• 제목/요약/키워드: S/OH

검색결과 17,438건 처리시간 0.05초

Development of a New Double Buffer Layer for Cu(In, Ga) $Se_2$ Solar Cells

  • Larina, Liudmila;Kim, Ki-Hwan;Yoon, Kyung-Hoon;Ahn, Byung-Tae
    • 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국신재생에너지학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회
    • /
    • pp.152-153
    • /
    • 2006
  • The new approach to buffer layer design for CIGS solar cells that permitted to reduce the buffer absorption losses in the short wavelength range and to overcome the disadvantages inherent to Cd-free CIGS solar cells was proposed. A chemical bath deposition method has been used to produce a high duality buffer layer that comprises thin film of CdS and Zn-based film. The double layer was grown on either ITO or CIGS substrates and its morphological, structural and optical properties were characterized. The Zn-based film was described as the ternary compound $ZnS_x(OH)_y$. The composition of the $ZnS_x(OH)_y$ layer was not uniform throughout its thickness. $ZnS_x(OH)_y$/CdS/substrate region was a highly intermixed region with gradually changing composition. The short wavelength cut-off of double layer was shifted to shorter wavelength (400nm) compared to that (520 nm) for the standard CdS by optimization of the double buffer design. The results show the way to improve the light energy collection efficiency of the nearly cadmium-free CIGS-based solar cells.

  • PDF

2,2'-Methylene bis(3,4,6-trichloroacetoxy benzene)의 Hydroxyamine유도체에 관한 연구 (Studies on Hydroxyamine Derivatives of 2,2'-Methylene bis(3,4,6-trichloroacetoxy benzene))

  • 유주현;김종호;이석영
    • 한국식품과학회지
    • /
    • 제4권2호
    • /
    • pp.72-76
    • /
    • 1972
  • 2,2'-methylene bis(3,4,6-trichloroacetoxy benzene)을 모체로 한 7가지 hydroxyamine 유도체의 13가지 균주에 대한 항균성을 paper disk method와 tube dilution method에 의하여 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) hydroxyamine유도체 중에서 -OH기가 meta위치에 있는 유도체가 다른 유도체보다 항균력이 강하고, para위치에 -OH기가 있는 화합물은 전연 어느 균에도 항균력이 없으며, para위치에 있는 -OH기의 H대신에 $CH_{3-}$기가 치환된 유도체도 항균력이 별로 강하지가 않았다. 2) $-NH\;OH,\;-NH\;CH_2\;CH_2OH$$-N\;(CH_2\;CH_2\;OH)_2$화합물 중에서 -NH OH화합물이 가장 강하고 나머지 두 화합물은 몇 가지 균주에 대하여 약간의 항균력을 나타내었다. 3) 모든 합성화합물 중에서 -NH OH화합물의 항균력이 제일 강했으며 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes에 대한 M.I.C.는 $1.6{\mu}g/ml$이며, S. aureus와 Bacillus subtilis에 대한 M.I.C.는 $5{\mu}g/ml$이었다.

  • PDF

단일 성분 고분자 나노 계면의 도입을 통한 블락 고분자 박막의 나노 구조 배향 조절 (Orientational Control of Nano Structures from Block Copolymer Using Homo-Polymer Nano Interface)

  • 인인식
    • 접착 및 계면
    • /
    • 제9권4호
    • /
    • pp.30-33
    • /
    • 2008
  • 블락 고분자 박막과 기판 사이의 계면에 1 nm 두께의 얇은 단일 성분 고분자 나노 계면을 도입함으로써 블락 고분자 나노 구조의 배향을 조절하는 연구가 수행되었다. Polystyrene-block-poly (methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) 블락 고분자 박막의 나노 구조를 조절하기 위하여 블락 고분자의 각각의 고분자들의 평균 조성을 가지며 한쪽 끝에 히드록시 기를 가지는 단일 성분 고분자인 폴리(4-아세톡시스티렌) (OH-PAS)과 폴리(4-메톡시스티렌) (OH-PMS)를 나이트록사이드를 이용한 라디칼 중합법(nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization, NMP)을 사용하여 성공적으로 합성하였다. 실리콘 웨이퍼 표면과 저압 탈수 반응을 통하여 OH-PAS와 OH-PMS 두 개의 고분자를 성공적으로 표면에 공유결합 하였으며 생성된 두 고분자가 결합된 1 nm 두께의 계면 위에 PS-b-PMMA 블락 고분자 박막을 도포하여 그 나노 구조의 배향을 분석하였다. OH-PMS를 사용하여 제작된 계면의 경우 블락 고분자에 대하여 약 30%의 수직 배향을 보여주었고 OH-PAS를 사용하여 제작된 계면의 경우 수직 배향을 전혀 보여주지 않았고 오직 수평 배향만을 보여주었다. 결과적으로 계면의 화학적 조성을 정밀하게 조절하는 것이 블락 고분자 박막의 나노 구조 배향을 조절하는 데 가장 중요한 요소라고 고려된다.

  • PDF

Ab initio Study on the Complex Forming Reaction of OH and H2O in the Gas Phase

  • Park, Jong-Ho
    • Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
    • /
    • 제9권2호
    • /
    • pp.158-164
    • /
    • 2015
  • The estimation of the concentration of hydroxyl radical (OH) in the atmosphere is essential to build atmospheric models and to understand the mechanisms of the reactions involved in OH. Although water vapor is one of the most abundant species in the troposphere, only a few studies have been performed for the reaction of OH and water vapor. Here I demonstrate an ab initio study on the complex forming reation of OH with $H_2O$ in the gas phase performed based on density functional theory to calculate the reaction rate and the energy states of the reactant and the OH-$H_2O$ complex. The structure of the complex, which belongs to the Cs point group, was optimized at global minima. The transition state was not found at the B3LYP and MP2 levels of theory. Rate constants of the forward and the reverse reactions were calculated as $1.1{\times}10^{-16}cm^3\;molecule^{-1}\;s^{-1}$ and $5.3{\times}10^9\;s^{-1}$, respectively. The extremely slow rates of complex forming reaction and the resulting hydrogen atom exchange reaction of OH and $H_2O$, which are consistent with experimentally determined values, imply a negligible possibility of a change in OH reactivity through the title reaction.

비정질 As-Ge-Se-S 박막에서 선택적 에칭을 통한 2차원 엠보싱형 홀로그램 제작 (2- Dimensional Embossing Type Hologram Fabrication in Amorphous As-Ge-Se-S with the Selective Etching)

  • 이기남;정홍배
    • 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
    • /
    • 제55권7호
    • /
    • pp.354-358
    • /
    • 2006
  • In this paper, we investigated the selective etching rate of amorphous As-Ge-Se-S thin film due to the photoexpansion effect and fabricated the 2-dimensional embossing type diffraction grating hologram. We measured the thickness change with the etching time among NaOH solution after forming 1-dimension diffraction grating. As a results, we found that the selective etching rate were $2.5\AA/s,\;3.3\AA/s,\;3.9\AA/s$ where NaOH solution concentration were 0.26N, 0.33N, 0.36N, respectively. Also after the formation of 2-dimensional diffraction grating by the $90^{\circ}$ degree of circulation on the formed 1-dimensional diffraction grating, we etched selectively during 60sec, among 0.26N NaOH solution and obtained 2-dimensional embossing diffraction grating. As the results of AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy), we confirmed the formation of distinct embossing type 2-dimensional diffraction grating hologram, successfully.

CIGS 태양전지용 Cd-Free 버퍼층 제조 (Preparation of Cadmium-free Buffer Layers for CIGS Solar Cells)

  • 문지현;김지현;유인상;박상준
    • 공업화학
    • /
    • 제25권6호
    • /
    • pp.577-580
    • /
    • 2014
  • CIGS 태양 전지용 cadmium (Cd)-free $In(OH)_xS_y$ 버퍼층을 화학적 용액성장법을 이용해서 형성시켰고 최적 반응시간을 파악하였다. 투과율 측정과 함께 이온집적빔 시스템으로 직접 박막을 관찰해서 박막성장 조건을 최적화 하였으며 X선 회절분석법과 X선 광전자 분광법, 주사현미경을 이용해서 박막의 특성을 파악하였다. 그 결과 $In(OH)_xS_y$ 버퍼층의 증착을 위한 최적 반응 시간은 온도 섭씨 $70^{\circ}$의 조건에서 20 min임을 확인하였으며, 이때의 버퍼층의 두께는 57 nm 가량이었고 밴드갭 에너지는 2.7 eV를 나타내었다. 아울러 molybdenum (Mo)층과 CIGS층 위에서 $In(OH)_xS_y$ 버퍼층을 형성시키는 경우에 XPS 피크의 차이는 볼 수 없었다.

전기화학적 기법을 통한 시멘트페이스트의 수중노출에 따른 알칼리이온 침출저감 효과: Part 2- 미세구조 분석 (The Effect of Electrochemical Treatment in Lowering Alkali Leaching from Cement Paste to an Aquatic Environment: Part 2- Microscopic Observation)

  • 윤범희;안기용
    • 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
    • /
    • 제11권2호
    • /
    • pp.145-152
    • /
    • 2023
  • 본 연구에서는 알칼리 이온의 침출을 완화하기 위해 전기화학적 처리로 100일 동안 수중 환경에 침지된 시멘트 페이스트의 표면을 현미경으로 관찰하였다. 계면 영역에서의 미수화물 입자와 공극률을 정량적으로 평가하기 위하여 주사 전자 현미경을 통해 후방 산란 전자(BSE) 이미지를 얻었다. 그 결과, 전기화학적 처리에 의해 표면부의 공극률이 크게 감소한 반면, 전하 상태에서 제한된 수화반응에 의해 미수화 입자는 다소 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 전기화학적 처리에서, C-S-H 겔에 존재하는 Ca2+ 이온은 공극수 내의 OH- 이온과 Ca(OH)2 형태로 침전되어 C-S-H 겔을 낮추면서 동시에 Ca(OH)2를 증대시킬 수 있다. 실질적으로 알칼리 침출에 대한 위험성은 전기화학적인 처리 하에서 제한된 이온화 매트릭스에 의해 감소될 수 있다.

화학 활성화제에 의한 플라이애쉬-생석회계의 수화반응 (hydration of the Fly Ash-CaO System in the Presence of Various Chemical Activators)

  • 송종택;김재영;류동우;고상렬;한경섭
    • 한국세라믹학회지
    • /
    • 제35권2호
    • /
    • pp.185-195
    • /
    • 1998
  • This experiment carried out in order to investigate the effect of the chemical activators for acceleration of hydration the system of Fly ash-Cao The paste was consisted of 80wt% Fly ash and 20wt% CaO with 1. 3. 5wt% of 4 activators(N{{{{ alpha _2 }}S{{{{ OMICRON _4 }}, CaC{{{{ {l }_{2 } }}, NaOH, Ca(N{{{{ OMICRON _3 {)}_{2 } }} and W/S ratio of 0.42 After curing for 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 days the paste hydration was characterized by the measurement of compressive strength XRD analysis SEM observation the combined water and the reaction amount of Ca(OH)2 determination. As a result of this ex-periment all of the system which involved Na2SO4 or NaOH had a god compressive strength. In the case of 7 days curing a system which added CaCl2 showed the highest compressive strength among all especially NaOH system showed a high increase in strength as a dosage of it increased. Hydration products were different according to activatores added. Only C-S-H was observed in NaOH system. As the reaction amount of Ca(OH)2 and combined water were increased the compressive strength increased. There were few differences in the comparision of strength between ignited loss 3.1% and loss 9.3% of fly ash.

  • PDF

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Solvent-Partitioned Fractions from Spergularia marina in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells

  • Kong, Chang-Suk
    • Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
    • /
    • 제19권4호
    • /
    • pp.261-267
    • /
    • 2014
  • As a part of ongoing research to elucidate and characterize antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals, solvent-partitioned fractions from Spergularia marina were tested for their ability to scavenge radicals and suppress inflammation. The results of the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay indicate that solvent-partitioned fractions from S. marina scavenged intracellular radicals in $H_2O_2$-stimulated mouse macrophages. The tested fractions decreased the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inflammation mediators, namely, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin (IL)-6, by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse macrophages, indicating that S. marina decreases inflammation. Among all tested fractions [i.e., $H_2O$, n-buthanol (n-BuOH), 85% aqueous methanol (aq. MeOH), and n-hexane], the 85% aq. MeOH fraction showed the strongest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response. The 85% aq. MeOH fraction scavenged 80% of the free radicals produced by $H_2O_2$-induced control cells. In addition, NO production was 98% lower in 85% aq. MeOH fraction-treated cells compared to LPS-induced control cells. The mRNA expression of iNOS and IL-6 was also suppressed in 85% aq. MeOH fraction-treated cells. The results of the current study suggest that the phenolic compound components of S. marina are responsible for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.