• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2020.11a
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• pp.56-56
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• 2020

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.340-348
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• 2015

Mowing turfgrasses, especially fast growing species like perennial ryegrass, is one of the most time and money consuming tasks of their management. Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) is a popular plant growth regulator used to reduce mowing requirements, improve stress tolerance, and enhance turf quality. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of TE rate and frequency of applications on growth response and traffic tolerance of perennial ryegrass. The experiment was a split-plot laid out in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. TE was applied to main plots at 0.00, 0.25, and $0.50kg\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$. Application pattern included an initial application, followed by two sequential applications at 6-wk intervals. Traffic treatment was applied to subplots with a cleated roller. Results demonstrated that TE consistently reduced vertical shoot growth, clippings dry weight, with maximum growth reduction of 59% and 65%, for 0.25 and $0.50kg\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, occurring at 2 weeks after initial TE treatment (WAT). Traffic also dramatically reduced vertical shoot growth and clippings dry weight. Overall, quality of perennial ryegrass was enhanced by sequential TE applications, however, turf quality and surface coverage reduced greatly under traffic, regardless of TE treatment. Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and total carbohydrates (TC) contents were also positively influenced following sequential TE application. Our results indicated that TE reduces mowing frequency and enhances turf quality rather than influencing traffic resistance.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.68-75
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• 1991

A series of tests was carried out to determine the purity and germination of pasture plant and forage crop seeds imported in 1986 and 1987 at the grassland and forage laboratory, College of Agriculture, Seoul National University, Suweon. At the same time, the results obtained were compared with the National Livestook Cooperatives Federation(NLCF1's seed standards as a guide for determining seed quality. 1. The germination percentages of Potomac orchardgrass, Fawn tall fescue, Aquila Ky bluegrass and California ladino clover among grasses and legumes tested were lower than those of the N1,CF's standards, but the germination percentages of forage crops were higher than those of the NLCF's standards. 2. The purity of Potomac orchardgrass and Aquila Ky bluegrass were relatively lower than those of the NLCF's standards. 3. The percentages of other crop seeds in Potomac orchardgrass, Fawn tall fescue, Aquila Ky bluegrass and Cayuse oats were lower than those of the NLCF's standards. 4. Percentage of inert matter in the seeds was lower compared with the NLCF's standards except Akela ' forage rape. 5. The seeds of Potomac orchardgrass, NK 367 sorghum hybrid and sorghum x sudangrass hybrids such as NC+855, G83F and TE Haygrazer were contaminated with one or more weed seeds. Rumex spp. was by far the most common weed in the seeds imported. The other weeds occurred at a low level were Rumex acestosella, Senecio jacobaea, Cirsium arvense and Cuscicta spp. 6. There were many variations in 1,000 seed weight among different species. A thousand seed weight of Aquila Ky bluegrass was 0.263g, but that of Tetrone Italian ryegrass, Akela forage rape and Pioneer 3160 sorghum x sudangrass hybrid was 3.875, 3.476 and 242.4578, respectively. 7. According to the fluorescence test of ryegrass seed, Tetrone Italian ryegrass was known as a true annual type, but an unknown cultivar produced in Cheju was contaminated with 6% of perennial ryegrass seed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.265-274
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• 2000

To investigate the effects of anion replacement on NO3- concentration in Italian ryegrass. Plants weregrown hydroponically to the full vegetative stage. NO3 supply(control) was replaced with SO1- (Tl), C1-(T2) and water (T3) to during 14 days. The determination of inorganic nutrient uptake and quantification ofprincipal metabolites (nitrate. protein and sugar) followed. Relatively high uptake of ~ a a'n d Ca" for controlplants, K+ and POJ- for T2 plants, and C 1 for TI plants was observed, respectively. Proteins in shoot andstubble were relatively higher in control and TI plants, which coupled N source. In root proteins largelydecreased (especially in T3 plants) during experimental period. Sugars in shoot of all four treatments tendedto decrease during the first 7 days and recovered afterward. Sugars in stubble also markedly decreased duringthe first 7 days, while those in root was much less varied during experimental period. After 14 days oftreatment, nitrate concentration in shoot of control plants was 13mgIg FW. Comparing to control: nitrate inshoot reduced by 27%, 46% and 50% in TI, T2 and T3 plants, respectively. Dry weight was slightlyincreased or not significantly changed in control, T1 and T2 plants, while a significant decrease(31.3% ofcontrol) occurred in T3 plants.(Key words : Italian ryegrass, Anion replacement, Ion uptake, Protein, Sugar, Nitrate)ptake, Protein, Sugar, Nitrate)

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.190-195
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• 2018

Cold, salt and heat are the most critical factors that restrict full genetic potential, growth and development of crops globally. However, clarification of genes expression and regulation is a fundamental approach to understanding the adaptive response of plants under unfavorable environments. In this study, we applied an annealing control primer (ACP) based on the GeneFishing approach to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Italian ryegrass (cv. Kowinearly) leaves under cold, salt and heat stresses. Two-week-old seedlings were exposed to cold ($4^{\circ}C$), salt (NaCl 200 mM) and heat ($42^{\circ}C$) treatments for six hours. A total 8 differentially expressed genes were isolated from ryegrass leaves. These genes were sequenced then identified and validated using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. We identified several promising genes encoding light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein, alpha-glactosidase b, chromosome 3B, elongation factor 1-alpha, FLbaf106f03, Lolium multiflorum plastid, complete genome, translation initiation factor SUI1, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. These genes were potentially involved in photosynthesis, plant development, protein synthesis and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. However, this study provides new insight regarding molecular information about several genes in response to multiple abiotic stresses. Additionally, these genes may be useful for enhancement of abiotic stress tolerance in fodder crops as well a crop improvement under unfavorable environmental conditions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1149-1155
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• 2020

Silage is one of the main feed components of ruminants around the world and can make up about 50-80% of the rations of dairy cows during the winter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) aqueous and ethanol extracts to improve the hygienic quality of perennial ryegrass, red clover and blue alfalfa silage samples and estimate their effect on mycotoxins concentrations. Under laboratory conditions, 63 silage samples (21 perennial ryegrass, 21 blue alfalfa, 21 red clover) were fermented with inserted aqueous and ethanol extracts of oregano and thyme and two commercial inoculants with mesophilic lactic acid bacteria. After 96 days of fermentation, in silage samples were established fermentation parameters, microbiological status and mycotoxins concentrations. It was determined that the best results for achieving hygienic quality of perennial ryegrass and red clover silage samples was by insertion of aqueous and ethanol extracts of oregano and thyme. In blue alfalfa samples, the best results of silage hygienic indicators were determined by inserting aqueous and ethanol extracts of oregano. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and T-2 toxin concentrations in perennial ryegrass, red clover and blue alfalfa silage samples were best reduced by inserting aqueous and ethanol extracts of oregano and thyme. The present study shows that these extracts can be used to improve silage hygienic quality, reduce mycotoxins concentrations and thus ensure the wellness of cattle.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.1187-1196
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• 2014

Italian Ryegrass (IRG), which is known as high yielding and the highest quality winter annual forage crop, is grown in mid-south area in Korea. This study aims to analyze the cause-and-effect relationship between IRG yield and climate variables such as temperature and precipitation by using IRG data and climate data of Korea Weather Bureau. From path analysis of structural equation model under multivariate normality, we found that there was a weather effect on IRG yield that the winter grass IRG yield was directly affected by spring temperature and indirectly affected by spring rainfall. These results showed that IRG can be sown in early spring in the area where it is hard to prepare for winter due to low temperature. This paper can contribute to increase IRG yield by showing the cause-and-effect relationship and this study can be extended to various structural equation models for other crops.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1606-1610
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• 2002

The dynamics of fermentation were studied with Italian ryegrass ensiled in the laboratory silos. The silos were kept in the room set at 25$^{\circ}C$, and then were opened on 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after ensiling, respectively. The samples were taken from three silos at each sampling time for chemical analyses. Mono-and disaccharides composition was determined for glucose, fructose and sucrose by high performance liquid chromatography. The Italian ryegrass silage succeeded to achieve lactate type fermentation; high values of lactic acid (85.83 g/kg) and lactic acid/acetic acid at the end of ensiling (14 day), low values of pH (3.74), acetic acid (5.38 g/kg), ethanol (19.20 g/kg) and $NH_3-N/Total\;N$ (75.84 g/kg), no or only small amounts of butyric acid, valeric acid and propionic acid. The fermentation dynamics showed a fast and large pH decrease caused by a fast and large production of lactic acid during the first 5 days. Mono-and disaccharides composition largely decreased within initial 0.5 day (12 h) of ensiling. Sucrose disappeared rapidly within initial 0.5 day of ensiling, and fructose and glucose contents showed an initial rise during ensiling, and then decreased gradually. These indicated that the enzymes of plant tissue were active within 2 days of ensiling, which caused the initial rise in fructose and glucose from the hydrolysis of sucrose and fructans. After 5 days of ensilage, glucose was consumed completely, suggesting that glucose was the first fermentation substrate. After 2 days of ensiling, sum amounts of lactic acid and remaining mono-and disaccharides proved to be larger than the quantity of mono-and disaccharides in the initial grass. From the facts mentioned above, it was suggested that considerable amounts of lactic acid were produced from some other substrate such as fructans than initial mono-and disaccharides.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.633-637
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• 2004

The experiment of silage for preservation of fresh Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was carried out to examine whether the fermentation quality and microbial degradation in the rumen can be altered by the treatment of amino acids fermentation byproduct (AFB). The plant was ensiled for 40 days with 4 treatments of different ratios of AFB and sugarcane molasses (SCM) mixture. The treatment 2 (T2, AFB:SCM=100:0) and treatment 3 (T3, AFB:SCM=40:60) silages showed higher (p<0.05) concentrations of lactic acids, lower (p<0.05) pH and dry matter (DM) losses than the Control (T1, none additive) and treatment (T4, AFB:SCM=0:100) silages. The treatments 2 and 3 contained higher (p<0.05) DM and crude protein contents in silages compared to treatments 1 and 4 silages. The NDF, ADF and cellulose contents were also lower (p<0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 silages than T1 silage and fresh material before ensiled. The in situ rumen DM, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose degradability was also higher (p<0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 silages than T1 silage, while the highest improvement was achieved with addition of AFB:SCM at level of 40:60 at ensiling. The result in this study indicates that the addition of AFB and SCM additives improved the silage fermentation and cell wall degradability of Italian ryegrass silage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.235-240
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• 2007

Optimum tissue culture conditions for an efficient induction of embryogenic callus from mature seeds of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and regeneration of plants from callus tissues were investigated. MS medium containing 3 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L BA was optimal for embryogenic callus induction from mature seeds. The highest plant regeneration frequency (58.3%) was observed when the embryogenic callus tissues were cultured on N6 medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D and 3 mg/L BA. Regenerated plants were grown normally when shoots transplanted to the soil. A short tissue culture period and high-frequency regeneration system would be helpful for molecular breeding of perennial ryegrass through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation.