• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.30-48
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• 2019

China has initiated a series of "economic sanctions" against South Korea, affecting Korean pop stars visiting China and Korean investments in China. Sanctions were imposed on South Korea in response to the decision of South Korea to deploy Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) in 2016. Furthermore, the Global Daily assembled local population to boycott Korean products and investments in China. However, the Chinese Foreign Ministry has never positively confirmed these activities as economic sanctions to South Korea related to the THAAD installation. In other words, the Chinese government singled a relatively weak message via these sanctions to South Korea. As a result, the THADD implementation continued in South Korea. In the paper, I interpret China's rationale to impost puzzling economic sanctions, which have a weak resolution, to South Korea and Taiwan. As signaling theory argues, economic sanctions with insufficient resolution, which are more likely to fail, is a more provocative foreign policy. By reviewing China's sanctions usage to South Korea and Taiwan, I propose arguments of bureaucratic competition to answer why China launched such sanctions to other countries: those are caused by domestic institutions who are seeking reward from the Communist Party of China. By comparing shifts of leadership between domestic agencies, the paper provides evidence to support the proposed argument. I also include two alternative explanations to strengthen the proposed argument, albeit connecting the paper with other two larger streams of research, which address analyses of China's aggressive foreign policies as well as the domestic politics of economic sanctions.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.164-172
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• 2022

Hot-dip galvanized steel(GI) is widely used throughout the industry as a corrosion resistance material. Corrosion of steel is a common phenomenon that results in the gradual degradation under various environmental conditions. Corrosion monitoring is to track the degradation progress for a long time. Corrosion on steel plate appears as discoloration and any irregularities on the surface. This study developed a quantitative evaluation method of the rust formed on GI steel plate using a superpixel-based DBSCAN clustering method and k-means clustering from the corroded area in a given image. The superpixel-based DBSCAN clustering method decrease computational costs, reaching automatic segmentation. The image color of the rusty surface was analyzed quantitatively based on HSV(Hue, Saturation, Value) color space. In addition, two segmentation methods are compared for the particular spatial region using their histograms.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.362-367
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• 2005

후방복사된 초음파의 입사각 의존성(프로파일)은 입사지역이 다층경계이거나 깊이방향으로 물성변화가 있을 때 주파수 의존적이다. 지금까지 측정된 후방복사 프로파일은 주로 사용된 탐촉자의 중심 주파수의 특성에 의존하여 표면탄성파의 전반적인 주파수 의존 특성을 이해하는 데는 어려움이 많았다. 디지털 오실로스코프의 DFP(digital filter package)를 이용하여 주파수 대역별 후방복사 프로파일이 실시간 획득되었다. #1200 사포로 표면 처리된 상업적 강재 시편에 대한 주파수 대역별 측정으로부터 표면탄성파가 2% 정도의 음의 기울기(loaded case) 속도 분산성이 있음을 알았고 심하게 녹이 쓴 시편에서는 주파수 대역별로 프로파일의 형태에 큰 변화를 보였다. 주파수 대역별 후방복사 프로파일은 분산성을 가진 표면지역에 대한 비파괴적 평가에 매우 유용할 것으로 본다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.244-247
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• 2010

It's crucial to control Alternaria blight and Anthracnose emerging mostly on ginseng leaves during the rainy season to increase the organic ginseng products. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficay of lime-brodeaux spray on the ginseng leaves and evaluate the growth and yield of the ginseng, and the contents of ginsenoside and 70% ethanol extracts from 3-year-old ginseng variety, Cheonpoong. Lime-bordeaux sprayings were conducted in the ratio of 6-6 in June, 8-8 from July to September every 15 days. After June 10, the spraying have no effects on the growth leaf and stem, and there was no significant increase in chlorophyll contents. The ratio of intact leaf and root were distinctly increased because Alternaria blight and Anthracnose were decreased by spraying lime-bordeaux mixture. Root weight per plant and root yield were increased by 15%, and 62% in 3-year old ginseng, respectively, because the ratio of intact leaf and root were higher by using lime-bordeaux mixture. Furthermore, spraying of lime-bordeaux mixture is prone to increase the ratio of rusty root in ginseng. Spraying of lime-bordeaux mixture decreased both of the contents of ginsenoside and 70% ethanol extract by 13.7%, and 15.2% in 3-year-old ginseng, respectively.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.480-488
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• 2015

Background : In order to determine the effects of planting methods on root growth of ginseng varieties, two different methods, direct seed sowing and transplanting were compared in terms of their effects on different root growth characteristics. Methods and Results : Higher fresh root weight was observed in ginseng grown by direct seed sowing. Direct seed sowing of three cultivars (Sunhyang, Chungsun and K-1) resulted in higher yield, whereas no difference was observed in the yield of one cultivar (Chungsun). Gumpoong was highly tolerant to physiological stress, as it showed fewer symptoms of rusty and rough skin root diseases in both direct seed sowing and transplanting. The average main root length per total root length of ginseng grown by direct seed sowing was 33.6%, whereas that of ginseng grown by the average of those by transplanting was 22.4%. Other root growth characteristics, including root length, main root diameter, and number of side roots, improved when the direct seed sowing method was used. Conclusions : To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the differences in root growth parameters of ginseng varieties grown by direct seed sowing or transplanting at the same planting density. Because of the advantages of direct sowing during ginseng planting, developing new varieties and improving cultivation methods are imperative.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2018

Background: The cultivation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in greenhouses could reduce the use of pesticides and result in higher yield; however, construction costs are problematic. The adaptation of direct-sowing culture in greenhouses could reduce the cost of ginseng production. Methods and Results: To improve seedling establishment in direct-sowing culture, effects of sowing density (SD), number of seeds sown per hole (SN), and thinning (TH) treatment on the root yield were investigated after 3 years of seeding. The emergence rate was significantly influenced by SD, but not by SN or TH. Damping-off and rusty roots increased with an increase in SN with diminishing effects of SN on seedling establishment. Root weight and diameter were affected by SD, SN, and TH, however, there were no statistical significances. The total number of roots harvested per unit area increased with increasing SD and SN, and the weight of roots was affected by SD, but not by SN or TH. Conclusions: Multi-seed sowing per hole and/or thinning might not be an efficient method for the direct-sowing culture of ginseng. The SD for direct seeding culture in greenhouses should be approximately $33-42seeds/m^2$ for an optimum yield of 3-year-old ginseng.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate growth characteristics to develop the technique to select resistant cultivar by wet injury at an early stage through the automatic irrigation maintaining 30, 20, 10 kPa respectively using native variety, Chunpoong, Yunpoong, Gumpoong and Sunun. The aerial growth was decreased at 10 kPa compared to 30 kPa. In addition, the survival rate was decreased by 66.6%, 62.3%, 33.8% at 30, 20, 10 kPa, respectively. The survival rate of Chunpoong and Gumpoong were higher than others at 10 kPa. While root growth characteristics such as root length, root weight, number of lateral root and side root were tended to decrease, root diam was no significant or increased. And the more humid condition is, the more the incidence rate of rusty root and rough skin were tended to increase. The epidermal thickness of Chunpoong and Gumpoong was increased but the figures of native variety, Yunpoong and Sunun were decreased at 10 kPa compared to 30 kPa. But, the tissue stiffness of root was decreased at 10 kPa compared to 30 kPa.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.389-393
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of growth characteristics, yield and extract content between upland and paddy ginseng cultured with 4­year-old ginseng in 2003. Although upland ginseng showed larger variation in yield than that of paddy ginseng, the average of it was greater than that of paddy ginseng because it showed better growth of aerial part and higher survival rate than that of paddy ginseng. Moisture content of fresh root was $71.8\%\;(68.5\~73.1\%),\;and\;72.7\%\;(70.2 \~74.9\%)$ on average in upland and paddy ginseng, respectively. Paddy ginseng showed higher hardness in taproot, and higher rate of rusty colored root than that of upland ginseng. The ratio of taproot dry weight in upland ginseng was smaller than that of paddy ginseng, while that of lateral root was larger in upland ginseng. Ratio of marketable root (>60g) to total harvested roots was $13.7\%\;(0.82\~8.0\%)\;and\;7.7\%\;(1.6\~12.6\%)$ in upland and paddy ginseng, respectively. Extract content did not show distinct difference between upland and paddy ginseng, but it showed large variation from $16.1\;to\;25.1\%$ in taproot, and from $24.2\;to\;32.5\%$ in lateral root depanding on the ginseng field examined.

• 복식
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• 제62권7호
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• pp.41-53
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• 2012

Hwangnamdaechong Tomb (The 98th tomb in Hwangnam-dong), one of the royal tombs located around the area of royal tomb of King Michu in Hwangnam-dong, Gyeongju, is currently designated as Historic Site No. 40. It is assumed that Hwangnamdaechong Tomb is a royal tomb of the early 5th century. This study aims to examine the fabric relics excavated from Hwangdamdawchong Tomb and currently housed in Gyeongju National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. The types of fabrics excavated from Hwangdamdawchong Tomb include plain silk, warp-faced compound woven silk, and hemp cloth. Most of these fabrics are adhered to metal products that became rusty. Plain silk found in Hwangnamdaechong Tomb can be divided into four types by its weaving method. Geum excavated from Hwangnamdaechong Tomb is typical Gyeong Geum that uses colored warp for its base and pattern. It is plain Gyeong Geum that the binding weft and warp is plain woven. Although there are a lot of Gyeong Geum fabrics whose colors are hard to define due to yellowing after long years, there are still many fabrics whose color such as purple, red, blue, and green can be identified. As literatures have shown that p cloth as well as silk were frequently woven during Silla dynasty, tremendous amount of hemp cloth was excavated. Most of the hemp cloth has S-twist in the warp and 8-12 seung degree of delicacy.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.94-104
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• 2015

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is an important medicinal herbs in Asia. However, ginseng varieties are less developed. Method: To developed ginseng varieties, a pure line selection method was applied in this study. Results: Gumpoong was testing of 4-yr-old specimens in 2002, the proportions of the below-ground roots that were rusty colored for Gumpoong was 1.29 in Daejeon and 1.45 in Eumseong, whereas the proportions for its yellow berry variant were 2.60 and 2.45 in the two regions, respectively. Thus the Gumpoong was resistant to root rust. Sunpoong has a high yielding property. Its average root weight is 70.6 g for 6-yr-old roots. Its yield is 2.9 kg/$1.62m^2$ and the rate of heaven- and earth-grade product is 20.9%, which is very high compared to 9.4% for Yunpoong. Sunone is resistance to root rot and the survival rate of 4-yr-old roots was 44.4% in 1997, whereas that of the violet-stem variant landrace was 21.7%. Sunhyang has content of arginyl-fructosyl-glucose (AFG), which produces the unique scent of red ginseng, is $95.1{\mu}mol/g$ and greater than the $30.8{\mu}mol/g$ of Chunpoong in 6-yr-old plants. Sunun and Cheongsun are being nurtured to protect genetic resources. Conclusion: Developed ginsneg varieties will be used as the basis for the protection of genetic resources and breeding.