• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2014

Exposure factors based on the Korean population are required for making appropriate risk assessment. It is expected that handbooks for exposure factors will be applied in many fields, as well as by health department risk assessors. The present article describes the development of an exposure factors handbook that specifically focuses on human activities in situations involving the possible risk of exposure to environmental contaminants. We define majour exposure factors that represent behavioral patterns for risk assessment, including time spent on routine activities, in different places, on using transportation, and engaged in activities related to water contact including swimming, bathing and washing. Duration of residence and employment are also defined. National survey data were used to identify recommended levels of exposure factors in terms of time spent on routine activities and period of residence and employment. An online survey was conducted with 2073 subjects who were selected using a stratified random sampling method in order to develop a list of exposure factors for the time spent in different places and in performing water-related activities. We provide the statistical distribution of the variables, and report reference levels of average exposure based on the reliable data in our exposure factors handbook.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.156-160
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• 2005

Background: Frozen shoulder is not an uncommon disease, which is associated with chronic pain and joint movement limitation. However, there are numerous devices to assist in the treatment of shoulder pain, but their efficacy has not been proven and their use remains immensely controversial. Therefore, a randomized clinical study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a low-frequency stimulator for the treatment of frozen shoulder. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was carried out on 40 patients with frozen shoulder, with 40 patients assigned to two groups; a control treatment group (group C, n = 20) and a low frequency stimulator application group (group T, n = 20). Both groups were given a routine treatment modality, such as trigger point injection, intramuscular stimulation or suprascapular nerve block etc. The level of the shoulder pain was evaluated using a 100mm VAS (visual analog scale) at each visit, with the limitation in the range of motion simultaneously evaluated. Results: All the subjects improved after treatment, with the VAS scores after termination of treatment showed a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups. One month after termination of 5 cycles of treatment, group T maintained their improved state, whereas the pain in some of those in group C reemerged, which also showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The limitation in the range of motion improved, with most subjects able to resume daily activity. Conclusions: Although the low frequency stimulation provided no more pain relief than routine treatment, the effect was significantly prolonged. From this result, low frequency stimulation can be considered to aide the therapeutic effect of classical frozen shoulder therapy.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.38
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• pp.137-161
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing on housebreaking victimization in South Korea. It is important that a resident, police officer, and policy makers use Routine activities/lifestyle theory in order to explore whether proximity and exposure to offenders or presence of guardianships affect the resident's risk of being victimized. In this context, the current study utilizes proximity variables: disorder of residence, exposure variables: hours of empty house and guardianship variables: social networks, security equipment. The study employs secondary data(Korean Crime Victim Survey in 2008) responses from a sample of 4, 710 resident. and Logistic regression analysis was used to examine whether the likelihoods of housebreaking victimization was associated with the measures of proximity and exposure and the lack of guardianship. The result of the study showed that proximity(disorder of residence) and guardianship (security equipment) are statistically significant predictors that is associated with an enhanced risk of school violence victimization while controlling for other variables. Further policy implications of the study will be discussed.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.843-855
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• 1995

Occupational Dentistry was introduced in Korea about 70 years ago. During the colonial period occupied by Japan till 1945, there were few documents about industrial dentistry, furthermore most cases of occupational diseases and accidents might have been concealed intentionally by the colonial government. After being an independent country, several dentists made efforts to set up 'Preventive Dentistry for Workers' performing specific oral health surveys, even though which were stopped by Korean War. In 1960s' and 1970s', some investigations of oral status were carried out intermittently for specific small groups;white-collar workers, mentally retarded person, buddhist monks and crews of ocean liners. At the same time there was important study in Korean history of occupational dentistry, which was 'a comparison of the oral hygiene conditions in the female workers of a spinning factory at intervals of 30 years.' In 1980s', young researchers began to give attention to erosion of the teeth due to sulphuric acid in the acid-related industry and dental caries due to sugar and flour in the sweets industry. After being democratic labor union movement activated in 1987, hidden and suppressed occupational diseases under the military dictatorship were exposed and flushed in the newspapers. It was shocking for all people that 15-year old boy had been dead due to mercury intoxication after 3-month employment in 1988. In 1990s', the activity for studying oral status of workers in their workplaces was launched and 'Occupational Accidents and Diseases in Oral and Maxillofacial Field' was published. And also The Korean Association of Occupationl Dentistry was established. Oral health examination of workers at the time of employment and of workers exposed to 5 special chemicals at the time of routine special health examination was adopted in 1992, and epocally oral health examination was also included in periodic routine examination of workers' health in 1995. So, occupational dentistry in Korea should cope with the changing needs of working environment and the altering scheme of health examination.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2003

The lytic activity of the set of swine and chicken phages which were derived from lysogenic Staphylococcus hyicus strains of swine and chicken origin was compared by means of S. hyicus isolated from swine, chicken and cattle. Of the 80 strains each from swine and chicken, 71 (88.8%) of strains from swine and all the strains of chicken origin were found to be lysogenic. Swine phages showed wider range of lytic activity to the examined strains than that of chicken phages. Using chicken phages at $100{\times}routine$ test dilution (RTD), 25.0%, 85.6% and 50.0% of swine, chicken and bovine strains were lysed, respectively. However, when the set of swine phages was used at $100{\times}RTD$, higher frequency of the typable strains was found in strains of swine and chicken origin (73.8% and 90.2%). Phage F12 and L16 from chicken set were found to be highly active with chicken and bovine strains. On the contrary, all the swine strains were completely resistant to lysis by the two phages at $100{\times}RTD$. Thirteen (12.5%) of 104 S. aureus strains, 1 (1.8%) of 55 S. simudance strains, 31 (58.5%) of 53 S. chromo genes strains, and none of 31 strains of other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine mastitis were typable with the set of swine phages.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.669-675
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• 2000

Background: Tuberculous pleurisy is the leading cause of pleural effusion in Korea. And differential diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy with other cause is clinically very important. Traditional diagnostic methods such as routine analysis of pleural fluid, staining for acid-fast bacilli or pleural biopsy have major inherent limitaion. This study was designed to evaluate the significance of pleural fluid polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in early diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. Material and Method: Between March 1996 and July 1997, 198 patients with pleural effusion reviewed retrospectively. The study group included 112 cases with tuberculous effusion and 86 cases with non-tuberculous effusions, whose diagnoses were confirmed by pleural biopsy, microbiological methods, or cytology. We compared the results of PCR and pleural fluid levels of ADA between tuberculous and non-tuberculous effusions. Result: Mean age was 47.54$\pm$19.52 years(range 2 to 85 years). The positive rate of PCR was significantly higher in tuberculous group than non-tuberculous group(p<0.05). The sensitivty, specificity, positive predictive value(PPV), and negative predictive value(NPV) for PCR were 31.7, 90.9, 83.0, and 48.8%, respectively. Mean ADA activity was significantly higher in tuberculous group than non-tuberculous group(83.2 U/L vs 49.8 U/L)(p<0.05). With diagnostic thresholds of 40 U/L, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of ADA for tuberculosis were 75.9, 70.9, 77.3, and 69.3% respectively. At a level of 70 U/L, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of ADA for tuberculosis were 70.1, 75.9, 82.9, and 60.3% respectively. Conclusion: PCR is very highly specific, but less sensitive methods in diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. But ADA level of pleural fluid has acceptable sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. ADA activity is more useful test in the evaluation of pleural effusions.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.18-22
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• 1967

The routine entomological investigations were carried out in the areas of Kaejeon-Myon, OkkuGun, Cholla Pukdo province in 1964 and Sinchang-Myon, Asan Gun, Chungchong Namdo province in 1965, for the better understanding of the behavior of the anpheline mosquitoes especially of the population density , resting , feedign, and breeding habits. The results are as follows : 1. During the investigation , three species of anopheline mosquitoes were recorded ; Anopheles sinensis Wiedmann 1825, A, sineroides Yamada 1935, and A. yatsushiroensis Miyazaki 1951. A . yatsushiroensis Myiyasaki 1951, so far only recorded in Japan, was recorded for the first time in Korea in 1964 ; the site was Kaejong Myon, Okku Gun, Cholla Pukdo province. 2. Anopheles mosquitoes begin to appear from the middle of April and disappear in October. The date of mosquitoes collected by resting place collection in cow shed are three weeks ahead to the night time cow biting collection. 3. Resting places of anopheline mosquitoes are mainly in cow shed and outdoors which provides high humidity and shadow. 4. The population density of a. sinensis sows a peak in late June and early July in cow shed and by cow biting collection respectively, and another small peak in late August and early September. 5, . the biting activity at night is throughout the night from dusk to dawn, sharply decreasing just before dawn. The peak period was different in each months, 2100-2200 hours in June, 2300-2400 in July , 0300-0400 in August , and 2300-2400 in September. 6. The minimum temperature required for the mosquito's biting activity is 15 $^{\circ}C$ and the optimum is between 24-$25^{\circ}C$ : over $25^{\circ}C$ the activity is decreased. 7.A , sinensis appeared to be zoophilic in Sinchang area but 13 times anthrophophilic in Kaejong area than the former. 8. the light attraction of a. sinensis is significantly low in middle June and early August. The parous rate of A. sinensis caught by cow biting collection appeared higher after midnight (2400-0300 hours) with no relation to the peak period of biting activity by month.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.220-225
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of FAI and to apply it in Korea. Method: Data were collected from 180 middle-age women. The questionnaire, which was originally developed by Schwartz, Jandorf & Krupp, was analyzed using Cronbach's a and factor analysis. Results: Cronbach's a for the FAI was .9198. As a result of item analysis, 27 items were selected from the total of 29 items, Items that showed low correlation with the total scale were excluded. Six factors were fixed from the data analysis performed using principle component analysis and varimax rotation. These six factors account for 65.3% of total variance. The first factor was global fatigue severity, and the second one was fatigue consequences. The other factors were method of fatigue reduction, fatigue caused by exercise, fatigue caused by routine activity, and fatigue caused by stress and depression, sequentially. Conclusion: The reliability and validity of FAI were verified.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.483-494
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• 2007

Purpose: The objective of the study is to describe the experience of health care activities of the menopausal women through phenomenological methodology. Methods: Seven menopausal women participated in the study. Open in-depth interviews were used to collect data, and data were analyzed by the phenomenological methods suggested by Colaizzi. Results: The data were separated into 4 categories of uncomfortable life due to physical and emotional change, building consistency in daily life through regulating a routine rhythm, recovering normality, recovering stability, and 8 clusters of themes; securing regularity in daily life, securing availability in daily life, regulating through elimination and diminishment, regulating through supplementation, being patient and control self, expressing self, review the context and exchanging views, expending a world through one's faith. Conclusion: Participants accepted menopause not as a disease but as a natural course of life and realized that menopausal health problems could be naturally settled in general health care activities in daily life.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.1038-1041
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• 2008

Aminoglycosides are frequently used antibiotics in children. The multiple daily dosing (MDD) in infants and children is twice or three times daily depending on age. Recent studies in adults have shown that once daily dosing (ODD) maximizes the bactericidal activity and might minimize the toxicity of antibiotics. So, I reviewed many studies about efficacy, toxicity and cost effectiveness of ODD of aminoglycosides in children. Most studies suggest that ODD compared with MDD of aminoglycosides is theoretically more efficacious and has no higher toxicity in infants and children. But, the total number of patients included in the studies is not large. Multi-center, controlled prospective studies are required in larger numbers of infants and children to determine the efficacy and safety of the ODD regimen in children before ODD of aminoglycosides can be recommended for routine use.