The 100% professors said that the practicum of the patients' assessment is necessary, and the 63.6% therapists were training for that. ${\cdot}$ The 66.7% professors said that the practicum of the clinical psychology is necessary, and only the 20.0% therapists were training for that. ${\cdot}$ The 93.3% professors said that the practicum of the patients' management is necessary, and the 50.9% therapists were training for that. ${\cdot}$ The 66.7% professors said that the practicum of the medical ethics is necessary, and the 34.5% therapists were training for that. ${\cdot}$ The 46.7% professors said that the practicum of the hospital administration is necessary, but the 54.5% therapists have not training. ${\cdot}$ The 33.3% professors said that the practicum of the pharmacology is necessary, but the 81.8% therapists have not training. ${\cdot}$ The 86.7% professors said that the practicum of the patient's education is necessary, and the 43.6% therapists have training. ${\cdot}$ The 66.7% professors said that the practicum of the prosthesis and brace is necessary, but the 14.5% therapists have not training. ${\cdot}$ The 60.0% professors said that the practicum of the exercise prescription is necessary, but the 25.5% therapists have not training. ${\cdot}$ The 53.5% professors said that the practicum of the emergency treatment is necessary, but the 52.7% therapists have not training. ${\cdot}$ Drawing up the plan about the curriculum of clinical practice, the professors (46.7%) were agreed to national master plan framing by an expert advisor, but the therapists (58.2%) said that the plan that make the most of hospitals' characteristics should be specified. ${\cdot}$ It was found that a clinical special therapists(54.5%) was good as a person in charge of clinical practice education, in that each therapist's own good time (34.5%) was. ${\cdot}$ It made use of the form framing by college(40.0%) as the clinical practice textbook, the form framing by hospital (42.9%) and each therapist(22.9%) as the plan, and the form framing by college (74.3%) as the measurement. ${\cdot}$ The most difficult point in clinical practice education was the lacks of the theory-praciticum linkage(78.2%). ${\cdot}$ It was found that the period of clinical practice was in the second semester-third grade (40.0%) and the desirable period was in the first semester-third grade(50.0%). ${\cdot}$ Professors (53.3%) were agreed that the desirable clinical practice duration was from four months to six months(60.0%), and the therapists (60.0%) were agreed that from one month to three months. ${\cdot}$ This study presented the lacks of rearing the experts, the lacks of cultural education, and the lacks of the theory-clinical practice linkage. There were need to develop the systematic programs, clinical practice textbooks, the measurements and the special hospital for clinical practice. And it was need to reduce the gab between of the hospitals for clinical practice, to cut down the costs. and to improve the labour conditions of leaders. In view of this findings, it takes notice of that both professor and therapist were dissatisfied at the present clinical practice systems. These results point out the problems of clinical practice systems, and do not make expect to us the successive and positive clinical practice. The general, specific and intensive plan about the problems and the direction of improvement that establishing the level of hospital for clinical practice and physiotherapy can be elaborated.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-31
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• 2007

While trust and commitment are core mediating variables for the purpose of maintaining the long-term relationship, in the context of the characteristics of company and the relationship performance of its members, there have been limited studies which explore as to how each of the dimensions has affects differently. The basic purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between an automobile manufacturer and its agencies. The main purpose of this study is to examine how each different dimension of trust and commitment on the automobile manufacturer has different mediating effects between the characteristics of company(organization characteristics, relationship characteristics) and relationship performance perceived by its agents. Another purpose is to investigate the mechanism by which the relationship performance of the agencies is improved. An empirical study surveying 115 sales office managers at a leading automobile manufacturer in Korea was conducted. An analysis of the collected data indicates that while the characteristics of company have a positive influence on the agencies' relational performance through the mediating role of both trust of benevolence and commitment, agencies' trust of their headquarter's benevolence has a different influence on the dimensions of commitment. Finally, the authors discussed some theoretical contributions and managerial implications. And then, they presented limitations of this study and the future research directions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.453-466
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• 2006

To comply with stricter regulations provoked by increasing odor nuisance, it is imperative to practice effective odor control for sustainable livestock production. This study was conducted to assess odor and odorous compounds emitted from liquid animal manure with different treatment methods such as Fresh Manure(without treatment, FM), Anaerobic Digestion(AD) and Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion(TAD) and their application to soil. Air samples were collected at the headspace of liquid manure, upland and paddy soil, and analyzed for odor intensity and offensiveness using an olfactometry; odor concentration index using odor analyser; nitrogen-containing compound such as ammonia(NH3) using fluorescence method; and sulfur containing compounds such as hydrogen sulfide(H2S), methyl mercaptan(MeSH), dimethyl sulfide(DMS) and dimethyl disulfide(DMDS) using gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detector, respectively. Odor intensity, offensiveness and concentration index from TAD liquid manure was statistically lower than those from FM and AD(p<0.01). Mean concentrations of H2S, MeSH, DMS, DMDS and NH3 were 65.93ppb, 18.55ppb, 5.26ppb, 0.33ppb and 10.57ppm for liquid manure with AD; and 5.15ppb, 0.97ppb, 0.80ppb, 0.56ppb and 1.34ppm for liquid manure with TAD, respectively. More than 60% of malodorous compounds related to nitrogen and sulfur were removed by heterotrophic microorganisms during TAD treatment. When liquid manure was applied onto upland and paddy soil, NH3 removal efficiencies ranged from 51 to 94% and 22 to 91% for AD and TAD liquid manure, respectively. The above results show that liquid manure with TAD is superior to AD and FM with respect to the odor reduction and odor problem caused by land applied liquid manure is directly related to the degree of odor generated by the manure treatment method.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.783-800
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• 2007

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of high quality hay on the performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Twenty(20) Hanwoo(7 months old) were allocated into either Control(rice straw fed) or Treatment(timothy hay and rice straw fed) group(10 animals per group) and fed for 710 days until the animals reached at 30 months old. Concentrates were fed according to the feeding program composed with three(3) phases; growing, fattening, and finishing period. For the overall feeding period, final body weights were 761.3 and 799.6kg for the Control and Treatment groups, respectively, showing 38.3kg heavier body weight in Treatment group. ADG were 0.79 and 0.84kg for Control Treatment groups, respectively. These results might be because of the intake of high quality hay during growing phase and the effects persisted until the end of the experiment. Feed intake tended to be higher in Treatment group whereas feed conversion did not show significant difference between groups. Cold carcass weights were 451.0 and 475.3kg for Control and Treatment, There were no significant difference between groups in both yield and quality grade. There were no remarkable differences in physico-chemical characteristics fatty acid composition of carcasses between groups. In conclusion, it would be beneficial to feed high quality hay such as timothy during growing period of Hanwoo steers to produce high quality beef with heavier live and carcass weight.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.431-440
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• 2005

Local K-index is an indicator representing local geomagnetic activity in every 3 hour. For estimation of the local K-index, a reasonable determination of solar quiet curve (undisturbed daily variation of geomagnetic field) is quiet essential. To derive the solar quiet curve, the FMI method, which is one of representative algorithms, uses horizontal components (H and D) of 3 days magnetometer data from the previous day to the next day for a specific day. However, this method is not applicable to real time forecast since it always requires the next day data. In this study, we have devised a new method to estimate local K-index in near real-time by modifying the FMI method. The new method selects a recent quiet day whose $K_p$ indices, reported by NOAA/SEC are all lower than 3, and replace the previous day and the next day data by the recent quiet day data. We estimated 2,672 local K indices from Gyeongzu magnetometer in 2003, and then compared the indices with those from the conventional FMI method. We also compared the K indices with those from Kakioka observatory. As a result, we found that (1) K indices from the new method are nearly consistent with those of the conventional FMI method with a very high correlation (R=0.96); (2) onr local K indices also have a relatively high correlation (R=0.81) with those from Kakioka station. Our results show that the new method can be used for near real-time estimation of local K indices from Gyeongzu magnetometer.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 2020

To assess the characteristics of phytoplankton community structures related to environmental factors, seasonal surveys were conducted in the vicinity of Dokdo. In 2019, phytoplankton of four phyla and 69 species were observed. During winter, unidentified nanoflagellates dominated, with an average of 3.19×10⁴ cells L^-1. In spring, unidentified nanoflagellates occupied about 50% of the composition and a variety of dinoflagellates appeared. The summer phytoplankton population showed very low abundance. In autumn, various species of Chaetoceros appeared, along with diatoms, such as Bacteriastrum spp., Guinardia striata, and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. In addition, tropical species Amphisolenia sp. and Ornithocercus sp. were observed in both 2018 and 2019. The diversity was high in the summer of 2018 and the winter of 2019 and the characteristics of each index varied. Cluster analysis was divided into four groups according to species and population characteristics regardless of the season. The stratification of spring was particularly weak. In the autumn of 2018, the water mass was stabilized in the same way as in the summer, which is considered a suitable condition for phytoplankton growth. However, in 2019, the water masses were mixed, resulting in a low population. In a phytoplankton comparison, the dominant group showed seasonal differences, except for summer when the population was low, and the difference was most pronounced in autumn. Therefore, the waters surrounding Dokdo have different environmental and ecological characteristics from the East Sea, but the seasonal characteristics of each year are considered to be different depending on the topography, various currents, the island effect, and other factors.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2016

The effects of freezing and thawing conditions on microbiological quality and microstructure change of inoculated (Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter jejuni) and non-inoculated chicken breasts were investigated. Chicken breasts were frozen with air blast freezing (-20, -70, and $-150^{\circ}C$), ethanol ($-70^{\circ}C$) and liquid nitrogen ($-196^{\circ}C$) immersion freezing. There were no significant differences on the populations of L. monocytogenes inoculated with chicken breasts under different freezing conditions. However, air blast freezing ($-20^{\circ}C$) resulted in significant reductions for total aerobic bacteria and C. jejuni compared to the control and other freezing treatments. The frozen samples were thawed with (hot or cold) air blast, water immersion, and high pressure thawing at $4^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. the populations of total aerobic bacteria, and yeast and mold in the frozen chicken breast increased by 5.78 and 4.05 log CFU/g after water immersion thawing ($25^{\circ}C$) treatment. After five freeze-thaw cycles, the populations of total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold, and C. jejuni were reduced by 0.29~1.40 log cycles, while there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the populations of L. monocytogenes depending on the freeze-thaw cycles. In addition, the histological examination of chicken breasts showed an increase in spacing between the muscle fiber and torn muscle fiber bundles as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increased. These results indicate that freezing and thawing processes could affect in the levels of microbial contamination and the histological change of chicken breasts.