• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.199.2-199.2
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• 2014

Titanium과 Ruthenium의 비율(Ru/Ti = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07)을 조절하여 Ruthenium이 도입된 산화타이타늄($TiO_2$)를 수열합성법을 이용하여 합성하였다. TEM 이미지를 통하여 네모난 형태의 나노입자를 확인하였으며 XRD 패턴과 ICP 원소 분석을 통하여 Anatase 형태와 각각 다른 양의 Ruthenium이 도입된 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 Ruthenium이 도입된 산화타이타늄을 이종상촉매로 사용하여 Benzyl alcohol 및 Benzyl amine의 산화반응에 적용하였으며 특히, Ru/Ti = 0.03인 촉매가 가장 우수한 활성을 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 1982

Many materials such as silica gel, metallic oxide, activated alumina and alkaline earth metal carbonates were employed as filter media for gaseous oxides of ruthenium volatilized during high level radioactive waste processing. The adsorption efficiency of ruthenium on these materials was evaluated. For the purpose of observing behavior of ruthenium oxides, thermogravimetric analysis of ruthenium oxide in a stream of oxygen was carried out. The rate of volatilization was proportional to the square root of oxygen partial pressure, and increased exponentially with temperature. At $650^{\circ}C$, gaseous ruthenium oxides showed a strongly marked effect of deposition. Of all the materials available, calcium oxide proved to be the best that could be used to adsorb ruthenium.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.54-57
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• 1995

The effect of Ruthenium Red on the antinociceptive action of capsaicinoids was investigated using tail-flick test in mice. Capsaicin and KR-25018, when administered subcutaneously, had a potent antinociceptive effect against noxious heat stimulus. Ruthenium Red which is known to block the calcium channel coupled to the capsaicin receptor, when injected intraperitoneally more than 5 mg/kg, showed severe sedation and apparent antinociceptive effect against noxious heat stimulus. The 2.5 mg/kg Ruthenium Red, at which dose any significant sedative effect was not shown, had no effect on the antinociceptive effects of capsaicin and KR-25018. Considering this result, the antinociceptive effect of capsaicinoid may not be related to the Ruthenium Red sensitive calcium channel which is activated by capsaicin.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 1990

The sorption of radioactive cobalt and ruthenium on alumina, silica gel, zeolite 3A, kaolin and Na-bentonite has been studied as a function of pH. nuclide concentration and ionic strength. Retardation factor for cobalt and ruthenium on soil minerals was determined through porosity measurement. Hydrolysed species, cobalt and ruthenium interact with solid surfaces by physical adsorption processes. Freundlich sorption isotherms for cobalt and ruthenium are effectively linear. The sorption decreases with increasing ionic strength for cobalt and ruthenium. The effect of increasing porosity on the retardation factor countered the effect of a significant increase in the distribution coefficient.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.07b
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• pp.1296-1299
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• 2004

MIM capacitor has been investigated for the next generation DRAM. Conventional poly-Si bottom electrode cannot satisfy the requirement of electrical properties and comparability to the high k materials. New bottom electrode material such as ruthenium has been suggested in the fabrication of MIM structure capacitor. However, the ruthenium has to be planarized due to the backend scalability. For the planarization CMP has been widely used in the manufacture of integrated circuit. In this research, ruthenium thin film was Polished by CMP with cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN)base slurry. HNO3 was added on the CAN solution as an additive. In the various concentration of chemical and alumina abrasive, ruthenium surface was etched and polished. After static etching and polishing, etching and removal rate was investigated. Also microroughness of surface was observed by AFM. The etching and removal rate depended on the concentration of CAN, and HNO3 accelerated the etching and polishing of ruthenium. The reasonable removal rate and microroughness of surface was achieved in the 1wt% alumina slurry.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.191-197
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• 1971

Ruthenium content in highly purified palladium metal (99.9%) was determined by counting $^{105}Rh$ nuclide which was produced by $^{104}Ru(n,{\gamma};{\beta}^-)^{105}Rh$ nuclear reaction. Palladium sample and ruthenium standard were irradiated by neutron with the Pneumatic Transfer System of TRIGA MARK II reactor. Palladium and ruthenium were dissolved by treating with aqua-regia and by fusing with sodium peroxide flux respectively. $^{105}Rh$ was separated through anion and cation exchange resin columns. The ruthenium content was determined by comparing the $^{105}Rh$ activities, obtained from the palladium sample, with that from pure ruthenium standard. The detection limit of ruthenium by the present method is about 1 ppm of ruthenium in 10 mg of palladium, which is approximately 40 times more sensitive than that of the conventional radioactivation method which employs $^{102}Ru(n,{\gamma})^{103}Ru$ nuclear reaction.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 1997

A stripping voltammetric procedure for determining ruthenium was developed, based on the adsorptive accumulation of ruthenium in the presence of hydrazine in acidic acetate buffer. After preconcentration of ruthenium compelex and reduction, the ruthenium-catalyzed hydrogen current at -0.84V was measured by differential pulse voltammetry. Optimal experimental conditions were found to be a stirred acetate buffer solution(pH 2.0) containing 0.01M acetate and 0.01M hydrazine, accumulation potential of -0.76V, and a scan rate of 5mV/s. The detection limit was $2{\times}10^{-9}M$ for a 7 min accumulation period. The possible interferences by other platinum group metals were also investigated.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.2139-2152
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• 2007

Ruthenium complex-catalyzed reactions often require highly qualified tuning of reaction conditions with substrates to attain high yield and selectivity of the products. In this review, our strategies for achieving characteristic ruthenium complex-catalyzed co-oligomerization of different alkenes are disclosed: 1) The codimerization of 2-norbornenes with acrylic compounds by new ruthenium catalyst systems of RuCl3(tpy)/Zn [tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine] or [RuCl2(η6-C6H6)]2/Zn in alcohols, 2) A novel synthesis of 2-alkylidenetetrahydrofurans from dihydrofurans and acrylates by zerovalent ruthenium catalysts, such as Ru(η4-cod)(η6-cot) [cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, cot = 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene] and Ru(η6-cot)(η2-dmfm)2 [dmfm = dimethyl fumarate], 3) Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of enamides by Ru(η6-cot)(η2-dmfm)2-catalyzed codimerization of N-vinylamides with alkenes, and 4) Unusual head-to-head dimerization of styrenes and linear codimerization of styrenes with ethylene by Ru(η6-cot)(η2-dmfm)2 catalyst in the presence of primary alcohols.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2003

Intracellular calcium is an important physiological factor in most cells, and ruthenium red and ryanodine play an important role as calcium modulators. Ruthenium red inhibits calcium-induced calcium release(CICR) from the intracellular calcium store. Ryanodine activates calcium release through ryanodine channel. The present experiment was performed to investigate the effects of two modulators on calcium ion metabolism and to determine their dose-dependency in oocyte and early embryo of mouse. Intracellular calcium ion concentration was measured in realtime by using confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM) after loading of Fluo-3/AM in mouse oocytes and early embryos. Ruthenium red decreased intracellular calcium ion concentration in oocytes and early embryos at its high concentration(30, 300 $\mu$M). Ryanodine increased intracellular calcium ion concentration in oocytes and early embryos in low concentration(0.01 $\mu$M) but decreased that at higher concentrations(1, 10 $\mu$M). These results indicate that two modulators affected calcium ion metabolism in oocyte and early embryo of mouse, and their dose-dependency was different from somatic cell including myocytes.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2011

Ruthenium(Ru)-doped $TiO_2$ nanofibers were prepared using electrospun Ru-$TiO_2$/poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) fibers and subsequent annealing for 1 h at temperatures in the range of $500^{\circ}C$ to $1000^{\circ}C$ in air. The properties of the Ru-$TiO_2$ fibers were characterized as a function of the Ru content and calcination temperature using X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetry with differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and viscometer, pycnometer and dynamic tensiometer measurements. Although the diameter of the fiber decreased slightly with increasing calcination temperature, no dramatic changes were observed with respect to the ruthenium content. The XRD and FT-IR results revealed that anatase phase and ruthenium metal began to be formed after calcination at temperatures above $500^{\circ}C$. Anatase and rutile phases and ruthenium metal coexisted in the fibers calcined above $600^{\circ}C$. No anatase phase was detected in the fibers containing ruthenium when they were calcined at $1000^{\circ}C$. The morphology of the fibers changed from smooth and uniform to porous with increasing temperature. The experimental results suggest that the calcination temperature and Ru content were influential in determining the morphology and structure of the fibers.