• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 1988

Immunopotentiating activity of water extract of Lycii Fructus, Rubus Fructus, Torilis Fructus, Schizandrae Fructus and Cuscutae Semen were investigated using mouse fed with normal diet and protein deficient diet. Body weight, ratio of spleen or thymus to body weight, number of total peritoneal exudate cell, content of total serum protein and albumin content were decreased in the mouse fed with protein deficient diets as compared to the mouse fed with normal diet. Regardless of the nutritional condition, the supplement of the water extract of Lycii, Rubus Torilis, Schizandrae Fructus or Cuscutae Semen increased the ratio of spleen to body weight. The increment of this ratio was significant by the supplement of water extracts of Lycii and Torilis Fructus in mouse fed with protein deficient diet. The supplement of water extracts of Torilis Fructus to the mouse fed with protein deficient diet increased the content of total serum protein and albumin content significantly. Similar results were obtained with Lycii, Rubus, Schizandrae Fructus and Cuscutae Similar. The electrophorogram shows the difference in the concentration of some serum protein constituents between the mouse fed with normal diet and protein deficient diet.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 1993

The dried unnipe fruits of Rubus sp. (Rubi Fructus, Bogabunja) have yielded $\beta$-sitosterol glucoside and four urs 12 en-28-oic acid derivatives, three of which were as their glucosiders. They were identified as 23-hydroxytomentic acid, rosamultin, niga-ichigosides $F_1\;and\;F_2$ on the basis of spectral data.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2004

Objectives: Rubi Fructus(fruit of Rubus coreanus Miq.) composed of Polygonum multiflorum THUNB. and some medical herbs is known as formula of senescence delay effect. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Rubi Fructus(fruit of Rubus coreanus Miq.) on antioxidant enzyme activity such as Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS), Superoxide dismutase(SOD), Catalase(CAT), Glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px) in rat erythrocytes and blood plasma. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups, Normal group(supplied enough water and feeds only, Normal Group), D-galatose administered group(injected D-galatose 50mg/kg, 1time/day for 6 weeks, Control Group) and Rubi Fructus (fruit of Rubus coreanus Miq.) administered group(D-galactose 50mg/kg and Rubi Fructus(fruit of Rubus coreanus Miq.) extracts 85.0mg/200g 1time/day for 6 weeks, BBJ Group). Rats were sacrificed and TBARS, SOD, CAT, GSH-px, Plasma total lipid, Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol were measured in rat erythrocytes and blood plasma. Results : Plasma TBARS concentrations of all experimental group were not significantly different. Red blood cell(RBC) SOD activities of BBJ group was increased, and RBC catalase activities of all experimental group were not significantly different. RBC GSH-px activities of BBJ group was increased. Plasma total lipid concentration of BBJ group were significantly lower than those of control. Plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentrations of all experimental group were not signi ficantly different. Conclusions: According to the above results, it is considered that Rubi Fructus(fruit of Rubus coreanus Miq.) is effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidative enzyme activities in D-galactose induced aging rat.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.272-277
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• 2004

Bread were prepared by adding 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% of rubi fructus(Rubus coreanus Miquel) juice to wheat flour, and the effects of added rubi fructus Juice on dough rheology and bread qualities were examined. The peak and final viscosities in rapid visco analyzer increased with the increase in addition of rubi fructus juice. The water absorption and mechanical tolerance index(MTI) increased, but dough development time and dough stability decreased in farinograph with the increase in addition of rubi fructus juice. The hardness, gumminess and chewiness of bread increased significantly with the increase in addition of tubi fructus juice. From the result of sensory evaluation, bread containing 20% rubi fructus juice were rated as higher quality bread than the others.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.436-441
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• 2005

This study was observed the effects of drying methods on the extraction characteristics of Rubi fructus (fruits of Rubus coreanus). Extraction yields of soluble solids and total sugar were high in the Rubi fructus dried by freeze drying, followed by infrared drying and sun drying. Extraction yield of phenolic compounds and DPPH radical-scavenging activity of extracts were in the following order; the Rubi fructus dried by freeze drying, the Rubi fructus dried by infrared drying, the Rubi fructus dried by sun drying. L value was the highest in the Rubi fructus dried by freeze drying, and a and b value were lowest in the fruit dried by freeze drying. These results suggest that freeze drying has an beneficial effect to enhance the quality of Rubi fructus. Water and ethanol extractions was more effective in the extraction of soluble solids and the antioxidative components.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1256-1261
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• 2021

Rubus coreanus Miquel (bokbunja), Korean black raspberry, is known to possess various phytochemicals that exert antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. However, most studies on Rubus coreanus Miquel have been performed with the solvent extracts and/or a single component to demonstrate the efficacy, while studies evaluating the effect of the whole fructus of Rubus coreanus Miquel are limited. In this study, therefore, we employed the isoproterenol (IPN)-induced myocardial infarction model and investigated the effect of freeze-dried powder of Rubus coreanus Miquel (RCP) on oxidative stress and prevention of organ damage. Oral administration of RCP reduced the level of toxicity markers, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) without affecting body weight and diet intake. The oxidative stress marker glutathione (GSH) increased about 45% and malonaldehyde (MDA) decreased about 27% compared to the IPN group with RCP-H (3%) administration. By histological analysis, IPN induced significant myocardial damage in the heart and vascular injury in the liver, and RCP administration ameliorated the damages in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, RCP activated the antioxidant system leading to prevention of damage to organs by IPN in rats, making it possible to expect beneficial efficacies by consuming the whole fructus of Rubus coreanus Miquel.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.123-126
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• 2008

The five flavonoids, isoqueritrin, juglanin, astragalin and 2-O-trans-p-coumaroyl astragalin were quantitatively analyzed in the leaves, unripe- and ripe fruits of four Korean Rubus species including Rubus crataegifolius, R. pungens var. oldhami, R. parvifolius, and R. coreanus belonging to the Rosaceae family. The HPLC analysis demonstrated that flavonoids are more abundant in the leaves than in the fruits. In the four Rubus species, ripe fruits generally contained similar or more amount of flavonoids than in unripe fruits. In particular, the quantity levels of total flavonoid (49.81${\pm}$0.50 mg/g) and isoquercitrin (35.08${\pm}$0.37 mg/g) were highest in the leaf of R. crataegifolius. In addition, the content of the flavonoids were quite low in the unripe fruits of R. coreanus that is most widely used as Rubi Fructus.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.1 s.32
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• pp.177-194
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• 2007

Fructus of Rubus coreanus $M_{IQ.}$. (FRCM) has been used for stuttering urination, prostate gland disease, and impotence in Korean traditional medicine. Water extract of FRCM (WFRCM) treatment significantly attenuated airway hyperreactivity (AHR). Airway recruitment of leukocytes and eosinophils was also markedly reduced by WFRCM administration, suggesting that WFRCM can alleviate the airway inflammation. However, the level of cytokine (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung was not different compared with positive control. WFRCM reduced the number of draining lymph node cells during OVA-induced allergic asthma. I further examined transcription level of cytokine in lung. WFRCM treatment reduced IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA in lung and inhibited IgE and IgG1 but not IgG2a. My data suggest that WFRCM attenuates OVA-induced allergic asthma through inhibition of Th2 cell response.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.669-673
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• 2011

To prevent and treat the osteoporotic fracture, more attention should be paid in old age patients. Osteoclast which has ability to bone resorption is originated from hematopoietic cell line and plays a key role osteoporotic bone loss. Rubi Fructus has been widely used in Oriental medicine. Extracts of the leaves and fruit of Rubus species have been used in various countries as natural remedies to treat diabetes, infections, colic, and burns. However, the effect of extract of Rubi Fructus (fruit of Rubus coreanus Miq.) in osteoclast differentiation remains unknown. Thus, we evaluated the effect of Rubi Fructus on receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. Here we found that Rubi Fructus significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation induced by RANKL. Rubi Fructus suppressed the activation of p38 pathway and NFkB in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) treated with RANKL. Also, Rubi Fructus significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of c-Fos, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)c1 and cathepsin K in BMMs treated with RANKL. Particularly, Rubi Fructus greatly inhibited the protein expression of c-fos and NFATc1. especially in the case of NFATc1 expression, a master transcription factor of the differentiation of osteoclasts is very important step for osteoclastogenesis. Taken together, our results demonstrated that Rubi Fructus may be useful treatment option of bone-related disease such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.563-572
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• 2006

The plant Rubus species (Rosaceae) mainly contains $19{\alpha}-hydroxyurane-type$ triterpenoids $(19{\alpha}-HUT)$ as bioactive components. Available functional food includes blackberry (the fruit of thornless Rubus sp.), red raspberry (R. idaeus) and black raspberry (R. occidentalis). However, the fruit of R. coreanus, which is used in Korea as a functional food, substitutes black raspberry. Rubi Fructus, which has been traditionally used as an oriental medicinal drug, designates only unripe fruit of R. coreanus but not its ripe fruit which indicates that it needs high content of $19{\alpha}-HUT$ as a crude drug. Throughout our experiment, we found that ripe fruits contain very little amount of $19{\alpha}-HUT$ when compared to unripe fruits. In addition, various and rich $19{\alpha}-HUT$ has been reported from Rubus species. The most common structure of $19{\alpha}-HUT$ of Rubus species, euscaphic acid or tormentic acid with $3{\alpha}-OH$ or $3{\beta}-OH$, respectively, can be glycosylated or oxidized to produce a number of $19{\alpha}-HUTs $as euscaphic acid and tormentic acid derivatives and even esterified to form dimeric triterpenoids. In this review, the bioactivity and biosynthetic pathway and chemical characterization of $19{\alpha}-HUTs$ found in Rubus species are discussed.