• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.43-55
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate conservation and management methods of the Joseon Royal Tombs in the Middle District. Urbanization has damaged many of the original terrains as many buildings and facilities have entered the inner and outer area of Joseon Royal Tombs. Land purchase, relocation and demolition of the building are required for the recovery of the Royal Tombs area, and then it is necessary to recover the original terrain. In the case of land use and pathways, there were many land use which harmed the sacred atmosphere of the area, and many disconnection of the ritual circulation, they should be maintained to remind the sacred atmosphere of the royal tomb. The water system should be changed to natural type canal, and it is necessary to collect accurate information on the lost buildings and stoneworks through literature survey and excavation investigation, and then lead to the exposure or restoration of the ruins. Historical forests require periodic and ongoing monitoring and management, and it is necessary to establish a historical and cultural museum that can provide to visitors information about Joseon Royal Tombs. These works should be classified into short, medium and long-term projects with a long perspective to implement continuous and systematic projects.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.254-264
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• 2022

Built in the 6th and 7th centuries during the Baekje period, the Buyeo Royal Tombs consist of seven tombs, including Tomb No. 1, which contains murals. To preserve Tomb No. 1 from damage caused by microorganisms, periodic microbial-distribution investigations are conducted. Following such investigations in August 2016, June 2018, and November 2019, the microbes were classified according to the investigation period, location of collection, and space. This study compares and analyzes the results. The concentration of airborne microorganisms in Tomb No. 1 and the number of microbial genera identified in each space of the tomb decreased as proximity to the main room with murals diminished. During the investigation period, the genera Bacillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Streptomyces were commonly identified on Tomb No. 1. The microorganisms collected from the main room walls were mostly isolated from the east and west walls where the genera Bacillus, Cupriavidus, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces were commonly identified in three or more walls. In particular, the genus Streptomyces is a dangerous strain capable of damaging murals by penetrating into and discoloring the pigments on them. The data generated from this study may be useful for future research on microbial distribution in other domestic mural tombs and those located in North Korea and abroad.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.198-221
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• 2009

Royal tombs of Joseon dynasty are the crystallization of history, ideology, culture, art, architecture, and ritual ceremony of Joseon dynasty, all mingled in one. So, they are very significant symbols showing 500 years of dynastic history as a whole. Among various factors comprising a royal tomb, stone figures surrounding grave mound are special factors as a symbol protecting it. Further among them, twelve zodiac images arrayed nearest to the grave mound represent the core of the function. Images of twelve zodiac signs originated from the tombs of the Unified Silla Kingdom are certain to hold important role and position in the construction of royal tombs, judging from huge scale and excellent sculptural art of them. However, both their scale and form had been gradually simplified in Goryeo and Joseon dynasty, thus the importance of them has been underestimated compared to other stone figures Images of twelve zodiac signs were very important factors which decorated royal tombs both as a protective role and as a concept of direction. Their historicity and symbolism cannot be neglected in that they had been transmitted to the royal tombs of Joseon dynasty. In this paper, images of twelve zodiac signs expressed in the royal tombs of Joseon dynasty are classified into 3 forms, and reviewed the origin and development of them for each period. They could be classified into 3 forms ; civil vassals with human body and head, civil vassals with human body and head wearing hat decorated with zodiac animals, Chinese characters of either zodiac signs or either a combination of 10 calendar signs and 8 trigrams. The above 3 forms originated from China and became a favorite motif to decorate the royal tombs from early Joseon period until late Joseon by replacing each other and thus changing along the course of the dynasty. In the meantime, we can see a unique character in the images of twelve zodiac signs of royal tombs of Joseon dynasty. In some cases, 24 directions are expressed in which 10 calender signs and 8 trigrams are composed altogether. Images of twelve zodiac signs in the royal bombs of Joseon dynasty are very significant as evidences by which we can confirm uniqueness and tradition of Korean tomb system transmitted from Unified Silla period.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.116-123
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• 2011

This study investigates the characteristics(form, material, structure, method of construction, vegetation) and model of lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs for conservation and restoration. The objects of study are the lotus pond of Namyangju Gwangreung, Hyoreung, Gimpo Jangreung and Sungreung that are well-preserved and the record is remaining. The form is two plane types, square shaped include an island and square shaped. The pond is 7.5~81m in width and 6.5~45m in length and the island is 8~16m in diameter. The depth of water is 0.5~1.2m and the cross section form is narrow bottom and wide top. The material of shore protection is soil in Hyoreung, Gimpo Jangreung and Sungreung. The bottom is mud in all sites. I think that the main material of the lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs is soil. The lotus pond is built by soil bank in the structure and method of construction. The water supply and drainage are worked through the culvert. There are many kinds of plants in the lotus pond today, however I think that the model of vegetation of lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs is lotus the inside, pine tree, fir tree and flowers the around and pine tree the inside of island in compared the present and the old literature. In comparison with the lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs and the lotus pond in the Joseon palace, the material is the biggest difference. The main material is soil in Royal Tombs but isodomic in Royal Palace. I think that the difference of material in between two causes the difference of structure and method of construction. The Royal Tombs is valuable in architecture, landscape and esthetics, this study investigated the characteristics and model of lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs. I think that this study serves as a momentum to find a traditional technique in Royal water space and offer the foundation to plan in the contemporary water space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.47-58
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• 2023

This study was conducted through reviewing Aspects of Design and Construction in Entrance Space of the World Heritage Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty, which is equipped with parking lots, ticket offices, toilets, exhibition halls, information boards, and rest facilities for the convenience of visitors and the purpose of this study was to propose a direction for improvement. The results of the study are as follows: First, the reduced area of Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty was unable to fully accommodate the ritual movement line, and as a result, the location of the entrance space in the current royal tomb was decided to accommodate minimal convenience functions. In the meantime, the entrance space of the royal tombs has been relocated or renovated in order to achieve its integrity as a World Heritage Site, rational arrangement of movement lines and spatial utility. Second, the size of the entrance space ranges from 1,000 square meters in Jeongneung in Seoul to 16,000 square meters in Hongyuneung in Namyangju, and the number of annual users varies greatly from 12,000 in Onneung in Yangju to 410,000 in Seonjeongneung in Seoul. Considering the conditions of the 16 royal tombs, the entrance space should be provided at an appropriate scale, reflecting the surrounding land use and accessibility that affect the influx of users, the size of the site, and the king's awareness and preferences. Third, the location of the parking lot, the presence or absence of an outer courtyard and an internal courtyard bordering the ticket and check offices, and the location of the Historical and Cultural Museum made it possible to know the aspects of entrance space of the Joseon Royal Tombs, where the spatial configuration is determined Fourth, according to the royal tombs, it was found that the entrance space should have essential parking, access control, information, and convenience functions, and that support, exhibition, passage, and recess functions should be optional. At this time, the management office and the Historical and Cultural Center are in charge of support and exhibition functions. The function of passage can be a strategy that provides a sense of entry and the function of recess which has been introduced in only four royal tombs requires an appropriate location and landscape access.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2010

The cultural assets of the palaces royal tombs remains institution expanded the convenient facilities for the disabled that can help the disabled to watch, to propel the convenient facility expanding business according to the condition of each facility. However, there has been limitations for the disabled facility users in viewing the cultural assets, as the facilities were not installed or were not installed properly. Due to the uniform installation of the convenient facilities that did not consider the features of the cultural assets, the conservation value of the cultural assets have been depreciated and the convenient use standards of the facility users such as the disabled were simultaneously unsatisfactory. Thus, this study maintains the pre-existing value of the palaces royal tombs remains institution that is the Korean indigenous traditional heritage, and uses a part of the improvement model development study on the palaces royal tombs remains institution of the disabled convenience enhancement to understand the current convenient facility installation and relevant services to find the restricted factors in using the facilities and the main problems. The problems were categorized into 13 types of questions, using the repeated problems occurred within the investigated facilities to look at the actual condition of the facilities, which showed that the facilities were in adequate in the aspects of convenient facility installation and relevant service.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.14 no.3 s.38
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• pp.285-297
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• 2006

We aim to investigate the morphological and environmental characteristics of royal tombs of Chosun Dynasty by using GIS technique and remotely-sensed data. Most of the royal tombs are located on the banded gneiss and granite and over the south- and east. facing slopes and have altitudinal ranges of 150 to 200 meters. Due to the time gaps, exact locational preferences of the royal families can not be understood at this moment and also proximity to the running water is hard to be quantified. Close examination of Gwangneung indicates that the artificial modification and weathering have severe impacts on the slope and stone artefacts. The results from this research can be useful to preserve the valueless cultural heritages.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.66-77
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• 2016

This contribution studied constructional intentions, ideas, thought and aesthetic consciousness of Joseon Royal Tombs regarding its location, spatial organization and elements. A literature investigation and a field study have been carried out, and the royal tombs of the Goryeo Dynasty and the Shilla Dynasty also have been studied to look for the its origins. The outcomes are as follows. The tomb's system of Joseon Royal Tombs inherited the King Gongmin's Tomb of the Goryeo Dynasty of Buddhism, but they have their own characteristics in a spatial organization and elements involved in Confucianism, Taoism, not only Buddhism. In the aspect of location, Joseon Royal Tombs followed the Feng-shu geometric principle to find a land that have a mountain in the back, and a river in the front. Spatial plan was carried out with Confucianism to apply the order of rank. Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism are shown with the elements such as architecture, landscape architecture, stone objects, and historical forest being connected each other. Especially, constructional intentions, ideas, thought and aesthetic consciousness are connected with the people in Joseon Royal Tombs through the ritual ceremony of Confucianism.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.19-34
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to comprehend the assignment and the procurement method of wood works' craftsman through the Salleung-dogamuigwes in royal tombs constructions in the late Joseon period. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. First, Carpenter and other nine craftsmen were introduced in carpentry works. The craftsmen were put in by occupation to maintain the quality of the government building construction by wood processing area. It was distinguished by frame member, Sujangjae, window framing wood, decorative member. Second, sawyer showed a sharp increase in the latter half of the 18th century and declined since the middle of the 19th century. This is closely related to the increase in demand for building materials and the growth of civilian wood products. As a maximum of 300 people have been assigned to the craftsmen in the woodwork, it can be seen that the work has been divided by the process. Third, the national carpenter was difficult to procure from the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century. From the middle 18th century, the system procuring national carpenter was stabilized. In the 19th century, the input ratio of the national craftsmen seems to have decreased significantly and seems to have kept it at the minimum level. Forth, sawyer were procured through Seongonggam from the late 18th century through the mid 19th century. That means that the role of the sawyer had become important. Since Jogakjang is not a necessary manpower, it usually has civilian artisans.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.38-49
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• 2011

This study is foundation study to understand the Location and the composition of Joseon Royal Tombs, the purpose is to bring light on the types of Sinro Eoro in Joseon Royal Tombs. The type was grouped into Regular type and Irregular type by relations with the approach way, Hongsalmun and Jeongjagak, and the Irregular type was grouped into Curved type and Divided type. The making pattern of Sinro Eoro was divided into three period, the former period, the transition period and the latter period, by the length and the Irregular type. The Regular type was affected by the length of Geonwonreung's Sinro Eoro as the minimum standard in the former period. The result of examining the Irregular type's present condition in Jeongreung, Hyeonreung, Mokreung, Jangreung and Yeongreung, narrow topograph and the waterway were important factors to decide the type. In other words, the type of Irregular Sinro Eoro was constructed by a topography and a waterway in the length of Geonwonreung's Sinro Eoro as the minimum standard.