• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2012

This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary n-3/n-6 fatty acid (FA) ratio on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), fermentation indices and FA profile. Rice bran was mixed with oil sources (cotton seed oil and linseed oil) to make the diets at 0.02, 0.29 and 0.61 of dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio. These diets (0.5g) were placed into the incubation bottles with 40 ml of anaerobic culture medium, which contained rumen fluid and Van Soest medium at 1:2 ratio. Five replicates of each diet and two blanks were incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours. After incubation, the incubated contents were centrifuged. The residues were freeze-dried for DMD and FA analyses. The supernatant was used for pH, $NH_3-N$ and volatile fatty acid analyses. The concentrations of lactate (p<0.001) and iso-valerate (p<0.001) decreased linearly with increasing dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio, but acetate concentration (p=0.056) and the ratio of acetate to propionate (p=0.005) was increased linearly. The concentrations of n-3, n-6 FA and the ratio of n-3/n-6 FA in residues increased (p<0.001) linearly with increasing dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio, but C18:1n-9 FA concentration was decreased (p<0.001) linearly. With these results, it could affect fermentation characteristics and FA profile of rumen content by dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.1215-1221
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• 1999

Twelve rumen fistulated cross-bred calves were divided into three groups and fed wheat straw and concentrate mixture according to their maintenance requirement. Animals in group II and III were fed 50 and 100mg rumensin per day, in addition to basal feed. Supplementation of rumensin in the diet decreased the dry matter intake significantly (p<0.05) along with a significant decrease in the straw intake. Digestibility coefficients of all the nutrients were not affected significantly except that of CF digestibility which was lower (p<0.05) in groups II and III as compared to group I. Among N-parameters in the rumen fluid, mean $NH_3-N$ was significantly lower in groups II and III (19.13 and 18.63 mg N/100 ml respectively) than in group I (22.68); total-N and TCA-ppt-N did not differ among the three groups. Total VFA concentration did also not differ among the three groups, however, propionate increased from 24.33 molar % to 32.73 while acetate and butyrate decreased respectively from 65.85 to 58.81% and 9.79 to 8.46%. Total VFA, bacteria and protozoa production rates were not affected significantly due to rumensin in diet. Methane production per kg DDM as well as % of methane in total gas were reduced at both the levels of rumensin on different concentrate ratios with wheat straw as roughage. Similar trend was also observed with rice straw and concentrate mixture as substrate with rumensin addition.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.97-108
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• 2006

본 시험은 Spent bleaching clay(SBC) 첨가에 따라 반추위내의 발효특성과 이용율을 조사하기 위하여 Fistula가 장착된 홀스타인 3두를 공시하여 반추위내 발효성상을 조사하였다. 반추위내 pH 변화는 대조구와 SBC 2% 첨가구간에는 차이가 없었으나, SBC 4% 첨가에 의하여 낮아지는 경향이 인정되었다. 반추위내 $NH_3-N$의 함량은 SBC 4% 첨가구가 대조구와 SBC 2% 첨가구에 비하여 사료 급여 후 3시간째까지 높은 경향을 나타냈으나 이후 3처리구는 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 한편 SBC의 첨가수준에 관계없이 반추위내 VFA의 함량은 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 반추위내 건물 및 유기물 손실율은 SBC 4% 첨가구가 대조구 및 SBC 2% 첨가구에 비해서 배양초기에는 낮아지는 경향을 보였으나 이후 4처리간 차이는 인정되지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.452-461
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• 2012

Four, ruminally fistulated crossbred (Brahman${\times}$native) beef cattle with initial body weight of $420{\pm}15kg$ were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were mulberry leaf pellet (MUP) supplementation at 0, 200, 400 and 600 g/hd/d with rice straw fed to allow ad libitum intake. All steers were kept in individual pens and supplemented with concentrate at 5 g/kg of body weight daily. The experiment was 4 periods, and each lasted 21 d. During the first 14 d, all steers were fed their respective diets ad libitum and during the last 7 d, they were moved to metabolism crates for total urine and fecal collection. It was found that increasing MUP levels resulted in linearly increasing rice straw and total intakes (p<0.05). Ruminal temperature and pH were not significantly affected by MUP supplementation while $NH_3$-N concentration was increased (p<0.05) and maintained at a high level (18.5 mg/dl) with supplementation of MUP at 600 g/hd/d. Similarly, viable total bacteria in the rumen and cellulolytic bacteria were enriched by MUP supplementation at 600 g/hd/d. However, the rumen microbial diversity determined with a PCR-DGGE technique showed similar methanogenic diversity between treatments and sampling times and were similar at a 69% genetic relationship as determined by a UPGMA method. Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of MUP at 600 g/hd/d improved DM intake, ruminal $NH_3$-N, and cellulolytic bacteria thus iimproving rumen ecology in beef cattle fed with rice straw.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.139-151
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 기능성 우유의 생산을 위해 높은 항산화 효과를 가지고 심혈관계 질환 환자에게 유익한 CoQ10을 홀스타인 젖소의 우유에 전이시키기 위해 CoQ10 생산성이 높은 R. sphaeroides가 반추위 내에서 생존하며 반추위 환경에 적응하여 CoQ10 생산의 가능성과 반추위 발효에 미치는 영향을 판단하였다. 반추위 환경과 가장 유사한 환경을 만들 수 있는 반추위연속배양장치(RSCC)를 이용하여 CoQ10 생산과 반추 발효를 분석하였다. 전체 15일의 배양기간에서 배양이 안정되는 12일 후부터 5% R. sphaeroides 처리한 군과 R. sphaeroides를 처리하지 않은 대조구로 나누어 실험을 진행한 결과, RSCC system시험에서는 NDF, ADF, pH, NH₃-N그리고 미생물 단백질 합성량은 대조구와 유사한 결과를 보였으나, R. sphaeroides가 성장함으로써 반추위에서 분해되지 않는 반추위 비분해성 단백질인 UDP가 대조구에 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 특히, CoQ10은 대조구에서는 검출되지 않았으나, 처리구에서는 CoQ10 함량이 336.0 mg/l로 높게 나타났다. 이 연구를 통해서 R. sphaeroides는 반추위 내에서 항산화 물질인 CoQ10을 높은 농도로 생산할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 추후 젖소 착유 실험을 통한 CoQ10 우유 전이 실험을 진행하여 기능성 우유 생산을 위한 첨가제 개발에 활용할 예정이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.364-370
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• 1997

Four local cattle were ($145{\pm}9.7kg$) used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to study the effect of different levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP) in straw based ration on purine derivatives excretion and microbial N supply in cattle. The four rations were formulated at the same amount of energy but varying RDP approximately 50 (U0), 75 (U1), 100 (U2) and 150 (U3) percent levels of RDP requirement for maintenance. They were fed ranged from 101 to 304 g RDP/d. Apparent digestibility of all nutrients increased significantly (p < 0.01) in cattle fed ration U2 than other rations. Rumen $NH_3-N$ concentration increased from 43 to 130 mg/l in response of RDP intake. Purine derivatives excretion increased significantly (p < 0.01) with incremental level of 203 g RDP/d (U2) intake and positively correlated (r=0.69, p < 0.01, n=16) with amount of RDP intake. The rates of rumen microbial N supply were 16.8, 27.2, 39.1 and 32.9 g/d for rations U0, U1, U2 and U3 respectively. Efficiency of microbial N supply (EMNS) per kg of DOMR were 19.0, 25.3, 33.0, and 28.6 g and per MJ of ME. Intake were 0.62, 1.00, 1.44 and 1.21 g for U0, U1, U2 and U3 respectively and highest results were obtained in cattle fed U2 ration. Results of this study suggest that PD excretion and EMNS were increased as incremental level of RDP intake (U2) in local cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.471-478
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• 2011

The objectives were to compare the ability of various rumen microbial fractions to reduce nitrate and to assess the effect of nitrate on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Physical and chemical methods were used to differentiate the rumen microbial population into the following fractions: whole rumen fluid (WRF), protozoa (Pr), bacteria (Ba), and fungi (Fu). The three nitrogen substrate treatments were as follows: no supplemental nitrogen source, nitrate or urea, with the latter two being isonitrogenous additions. The results showed that during 24 h incubation, WRF, Pr and Ba fractions had an ability to reduce nitrate, and the rate of nitrate disappearance for the Pr fraction was similar to the WRF fraction, while the Ba fraction needed an adaptation period of 12 h before rapid nitrate disappearance. The WRF fraction had the greatest methane ($CH_4$) production and the Pr fraction had the greatest prevailing $H_2$ concentration (p<0.05). Compared to the urea treatment, nitrate diminished net gas and $CH_4$ production during incubation (p<0.05), and ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N) concentration (p<0.01). Nitrate also increased acetate, decreased propionate and decreased butyrate molar proportions (p<0.05). The Pr fraction had the highest acetate to propionate ratio (p<0.05). The Pr fraction as well as the Ba fraction appears to have an important role in nitrate reduction. Nitrate did not consistently alter total VFA concentration, but it did shift the VFA profile to higher acetate, lower propionate and lower butyrate molar proportions, consistent with less $CH_4$ production by all microbial fractions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.460-470
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• 1997

On an absolute straw diet, the effect of graded levels of green grass supplementation on intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation pattern and microbial N yield has been studied in cattle. Of the two trials conducted, 16 intact growing bulls of 304 kg weight and 32 months old, randomly allocated to four treatments in a completely randomized design in the 1st trial. While, in the, 2nd trial, four rumen cannulated local bulls of about 60 months old and 400 kg weight were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with four treatments in four periods. In both the trials, in addition to a mineral mixture, animals were supplemented with graded levels of naturally grown green grass of 0 kg (T1), 2 kg (T2), 4 kg (T3) or 6 kg (T4) to an ad libitum rice straw diet In the 1st trial, measurements were made on intake digestibility, growth rate, N balance and microbial N yield. While in the 2nd trial, in addition to the above parameters (except growth rate), rumen parameters were also studied. All levels of grass supplementation decreased the straw DM intake and increased the substitution rate. The rumen $NH_3-N$ concentration increased with the increase in grass level and ranges from 8-46 mg/l. The rumen pH and the rate and extent of DM degradability of straw were not affeceted by different rumen environments created by different levels of grass inclusion. At 48 h, straw DM degradability were 42, 44, 44 and 43% respectively for 0, 2, 4 and 6 kg grass supplementation daily. The whole gut digestibilities of DM, OM and ADF increased significantly (p < 0.05) only at 6 kg level daily. The microbial N yield was not affected by the levels of grass supplemented. The mean microbial N yield was 10 (SD 3.7) g/kg DOM apparently fermented in the rumen. The estimated minimum N loss and thus the maintenance requirement of tissue protein was 303 mg/kg $W^{0.75}/d$. All the animals lost live weight but 6 kg grass supplementation gave positive energy and N balances. Small amount of green grass supplementation is often recommended for optimization of rumen environment of a straw diet However, under the present experimental condition, no such beneficiary effect observed up to 6 kg (26% of DM intake) level of supplementation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.413-426
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• 2010

본 연구는 반추가축에 급여되는 사료원 중 종류별, 수준별 lignosulfonate 처리 대두박의 반추위 내 undegradable protein (UDP) 효율을 알아보기 위하여 실험 I 에서 전체 4종의 lignosulfonate (Desulfonated, Na, Ca, Solution)를 각각 수준별 (2, 4, 8%)로 처리하여 전체 12종의 lignosulfoanted soybeanmeal (LSBM)에 대한 반추위 내 미생물 발효 특성의 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 in vitro 시험이 실시되었다. 실험 H에서는 실험 I 에서 대두박의 단백질 보호 효과가 가장 높은 LSBM Na 2% 처리구와 LSBM Solution (LSBM Sol) 2% 처리구 그리고 열처리 LSBM (LSBM Heat) 2%를 이용하여 rumen simulation continuous culture (RSCC) system을 이용한 반추위 내 미생물 발효 특성에 대한 연구가 실시되었다. 시험 I in vitro 시험에서 모든 LSBM 처리구에서 전체 배양시간 평균 pH수준, gas 생성량, $NH_3$-N 농도, 건물소화율, VFA 생성량 그리고 ADF 소화율은 배양시간이 지남에 따라 대조구에 비해 낮은 결과를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 반추위 내 미생물단백질 합성량은 대조구가 LSMB 처리구 보다 통계적으로 높은 결과를 나타내었으며 (p<0.05), LSBM 수준이 증가할수록 반추위 내 미생물 단백질 합성량은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. UDP 함량은 대조구보다 LSBM 처리구에서 높은 결과를 나타내었으며(p<0.05), 특히 LSBM Sol 처리구는 대조구에 비해 각각 2%, 4% 그리고 8% 처리군에서 11.18%, 11.54% 그리고 29.11%의 UDP 함량이 증가 하였다. 시험 II는 RSCC system을 이용하여 반추위 내 미생물 발효특성에 대한 시험이 실시되었다. 시험사료는 대조구와 In vitro 시험 중 대조구와 UDP 효과가 높은 LSBM Na 2%, LSBM Sol 2% 그리고 LSBM Heat 2% 처리한 사료 4처리 4반복($4{\times}4$ Latin squire)에 의해 15일간 시험이 실시되었으며, 배양 마지막 3일 동안의 sample을 이용하여 분석을 실시하였다. 전체 배양 기간 중 모든 처리구에서 적응기간 동안 불규칙적인 반추위 미생물 발효 특성을 보였으나 배양 12일 이후 안정된 발효특성을 나타내었다. Sampling 기간 동안의 각 처리간의 평균 pH는 모든 LSBM 처리구에서 대조구보다 높았다(p<0.05). $NH_3$-N 함량, VFA 함량 그리고 반추위 내 미생물 단백질 합성량은 LSBM 처리구가 대조구에 비해 낮은 결과를 나타내었다(p<0.05). UDP 함량은 대조구, LSBM Heat 2%, LSBM Na 2% 그리고 LSBM Sol 2%에서 각 41.55, 43.49, 45.28 그리고 43.52%로 모든 LSBM 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의하게 높은 경향을 나타내였다(p<0.05). 시험 I과 시험II에서 UDP 함량은 LSBM 처리구에서 lignosulfonate 처리 수준이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었고, 모든 LSBM 처리구는 대조구에 비해 높은 UDP 함량을 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과는 사료원으로써 대두박에 대한 lignosulfonate 처리가 coating 작용과 열처리에 의한 물리 화학적 효과로 인하여 대두박의 단백질 분해율을 저해 시킨 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 LSBM 처리군 중 건물소화율과 반추위 내 미생물단백질 합성량은 LSBM 2% 처리구에서 가장 높은 결과를 나타내였다. 따라서, 반추가축 사료내 LSBM 첨가가 In vitro와 RSCC system을 이용한 반추위내 미생물발효 특성 시험에서 반추위 내에서 by-pass protein 함량을 증가시키는 결과를 나타내었으며, 추후 착유우를 이용한 LSBM 급여를 시험을 통하여 유단백질 증진효과에 대하여 추가적인 평가가 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.1419-1426
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the ratio of non-fibrous carbohydrates to neutral detergent fibre (NFC/NDF) and undegraded dietary protein (UDP) on rumen fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in lambs. Four $Dorper{\times}thin-tailed$ Han crossbred lambs, averaging $62.3{\pm}1.9kg$ of body weight and 10 mo of age, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments of combinations of two levels of NFC/NDF (1.0 and 1.7) and two levels of UDP (35% and 50% of crude protein [CP]). Duodenal nutrient flows were measured with dual markers of Yb and Co, and microbial N (MN) synthesis was estimated using $^{15}N$. High UDP decreased organic matter (OM) intake (p = 0.002) and CP intake (p = 0.005). Ruminal pH (p<0.001), ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$; p = 0.008), and total volatile fatty acids (p<0.001) were affected by dietary NFC/NDF. The ruminal concentration of $NH_3-N$ was also affected by UDP (p<0.001). The duodenal flow of total MN (p = 0.007) was greater for lambs fed the high NFC/NDF diet. The amount of metabolisable N increased with increasing dietary NFC:NDF (p = 0.02) or UDP (p = 0.04). In conclusion, the diets with high NFC/NDF (1.7) and UDP (50% of CP) improved metabolisable N supply to lambs.