• 농업과학연구
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.335-340
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• 2012

밤의 가공과정에서 임업 부산물로 생산되는 율피(밤껍질)는 밤 생산량의 50%를 차지하며, 사료비 저감을 위한 반추동물의 사료원으로서 이용 가능성이 있으나 이에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 밤의 가공 부산물인 1, 2차 율피의 반추동물용 사료로서의 영양적 가치와 반추위 발효 특성을 분석하기 하기 위해 1, 2차 율피의 영양소를 분석하고, 48시간 동안 in vitro 반추위 발효 실험을 실시하여 율피의 첨가 수준에 따른 in vitro 반추위 건물 소화율 및 가스 발생량을 측정하였다. In vitro 실험의 기본 사료로는 시중에서 판매되는 유산양 TMR을 이용했으며, 기본 사료와 1차 율피 및 2차 율피의 비율을 달리하여 13개의 처리구로 실험을 실시하였다. 처리구는 2차 율피 100%, 1차 율피 100%, 2차 율피와 1차 율피의 1:1 혼합구, TMR 100% 및 TMR을 2차 율피, 1차 율피 또는 1, 2차 율피 혼합으로 각각 5%, 10%, 15% 대체한 처리구이다. 율피의 일반 성분분석에서 1차 율피는 2차 율피에 비해 섬유소(NDF, ADF, 리그닌) 함량이 전체적으로 높고 이에 따라 비섬유소탄수 화물의 함량은 낮으나, 그 외의 영양소에서는 차이를 보이지 않았다. In vitro 반추위 건물 소화율은 유의적으로(p<0.05) 2차 율피(71.97%)가 가장 높았고, 1차 율피(42.80%)가 가장 낮았다. 2차 율피의 첨가 수준이 증가됨에 따라 건물소화율은 변화가 없었으며, 1차 율피의 첨가에 따라서는 소화율이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 가스 발생량은 2차 율피 처리구에서 48시간 가스 발생량 및 발생 속도가 가장 높았고, 1차 율피 처리구에서 가장 낮았으며, TMR을 율피로 15%까지 대체하였을 때 가스 발생량의 차이는 유의하지 않았다. pH 또한 유의적으로(p<0.05) 2차 율피(6.33)에서 가장 낮았고, 1차 율피(6.50)에서 가장 높았다. 결론적으로 2차 율피는 반추동물의 사료 자원으로서 이용가치가 충분히 있으며, 1차 율피의 경우 상대적으로 사료가치가 떨어지나 조사료를 일부 대체하는 것은 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 하지만, 율피의 사료 가치를 보다 올바로 평가하기 위해서는 동물을 이용한 in vivo 대사, 소화, 성장 및 기호성 실험이 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.153-162
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• 2016

본 연구는 국내 실정에 맞는 적정 TDN/CP 비율을 결정하기 위하여 4.6:1(T1)과 4.3:1(T2)의 비율로 생후 13개월령 육성우에게 급여하여 영양소 섭취량, 소화율, 반추 위액 특성 및 혈액조성에 대하여 조사하였다. 건물 섭취량은 9.0kg/day로 동일하였으며, 조단백질 섭취량은 T1이 1.34kg/day, T2가 1.45kg/day로 T2가 조금 높았으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 섬유소 섭취량과 소화율은 T1이 조금 높은 경향을 보였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 사료 섭취 후 4시간째 위액의 pH, ammonia-N, VFA 농도를 비교한 결과 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 전반적인 VFA 수치는 TDN/CP 비율에 따라 큰 영향이 없었으나 T1 처리구에서 iso-butyrate, iso-valerate 및 A/P ratio가 유의적으로 높은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 혈액 특성에는 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. TDN/CP 비율이 4.3:1과 4.6:1 수준은 반추위 특성에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 소화율과 비교하였을 때 생후 13개월령 육성우 시기에는 섬유소 섭취량과 소화율이 증가되는 4.6:1 수준이 보다 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.1001-1008
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• 2005

본 연구는 젖소에서 곡류의 가공형태 및 RUP수준이 효과를 구명하기 위하여 분만 전 3주부터 분만 후 3주까지 전환기 Holstein종 경산우 20두(4처리 5반복)에게 TMR 사료를 GCR30 (파쇄옥수수+RUP 30%), GCR40 (파쇄옥수수+RUP40%), FCR30 (후레이크옥수수+RUP 30%), FCR40 (후레이크옥수수+RUP 40%)로 하여, 건유기와 비유기로 구분하여 배합하여 급여하였다. 본 연구로부터 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 분만전 사료의 건물 섭취량은 처리별로 평균 14～15kg이었으며, 건유기간 중 사료섭취량에는 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 분만 후 건물섭취량에서는 RUP 40%에서 섭취량이 RUP30%보다 높게 나타났다 (P＜0.05). 유량은 RUP 40 % 사료를 급여한 구 (FCR40과 GCR40)에서 유의하게 높은 결과를 보여주었다. 유단백질과 유지방을 분석한 결과, 유지방에 있어서는 옥수수 가공 형태인 후레이크와 파쇄처리에 따른 유의있는 결과를 보여주지는 않았다. 혈액 내 대사물질은 분만 전에 비하여 분만 당일의 수치가 모든 처리에서 상승하는 것을 볼 수 있었으며, 분만전ㆍ후의 NEFA의 농도를 보면 모든 처리구에서 분만을 기점으로 상승하였으며, 특히 분만 후에 유량이 높았던 FCR40에서 NEFA 수준이 전반적으로 높은 경향을 보였다 (p<0.05). Glucose와 cortisol 수준은 포도당 농도에서 FCR40구의 건유기가 다른 구보다 유의하게 높았으나 타 처리구간에서는 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. Insulin 농도에 있어서도 분만 전에 처리 간에 유의한 차이가 없으나, 분만 후에는 타처리와 비교하여 FCR40 처리에서 유의하게 높은 농도를 보여 주었다 (p<0.05). 이 시험에서는 옥수수의 가공형태보다는 동량의 단백질에 RUP 함량을 30 %에서 40 %로 증가시킴으로서 에너지, 단백질 이용 효율을 높여 젖소의 생산성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1111-1119
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• 2016

Mao seed is a by-product of the wine and juice industry, which could be used in animal nutrition. The current study was designed to determine the effect of supplementation of mao (Antidesma thwaitesianum Muell. Arg.) seed meal (MOSM) containing condensed tannins (CT) on rumen fermentation, nitrogen (N) utilization and microbial protein synthesis in goats. Four crossbred (Thai Native${\times}$Anglo Nubian) goats with initial body weight (BW) $20{\pm}2kg$ were randomly assigned to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The four dietary treatments were MOSM supplementation at 0%, 0.8%, 1.6%, and 2.4% of total dry matter (DM) intake, respectively. During the experimental periods, all goats were fed a diet containing roughage to concentrate ratio of 60:40 at 3.0% BW/d and pangola grass hay was used as a roughage source. Results showed that supplementation with MOSM did not affect feed intake, nutrient intakes and apparent nutrient digestibility (p>0.05). In addition, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) were not influenced by MOSM supplementation, whilst blood urea nitrogen was decreased quadraticly (p<0.05) in goats supplemented with MOSM at 2.4% of total DM intake. Propionate was increased linearly with MOSM supplementation, whereas acetate and butyrate were remained the same. Moreover, estimated ruminal methane ($CH_4$) was decreased linearly (p<0.05) when goats were fed with MOSM at 1.6% and 2.4% of total DM intake. Numbers of bacteria and protozoa were similar among treatments (p>0.05). There were linear decreases in urinary N (p<0.01) and total N excretion (p<0.01) by MOSM supplementation. Furthermore, N retention was increased linearly (p<0.05) when goats were fed with MOSM supplementation at 1.6% and 2.4% of total DM intake. Microbial protein synthesis were not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). From the current study, it can be concluded that supplementation of MOSM at 1.6% to 2.4% of total DM intake can be used to modify ruminal fermentation, especially propionate and N utilization in goats, without affecting the nutrient digestibility, microbial populations and microbial protein synthesis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.4.1-4.7
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• 2016

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding Korean rice wine residue (RWR) in total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro ruminal fermentation and growth performance of growing Hanwoo steers. Methods: For in vitro fermentation, the experimental treatments were Control (Con: 0 % RWR + TMR), Treatment 1 (T1: 10 % RWR + TMR), and Treatment 2 (T2: 15 % RWR + TMR). The rumen fluid was collected from three Hanwoo steers and mixed with buffer solution, after which buffered rumen fluid was transferred into serum bottles containing 2 g dry matter (DM) of TMR added with or without RWR. The samples were then incubated for 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, or 48 h at $39^{\circ}C$ and 100 rpm. For the in vivo experiment, 27 Hanwoo steers (6 months old) with an average weight of $196{\pm}8.66kg$ were subjected to a 24-week feeding trial. The animals were randomly selected and equally distributed into three groups. After which the body weight, feed intake and blood characteristics of each group were investigated. Results: The pH of the treatments decreased significantly relative to the control during the 12 h of incubation. Total gas production and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) was not affected by RWR addition. The total volatile fatty acid (VFA) was lower after 24 h of incubation but at other incubation times, the concentration was not affected by treatments. Feed cost was 8 % and 15 % lower in T1 and T2 compared to control. Blood alcohol was not detected and a significant increase in total weight gain and average daily gain were observed in Hanwoo steers fed with RWR. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study suggest that TMR amended with 15 % RWR can be used as an alternative feed resource for ruminants to reduce feed cost.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2017

본 연구는 반추동물 사료로서 한국에서 생산된 부존사료자원 15종의 화학적 조성, 소화율 그리고 에너지 가를 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 반추위 그리고 십이지장 캐뉼라가 장착된 거세한우 3두(평균체중 $520{\pm}20.20kg$)를 개별 계류식우사에 공시한 후 14일의 순치기간과 3일간의 시험기간을 두었다. 실험 방법으로는 화학조성 분석법, in situ 나일론백과 모바일백 방법을 이용하였다. 사료 내 화학적 조성을 분석한 결과, 엿밥, 깻묵, 장유박 및 두유박의 조단백질 함량은 30% 이상이었다. In situ 나일론백을 이용한 사료의 분해 특성을 분석한 결과, 비트펄프, 맥주박, 커피박, 엿밥, 수수겨, 임자박, 라면박 및 두유박의 반추위 미분해 단백질 함량은 50% 이상이었다. In situ 모바일백을 이용한 사료 내 가소화 영양소총량(TDN)의 분석은 비트펄프, 맥주박, 막걸리박, 수수겨, 깻묵, 라면박, 미강, 장유박, 비지, 두유박 및 밀기울이 50% 이상인 것으로 관찰되었다. 요약하자면, 상기 부존사료자원은 배합사료 또는 조사료를 대체할 수 있는 훌륭한 사료자원으로서의 높은 잠재적 가치를 가지고 있음을 시사하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서 얻은 부존사료자원의 화학적 조성, 소화율 및 에너지 가를 반추동물 섬유질배합사료 제조를 위한 기초 자료로 활용하고 이를 통해 사료효율 향상, 사료비용 절감 및 환경오염 감소에 기여하고자 한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.479-484
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• 2001

The effect of dietary supplementation of sodium salt of isobutyric acid in low protein (10% CP) wheat straw based diet on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation was studied in ruminally fistulated male crossbred cattle. The study included a 7 day metabolism and a 3 day rumen fermentation trials. The cattle were distributed into two equal groups of 4 each. The animals of control group were fed a basal diet consisting of wheat straw, concentrate mixture and green maize fodder in 40:40:20 proportion whereas branched chain volatile fatty acid (BCFA) supplemented group received a basal diet + isobutyric acid at 0.75 percent of basal diet. The duration of study was 36 days. The feed intake between experimental groups did not differ significantly and the average total DMI (% BW) was 2.01 and $2.28kg\;day^{-1}$ in control and BCFA supplemented diets. The dietary supplementation of BCFA improved (p<0.05) the DM, OM, NDF and cellulose digestibility by 4.46, 6.63, 10.57 and 11.31 per cent over those fed control diet. The total N retention on BCFA supplementation was improved (p<0.01) due to decreased (p<0.05) urinary N excretion. The concentrations of ruminal total N was 37.07 and $34.77mg\;100ml^{-1}$ in control and BCFA fed groups, respectively. Dietary supplementation BCFA significantly (p<0.01) reduced the ruminal ammonia N concentration as compared to control and the mean values ($mg\;100ml^{-1}$) were 13.18 and 9.42 in control and BCFA fed groups. The total VFA concentration was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA supplemented group (101.14 mM) than the control (93.05 mM). Among the VFAs, the molar proportion of acetate was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA supplemented group (71.07 mM) as compared to control (64.98 mM). However, the concentration of propionate and butyrate remained unchanged. Amino acids composition of bacterial hydrolysates was similar in both the groups. Ruminal outflow rate of liquid digesta was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA fed group ($67.56l\;day^{-1}$) than control ($52.73l\;day^{-1}$). It is concluded that the dietary supplementation of Na-salt of isobutyric acid in low protein diet improved the nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.806-811
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of plant extracts on methanogenesis and rumen microbial diversity in in vitro. Plant extracts (Artemisia princeps var. Orientalis; Wormwood, Allium sativum for. Pekinense; Garlic, Allium cepa; Onion, Zingiber officinale; Ginger, Citrus unshiu; Mandarin orange, Lonicera japonica; Honeysuckle) were obtained from the Plant Extract Bank at Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology. The rumen fluid was collected before morning feeding from a fistulated Holstein cow fed timothy and commercial concentrate (TDN; 73.5%, crude protein; 19%, crude fat; 3%, crude fiber; 12%, crude ash; 10%, Ca; 0.8%, P; 1.2%) in the ratio of 3 to 2. The 30 ml of mixture, comprising McDougall buffer and rumen liquor in the ratio of 4 to 1, was dispensed anaerobically into serum bottles containing 0.3 g of timothy substrate and plant extracts (1% of total volume, respectively) filled with $O_2$-free $N_2$ gas and capped with a rubber stopper. The serum bottles were held in a shaking incubator at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. Total gas production in all plant extracts was higher (p<0.05) than that of the control, and total gas production of ginger extract was highest (p<0.05). The methane emission was highest (p<0.05) at control, but lowest (p<0.05) at garlic extract which was reduced to about 20% of methane emission (40.2 vs 32.5 ml/g DM). Other plant extracts also resulted in a decrease in methane emissions (wormwood; 8%, onion; 16%, ginger; 16.7%, mandarin orange; 12%, honeysuckle; 12.2%). Total VFAs concentration and pH were not influenced by the addition of plant extracts. Acetate to propionate ratios from garlic and ginger extracts addition samples were lower (p<0.05, 3.36 and 3.38 vs 3.53) than that of the control. Real-time PCR indicted that the ciliate-associated methanogen population in all added plant extracts decreased more than that of the control, while the fibrolytic bacteria population increased. In particular, the F. succinogens community in added wormwood, garlic, mandarin orange and honeysuckle extracts increased more than that of the others. The addition of onion extract increased R. albus diversity, while other extracts did not influence the R. albus community. The R. flavefaciens population in added wormwood and garlic extracts decreased, while other extracts increased its abundance compared to the control. In conclusion, the results indicated that the plant extracts used in the experiment could be promising feed additives to decrease methane gas emission from ruminant animals while improving ruminal fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2018

Objective: To examine the effects of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (R. sphaeroides) supplementation as a direct-fed microbial (DFM) on rumen fermentation in dairy cows and on coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) transition into milk, an in vitro rumen simulation batch culture and an in vivo dairy cow experiment were conducted. Methods: The characteristics of in vitro ruminal fermentation were investigated using rumen fluids from six cannulated Holstein dairy cows at 2 h post-afternoon feeding. A control treatment was included in the experiments based on a typified total mixed ration (TMR) for lactating dairy cows, which was identical to the one used in the in vivo study, plus R. sphaeroides at 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% TMR dry matter. The in vivo study employed six ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows randomly allotted to either the control TMR (C-TMR) treatment or to a diet supplemented with a 0.5% R. sphaeroides culture (S-TMR, dry matter basis) ad libitum. The presence of R. sphaeroides was verified using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) applied to the bacterial samples obtained from the in vivo study. The concentration of CoQ10 in milk and in the supernatant from the in vitro study was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Results: The results of the in vitro batch culture and DGGE showed that the concentration of CoQ10 significantly increased after 2 h of R. sphaeroides supplementation above 0.1%. When supplemented to the diet of lactating cows at the level of 0.5%, R. sphaeroides did not present any adverse effect on dry matter intake and milk yield. However, the concentration of CoQ10 in milk dramatically increased, with treated cows producing 70.9% more CoQ10 than control cows. Conclusion: The CoQ10 concentration in milk increased via the use of a novel DFM, and R. sphaeroides might be used for producing value-added milk and dairy products in the future.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권6호
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• pp.801-811
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• 2020

The main objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate red ginseng byproduct (RGP) as a protein resource and its effects on rumen fermentation characteristics, microflora, CO2, and CH4 production in ruminants. Four treatments for in vitro fermentation using buffered rumen fluid over a 48 h incubation period were used: 1, RGP; 2, corn gluten feed (CGF); 3, wheat gluten (WG); and 4, corn germ meal. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), volatile fatty acids, pH, and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were estimated after 48 h incubation. Gas production was investigated after 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. The CO2 and CH4 were evaluated after 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. A significant difference in total gas production and CO2 emissions was observed (p < 0.01) at all incubation times. CH4 production in RGP were higher (p < 0.05) than that in other treatments but a higher CH4 portion in the total gas production was observed in WG (p < 0.05) at 48 h incubation. The IVDMD, IVNDFD, and IVCPD of RGP was lower than those of other conventional ingredients (p < 0.01). The RGP had the lowest NH3-N value among the treatments (p < 0.01). The RGP also had the lowest total VFA concentration (p < 0.01), but presented the highest acetate proportion and acetate to propionate ratio among the treatments (both, p < 0.01). The abundance of Prevotella ruminicola was higher in RGP than in WG (p < 0.01), whereas RGP has lower methanogenic archaea (p < 0.01). In conclusion, based on the nutritive value, IVDMD, low NH3-N, and decreased methanogenic archaea, RGP inclusion as a protein source in ruminant diets can be an option in replacing conventional feed sources.