• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.98-108
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• 2019

Four Korean native steers ($511{\pm}17.2kg$; $2{\times}2$ replicated crossover design) fitted with duodenal cannulas were used to investigate the influence of oral administration of soluble whey protein (WP; 82.29% crude protein) on ruminal fermentation, gastrointestinal (GI) hormone secretion in the blood, pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity in the duodenum, and disappearance rate in each segment of the GI tract. Steers were orally fed the basal diet (control; TMR [total mixed ration] 9 kg/d) or the basal diet with enriched WP (400 g/d) for 14 days. The apparent crude protein disappearance rate in the rumen of the WP was higher than in control (p < 0.05). However, no difference between groups was observed in the apparent crude protein disappearance rate in the intestine and the apparent starch disappearance rates in the rumen, GI tract. The level of cholecystokinin, secretin, and ghrelin in serum and pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity in the duodenum of the WP also did not change. The changes in the level of blood urea nitrogen related to protein metabolism were higher in the WP than in the control (p < 0.05). However, the levels of total protein, lipid, carbohydrate and mineral metabolites did not change. Consequently, we suggest that the oral administration of WP in steers assisted in ruminal fermentation due to the population increase of microbes in the rumen but did not improve the starch digestion rate in the small intestine because GI hormone secretion in the blood and pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity did not change.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.655-665
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• 1996

The effects of feeding rice bran and beet pulp mixtures on the site and extent of digestion and microbial synthesis in fattening steers were studied. Three Holstein steers fitted with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulas were fed four diets in a $4{\times}3$ Youden square design. The four diets consisted of 15% Italian ryegrass hay and 85% concentrate as a control diet which included 72% rolled barley, 20% rice bran plus 40% beet pulp, 30% rice bran plus 30% beet pulp or 40% rice bran plus 20% beet pulp. All diets provided 1.8 times digestible energy required for maintenance. The digestibility of fat in the small intestine (% of flow) showed an increase with rice bran content among the by-product diets. Digestibility of structural carbohydrate both in the rumen and the whole digestive tract decreased linearly with rice bran content. The digestibility of nonstructural carbohydrate was not affected by rice bran content, but that of nonstructural, nonstarch polysaccharides was higher in the rumen and lower in the large intestine for the by-product diets than for the control diet. A rice bran content of more than 30% in the by-product diets severely inhibits ruminal microbial synthesis and digestible energy intake in fattening steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.820-824
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• 2004

The study was to see the effect of administration of ruminal fungi on feed intake, growth rate, rumen fermentation and nutrient digestion of calves (Tharparkar$\times$Holstein-Friesian, average age: 10 months, average body weight: 130 kg). The 6 calves in first group were fed a mixture consisted of 50% wheat straw and 50% concentrate (Maize 62%, Groundnut cake 35%, Mineral mix. 2% and Common salt 1%) along with 1 kg green oats $animal^{-1}$ $day^{-1}$ while second group calves were fed the above-mentioned diet in addition to a dose of 160 ml ($10^{6}$ CFU/ml) fungal culture $calf^{-1}$ $week^{-1}$. The average dry matter intake per day was slightly lowered in fungal fed calves yet feed conversion ratio was higher. The average daily weight gain was significantly higher (15.37%) in fungal administered group as compared to control. The nutrient digestibility was increased for crude fibre, NDF and ADF with fungal administration. Digestible energy value of straw-based diet in terms of percent TDN also increased. The pH and $NH_{3}$-N were lower whereas TVFA, total-N, TCA-N and number of zoospores were higher in rumen liquor in fungal administered group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1151-1157
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• 2003

The surfactant Tween 80 was evaluated for its ability to influence cumulative gas production, cellulose digestion, and enzyme activities by mixed ruminal microorganisms grown on barley grain or Orchardgrass hay. The addition of Tween 80 at a level of 0.10% significantly (p<0.05) decreased the cumulative gas production rate from both barley grain or Orchardgrass hay substrates. However, 0.05% Tween 80 did not affect gas production rates compared to the control treatment. The addition of 0.05% Tween 80 to cultures growing on barley grain resulted in a significant increase in cellulase (90.01%), xylanase (90.73%) and amylase (487.25%) activities after 30 h incubation. Cultures utilizing Orchardgrass hay had a significant increase in cellulase (124.43%), xylanase (108.86%) and amylase (271.22%) activities after 72 h incubation. These increases in activities were also observed with cultures supplemented with 0.10% Tween 80 throughout all the incubation times tested. These results indicated that the addition of 0.05% Tween 80 could greatly stimulate the release of some of key enzymes without decreasing cell growth rate in contrast to trends reported with aerobic microorganism. Our data indicates potential uses of the surfactant Tween 80 as a feed additive for ruminant animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.329-335
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• 1992

Degradation of rice straw was observed to be higher (p<0.01) in the buffaloes than in cattle. At 48 h, the dry matter (DM) loss of straw for buffaloes was 53.6 0.8% and that for cattle was 48.7 2.6%. Palm press fibre (PPF) was poorly degraded in the rumen of both animal species. A loss of about 21% DM was observed in both cattle and buffaloes after 48 h of incubation in the rumen. The pattern of bacterial and fungal colonization of straw and PPF seemed to be similar in both cattle and buffaloes. Microbial colonization was restricted by plant structures like the silica crystals in both straw and PPF. The predominant bacteria colonizing both straw and PPF fragments were the rods. Eroded zones and digestion pits were pronounced in straw fragments after 1 h of incubation. The PPF fragments appeared undegraded even after 6 h of incubation. Fungal colonization of straw was rapid and extensive in both cattle and buffaloes. The sporangia observed in straw were mainly spherical or oval in shape, but fusiform sporangia with acuminate tip were predominantly seen in PPF fragments.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.103-113
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• 1993

우리나라에서 년간 3,367만톤(1991년) 배출되는 생활쓰레기의 28% 이상이 주방폐기물로 통칭되는 음식찌꺼기, 채소류등으로 구성되는데 수분함량이 75~85%로 높고 발열량 낮아 혐기성 소화에 의한 처리법은 폐기물의 안정화 및 메탄가스 회수를 통한 효율적인 자원화가 가능하여 매우 실용적인 것으로 고려된다. 그러나, 주방폐기물은 셀룰로즈, 단백질등의 복잡한 고분자 고형물질들로 구성되어 있어 혐기성 소화시 가수분해반응이 율속단계로 인식되고 있으며, 이로 인한 유기물 부하율이 작고 반응조 용적이 커져 경제적이지 못한 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 셀룰로즈 등의 고분자물질의 가수분해 반응에 활성이 뛰어난 rumen 미생물을 이용하여 주방폐기물의 혐기성 소화의 효율을 증진시키기 위한 연구가 600 mL의 회분식반응조에서 수행되었다. 주방폐기물의 가수분해 및 산생성 반응에 대한 중온산생성균과 rumen 미생물의 산생성반응 효율을 비교하였으며, rumen 미생물을 이용한 산형성 반응에서 pH, 온도, 고형물 농도등 환경인자의 영향을 평가하였다. Rumen 미생물을 이용한 주방폐기물의 산형성 반응에서 최종휘발산수율은 이론치의 약 95%에 해당하는 8.4meq/g VS를 보여 중온산형성균을 이용하였을 때와 비슷하였으나, 산생성반응의 속도는 중온산형성균을 이용했을 때 보다 약 2배 이상 빨랐다. Rumen 미생물을 이용한 주방폐기물의 산생성 반응에 대한 기질 농도의 영향에서는 TS 15%일 때 급격한 pH저하 및 비이온화된 VFA 등의 저해작용으로 휘발산수율은 TS 1%인 반응조에서의 절반이하의 값을 보여 유출수의 연속적인 희석이 중요한 인자임을 알 수 있었다. Rumen 미생물을 이용한 산생성 반응의 최적 pH 및 온도 범위는 각각 6.0~7.5, $35{\sim}45^{\circ}C$였다. 이상과 같은 결과로부터 rumen 미생물을 주방폐기물의 혐기성소화 공정에 이용할 경우 혐기성 반응의 율속단계로 고려되는 가수분해 및 산형성 반응의 속도를 증가 시킬 수 있어 반응조 용적 감소 및 유기물 부하 증가 등의 소화 효율향상이 가능함을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.355-356
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• 1989

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.407-408
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• 1989

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.107-116
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• 1998

Measurement of DCP is considered inadequate and unsatisfactory means of assessing the protein value of the diet as no distinction is made between the digestion in ferestomach and in the small intestine. Protein meals should be classified on the basis of rumen degradable protein (RDP) and rumen undegradable protein (UDP). Usually, protein meals naturally available with high level of UDP or bypass protein value should be preferred for incorporation in the diet of lactating and growing animals. However, if such resources are non-available or are expensive, protein meals having high degradability can be carefully subjected to heat or formaldehyde treatment to achieve desired level of rumen bypassability. Various studies conducted the world over have revealed that bypass protein feeding to ruminants, especially when animals are fed on crop residue based basal diet, help increasing feed conversion efficiency in growing and lactating ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.161-164
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• 1991

A rapid and accurate method is described for the determination of nucleo-bases in rumen micro-organisms. A procedure to satisfactorily hydrolyse the micro-organisms involving reaction with a mixture of readily volatile organic acids (acetic and formic acids) under high pressure, is proposed, and optimal conditions for an analytical procedure with reversed phase HPLC is described. The following nucleobases contents (mmol/kg DM) of rumen micro-organisms were found: Adenine (Ade), 82.62; Guanine (Gua), 61.34; Cytosine (Cyt), 84.61; Thymine (Thy), 35.74; Uracil (Ura), 68.62; Hypoxanthine (Hxn), 13.06; Xanthine (Xn), 8.35. Total purine-N content (g/kg N) of rumen micro-organisms were 99.60. The nucleic acid N content (g/kg N) of microbial isolates were: RNA-N, 109.9; DNA-N, 50.9.