• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.31
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• pp.287-308
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• 2013

Russian language tends to be quite open to borrowing. In Russian it has been for a long time the conventional way of expanding the lexicon, accepting many words from adjacent languages, including Church Slavic. In the contemporary Russian English has been the main source for loanwords. There are several linguistic factors for lexical borrowing: 1. the necessity of denominating new facts, phenomena or concepts, 2. the necessity of differentiating concepts, 3. the necessity of specializing new concepts, 4. the introduction of new international terms, 5. the increase of periphrastic expressions, 6. the needs for the more elegant and modern words. These factors have caused borrowing to enlarge the component of the lexicon and phrasal expressions, but excessive use of foreign words has brought about negative effects such as linguistic pollution. Some borrowed words are assimilated without serious conflicts, but other words undergo semantic changes in confrontation to existing words of similar meanings. These types of semantic changes comprise total change of meaning, reduction of semantic scale and extension of meaning. Semantic changes are caused by linguistic factors such as lexical conflict with existing words or by socio-culural factors such as misunderstanding of foreign words. And extension of meaning shows two types: qualitative extension and quantitative extension. The first means extending the semantic scope of a borrowed word and the latter - increasing the number of its sememe. In contemporary Russian language we can witness two productive phenomena: qualitative extension by socio-cultural factors, in which words with negative nuances are changed into those with positive ones and professional terms become common words, losing their professional meanings. On the other hand, by quantative extension some loanwords change their concrete meanings into abstract ones. In such cases loanwords acquire the additional meanings of abstractness, putting aside their original concrete meanings as the basic. On the contrary, the qualitative extension of adding the special meaning to general words or giving the concrete meaning to abstract words is not productive. And it is rarely witnessed that words of positive nuances are negatively used. It is considered that such cases are partly restricted in the spoken language or the jargon. Such phenomena may happen by the incomplete understanding of English words.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.257-282
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• 2012

Sakhalin, Russia is a very specific area for Korean language education. The imposed separation and isolation in this region means the language in Sakhalin is mixed with South Korean, North Korean, Gyeongsang Province dialect, Japanese, and Russian. Scrutiny of the use of the actual language of Sakhalin Koreans is needed, and it is required in supporting Korean language education. In this study, I will cover: 1. Approach should differ depending on the situation of Korean, foreigners, Korean Language School(Hangeul Hakgyo) and Korean classes in local Schools. 2. Tailor-made textbooks for Sakhalin are required. 3. Korean textbooks to match local circumstances are needed. There should be a basic writing text written by a local Korean department professor and supervision or modification, supplements from Korean language education researchers in Korea. 4. Enlarged Korean training programs are needed. Furthermore, if Korean and Russian university students are to study in Korea, there should be programs offering a dual degree among other things. 5. Methodical, overall examination of overseas Korean regions like Sakhalin is necessary. Also in the case of far east Russia, connectivity between Vladivostok, Khabarovsk and Sakhalin needs to be strengthened.

• Russian Language and Literature
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• no.61
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• pp.33-59
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• 2018

This article aims to analyze the D. Fonvizin's travelogue, Letters from France (1777-1778). Through this end, we try to understand what the 18th century travelogue did for modern Russian literature. We analyze Fonvizin's travelogue by comparing with Radishchev's and Karamzin's, where necessary, which are also major travelogues in the late 18th century. We examine his text by focusing on the discursive function of travelogue among the three functions of the travelogue text as a methodology. We explore how Russians see foreign countries and how foreign people see Russian as well. Through this approach, we argue that the "literary" model of the travelogue in the 18th century Russia can not be fully understood without a discussion on social discourse, as Fonvizin's travelogue reveals a matter of modern Russian identity. Fonvizin was the one of the first who wrote modern Russian travelogue while modern Russian prose arose in the 1770s and laid the groundwork for the modern Russian novels. It is no coincidence that Russia's modern literature arose when 'travel wring' became popular in the 18th century Russia.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.38
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• pp.297-329
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• 2015

Since 1989 about one million Jews from Former Soviet Union have immigrated to Israel. Now Russian speaking Jews are the second largest ethnic groups after the Israeli Jews who were born in Israel. Although FSU Jews have returned to their ethnic homeland, they continue to live as 'foreigners' due to a cultural distance between sending and receiving society, such as, lack of knowledge about Jewish tradition and religious practice and low level of Hebrew proficiency. Because of this reason FSU immigrants tend to continue remain strong ties with Russian language and culture. There are several reasons for such a relatively slow process of language shift of FSU Jewish immigrants, the language shift to Hebrew. Firstly, majority of FSU immigrants moved to Israel since the 1990s are older than 45. Secondly, their first residences in Israel are mostly located in small and mid-sized cities, where the proportion of Russian speaking immigrants is more than 30%. And finally they consider Russian culture is 'superior' to Israel's Levantine culture. For many Jewish diasporic communities, Judaism was a dominant factor for self-consciousness, but because of Soviet regime, aimed to break all the religious institution including Jewish, Soviet Jewry was uprooted from their religious traditions. Besides about 30% of FSU immigrants are not defined as Jews by the Jewish religious law(Halakhah). And many of them are reluctant to convert to Judaism. FSU Jewish immigrant agree that Israel must be a Jewish state, but for them 'Jewish' does not include religious elements. FSU immigrants consider that religious affiliation of citizens of Israel should not affect their civic rights.

• Russian Language and Literature
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• no.61
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• pp.89-112
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• 2018

This paper deals with pronoun doubling construction commonly attested in Colloquial Russian. The doubling phenomena in general are observed among various languages and in various levels of language. The Russian pronoun doubling construction is composed of a lexical noun, whether argument or adjunct, that is attracted to a sentence initial position with a pronoun copy immediately following it. The pronominal copy bears the identical case. From the semantic side, the fronted noun-pronoun phrase forms a topic, and often elicits the reading of predicate with permanent property. After Sirotinina(1974)'s observation, such aspectual restriction has been widely accepted in the scholarship, and was reinterpreted by McKoy (1998, 2003) as the distinction Individual-level vs. Stage-level predicates in terms of Milsark (1974) and Carlson (1977). I argue that such an aspectual interpretation or restriction is not derived from at the construction level, but is epiphenomenal to the small clause, which lies at the bottom of derivation. And I propose that the small-clause based structure is derived by the Generic Topic Operator, which is base generated at Spec, TP. With these two theoretical apparatuses, idiosyncratic properties both in syntax and semantics of the construction can be effectively accounted for.

• Russian Language and Literature
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• no.61
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• pp.169-196
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• 2018

После «Кровавого воскресенья» 1905 года в русском обществе возникла новая масса, умеющая элементарно писать и читать. В отличии от интеллигентов и разночинцев 19-ого века она появилась на фоне индустриализации. Она состоит из рабочего класса и школьников в общественных учреждениях. Их увлекал небывалый импортный из Америки детектив, который критики и литераторы презрительно называли Пинкертоновщиной. Она первая массовая литература для новой русской массы. Определенная халтурой критиками дешевая уличная литература отличалась от лубочной литературы бывших лет в своей роли и функции в обществе и литературной жизни. Больше всего эта массовая литература является первым продуктом культуриндустрии Российской империи и важна для понимания русского общества и культуры того времени. В данной статье с точки зрения теории культуриндустрии анализируются феномены «пинкертоновщины».

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.398-418
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• 2024

This study aims to examine how the body and clothing of Jesus Christ are represented in the Russian Transfiguration of Christ icons of the 15th and 16th centuries and why it is considered to have established a distinct Russian iconography free from Byzantine influence. The study analyzes the Russian icons comparing them with their Byzantine prototypes to identify the distinctive 'Russianness' of the representation. The research methods comprise a qualitative analysis of the literature on Russian Orthodoxy, Russian icons, Christian theology, and Christ's clothing and an empirical analysis of the icons. The scope of the study is limited to Russian icons from the 15th and 16th centuries and Byzantine icons from the 9th century onwards. The study found that, compared to Byzantine icons, the Russian icons exhibit a more elongated body, darker facial features, and lighter clothing. A statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test further revealed that the Russian icons feature a stiffer, simpler form, more opaque material, and more defined clothing boundaries. These stylistic differences suggest that the 'Russianness' in the expression of Christ's body and clothing in the Transfiguration of Christ icons derives from creativity, abstractness, and tradition. Rather than a simple recreation of the historical Christ or adherence to the Byzantine tradition, the Russian iconographic representation emphasizes Christ's transfiguration into a luminous form, as described in the Bible, accentuating his divine nature over his human aspects.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.23
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• pp.321-349
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine slangs used in contemporary Russian. In any kind of social group, there are special jargons used to satisfy special needs of verbal communication and express individual affiliation compared with neighboring parties, apart from standard languages popularized in each society. Some of these jargons belong to a category of common usual language, while others are temporarily popularized but disappear. It is undeniable that these languages are a product of our social language phenomena in addition to the presence of standard language. Thus, it is very essential to investigate and understand these linguistic phenomena as well as standard languages. In this study, Chapter 1 examines the definition of slang as one of most important topic with a view to achieve desired goals hereof. Next, Chapter 2 sets the scope of subjects for this study. Chapter 3 subdivides subjects into each group by topic for analysis within the scope as set in the previous chapter. This analysis gives a basis on which we can understand linguistic phenomena and identify any psychological conditions of people who use languages. This study comes to its conclusions with summary of findings from data collection and analysis.

• Russian Language and Literature
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• no.65
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• pp.151-174
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• 2019

This paper examines the development process, status and characteristics of the growing Russian character industry And the future challenges of the Russian character industry. The Russian character industry, which has the 13th largest character market in the world, is expected to make a breakthrough in the next three years (2019-2021) with the following positive environment: 1. Reorganization as the center of online consumption 2. Changes in the tendency of Russian consumers who actively consume educational contents 3. System improvement and active policy of the Russian government 4. Improvement of cultural needs of Russian people. Characters have a strong influence on other cultural contents, such as drama, movie game animation, dramas and musicals, and are vigorously remodeled. In other words, characters are a source of diverse entertainment and gaming industries. And it is easy to find common points of contact with individual cultural contents, so that it can be extended to cartoon, drama, movie, advertisement, etc., and thus various modified contents can be supplied. So in the advertising and copyright business, characters are the most basic necessities of the multi-media, multi-channel and OSMU (One Source Multi-Use) era. The 'character industry', a high-value-added industry that maximizes the benefits of creating such characters, is a very important cultural product. At present, the Russian character industry is in the process of establishing environmental factors that enable stable and sustainable growth compared with the past. It is very likely that Russia's role and position in the world character market will expand if the following five improvements are effective and productive. (1. Creation of characters that all generations can sympathize, 2. Creation and expansion of digital characters, 3. Activation of public character creation, 4. Activation of overseas markets, 5. Government active support) In this case, the Russian character industry will lead the world character market.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.29
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• pp.201-232
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• 2012

In the world history in the rein of totalitarianism cultural project of government had been activated, and consequently of it official culture had been organized. But at the same time on the other side of it people('narod'), who didn't have cultural means for active expression of own opinion on the reality, had expressed world-view and judgement informally in everyday language. In the literature of autocracy, subjected to censorship, had been expressed and fixed mythically idealized image of sovereign and his works. But in the folklore the image of ruler had been created by liberal fantasy of people. This article examined russian literature and folklore texts of 18 century, when russian people suffered from rapid and dramatic changes, caused by Peter I. Although russian literature of 18 century had gone over to the new literary regime, it still accepted political mechanism as dominant of age, and consequently in the literary texts of this century Peter I was represented as ideal person and great monarch. But various images in folklore texts show that people's opinion on ruler and his activities couldn't be controlled. In other worlds, diverse images of Peter I in folklore texts reflect clear and plain historical consciousness of people. This analysis reveals not only difference between mechanism of idealization of government and historical consciousness of people, but also meaning of cultural memory as indicator of historical reality.