• 제목/요약/키워드: Rough Ground

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Change detection algorithm based on amplitude statistical distribution for high resolution SAR image (통계분포에 기반한 고해상도 SAR 영상의 변화탐지 알고리즘 구현 및 적용)

  • Lee, Kiwoong;Kang, Seoli;Kim, Ahleum;Song, Kyungmin;Lee, Wookyung
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.31 no.3
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    • pp.227-244
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    • 2015
  • Synthetic Aperture Radar is able to provide images of wide coverage in day, night, and all-weather conditions. Recently, as the SAR image resolution improves up to the sub-meter level, their applications are rapidly expanding accordingly. Especially there is a growing interest in the use of geographic information of high resolution SAR images and the change detection will be one of the most important technique for their applications. In this paper, an automatic threshold tracking and change detection algorithm is proposed applicable to high-resolution SAR images. To detect changes within SAR image, a reference image is generated using log-ratio operator and its amplitude distribution is estimated through K-S test. Assuming SAR image has a non-gaussian amplitude distribution, a generalized thresholding technique is applied using Kittler and Illingworth minimum-error estimation. Also, MoLC parametric estimation method is adopted to improve the algorithm performance on rough ground target. The implemented algorithm is tested and verified on the simulated SAR raw data. Then, it is applied to the spaceborne high-resolution SAR images taken by Cosmo-Skymed and KOMPSAT-5 and the performances are analyzed and compared.

Mat Drying Characteristics of the Wet-thresheds Rough-rice and Effect of Drying Environment on the Cracks Formation (생탈곡(生脱糓)벼의 깔아말림 특성(特性)과 건조조건(乾燥條件)이 동할미(胴割米) 발생(發生)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Chun, Jae Kun;Choi, Boo Dol;Lee, Jeong Cheol
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.58-64
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    • 1982
  • The fresh threshed paddy-mat dryings on the various environments were analyzed on their drying characteristics and rice quality resulted. The moisture content of paddy was mainly determined by the accumulated solar energy received, and which was expressed as a simple equation. The drying characteristics revealed to follow a constant rate drying type, and as the depth increased the more typical constant-rate drying pattern was observed. The relationship between the drying rate and bed depth was established with a simple exponential equation. The raking operation during the drying period showed a favorable effect both on the drying rate and the reduction of crack formation. Drying environments such as straw mat, concrete, ground, polyethylene film did not affect significantly the drying rate and rice quality. Considering the drying rate and quality, the optimum bed depth of mat paddy drying was around 6 cm.

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STUDY ON EXPRESSION OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN IN ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA (선양낭성암종(Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma)에서의 Glycosaminoglycan의 발현에 관한 연구)

  • Son, Chang-Won;Kim, Kyung-Wook;Kim, Chul-Hwan
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.271-281
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    • 2004
  • Adenoid cystic carcinoma is malignant tumor in salivary gland, and its behavior is very invasive. Of all malignant tumor adenoid cystic carcinoma is occured in frequency of 4.4% in major salivary gland, and 1.29% in minor salivary gland. Histopathologically, adenoid cystic carcinoma is characterized by a cribriform appearance, and tubular form and solid nest type tumor can be seen. The tumor cell structure composed of modified myoepithelial cell, and basaloid cell. Extracellular matrix of this tumor cell contains variable ground substance with basement membrane component. Basement membrane matrix composed of collagen fibers, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and its function is well known that it participate in differentiation, proliferation, and growth of tumor cell. Basement membrane molecule is essential for invasion of peripheral nerve, blood vessel, skeletal muscle in tumor cell of adenoid cystic carcinoma. In many studies, the tumor cell of adenoid cystic carcinoma containing modified myoepithelial cell participate in synthesis of proteoglycan. In this study, tissue sample of adenoid cystic carcinoma of human salivary gland were obtained from 15 surgical specimen, and all specimen were routinely fixed in 10% formalin and embedded. Serial $4-{\mu}m$ thick sections were cut from paraffin blocks. the histopathologic evaluation was done with light microscopy. And, the immunohistochemical staining, characteristics of glycosaminoglycan were observed. For biochemical analysis of glycosaminoglycan, isolation of crude glycosaminoglycan from tumor tissue and Western bolt analysis were carried out. With transmission electomicroscopy, tumor cell were observed. Biologic behavior of adenoid cystic carcinoma was observed with distribution and expression of basement membrane of glycosaminoglycan in tumor cells, The results obtained were as follows: 1. In immunohistochemical study, chondroitin sulfate is postively stained in tumor cell and interstitial space, dermatan sulfate is weakly stained in ductal cell. But keratan sulfate is negatively stained. 2. In immunohistochemical study, heparan sulfate is strong positive stained in tumor cell and basement membrane, especially in invasion area to peripheral nerve tissue. 3. In transmission electromicroscpic view, the tumor cells are composed modifed myoepithelial cells, and contains many microvilli and rough endoplasmic reticulum. 4. In Western blot analysis, the expression of glycosaminoglycan is expressed mostly in heparan sulfate. From the results obtained in this study, tumor cell of adenoid cystic carcinoma is composed modified myoepithelial cell, and glycosaminoglycan of basement membrane molecule of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate mostly participate in the development and invasiveness of adenoid cystic carcinoma by immunohistochemical study and western blot analysis.

A Study on the method of child instruction in "Sa So Jeol" ("사소절"에 나타난 아동훈육법 고찰)

  • 류점숙
    • Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.141-152
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    • 1987
  • The book of Sa So Jeol is about the moral training family precepts written by Yi Deok-mu (이덕무, 1739~1793) in the year of king Young Jo 51th in the Yi dynasty. The writer provides us, according to the views of Confucianists, with the principles that both elders and children of that time should abide by in the daily life, dividing the said books into 924 sections, 8 chapters, and 2 volumes. The parts concerned with children are studied in this essay. The brief conclusions are as follows. 1. Children were required to have the mental attitudes of honesty, patience, tolerance and frugality and were instructed to show such attitudes through their behavior. 2. Children were instructed to have the behavioral attitudes of nine aspects, which are the behavioral characteristics of the sages. They were instructed to emulate the personal characters of the sages through being possessed of these nine aspects, which are to be found in healthy and comfortable mental states. 3. Children were instructed to be careful and composed, in their activities. Since prudence is the basic principle of mental and behavioral attitudes, being required of men and women of all ages in a traditional society, it was emphasized from early childhood 4. The aim of instruction was taken to be becoming human, or becoming a virtuous man, rather than merely passing the classical government examamination, and for this aim the moral rules, which can be considered the order of human relations, were taught intensively. 5. As for instructional methods, the children were required to do careful or rough reading according to their abilities, and were instructed to listen to lectures politely, prudently, ardently and honestly. 6. The instructional contents are for the purpose of making children read the classical canons after increasing their perceptive ability in the various things of the sexagenary cycle, the multipicative method, the kings, lineage, and the reign-titles, and the accumulated knowledge of $\ulcorner$Kyung Mong Yo Kyul$\lrcorner$, $\ulcorner$Seong Hak Jeop Yo$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$Keun Sa Lok$\lrcorner$. Because of the greater emphasis on natural talents rather than on acquired abilities, the children, however, were eudcated only after their despositions were examined. 7. The children were required to have warm-hearted, careful, polite, and prudent attitudes toward their elders, and were instructed to take precauticns against arrogance and impoliteness. Since politeness in particular was considered not only as the ground of decorum but the method of emotional regulation and maintaining composure for confucianists, it can be regarded as the principal ettiquettee demanded in all activities. 8. The main instructional contents are generally moral aspects, concentrating on introspection and virtuous conduct through emotional regulations, rather than on the natural expression of physical and mental states.

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Changes of Seed Viability and Physico-Chemical Properties of Milled Rice with Different Ecotypes and Storage Duration (벼 생태형별 저장기간에 따른 종자 발아율 및 이화학적 특성변화)

  • Kim, Hong-Yeol;Yang, Chang-Ihn;Choi, Yong-Hwan;Won, Yong-Jae;Lee, Young-Tae
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.52 no.4
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    • pp.375-379
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    • 2007
  • This study was carried out to examine the effects of storage duration on physico-chemical properties of milled rice. Rough rice of three rice ecotypes(Japonica, Tongil and F1 hybrids with Tongil back-ground) was stored for 4, 16, 28 and 40 months without artificial environmental control in seed warehouse. And this materials were investigated for seed germination rate, brown rice hardness, alkali digestion value(ADV), contents of protein, amylose, total sugar, and reducing sugar. Seed germination rate was significantly reduced with storage duration increased regardless of rice ecotypes : 66.7% from 16 months storage, 2.5% from 28, and nil from 40 months storage in Japonica rices. And 54.0%, 67.9% in Tongil, and F1 hybrid after 40 months storage, respectively. Brown rice hardness was not significantly affected by storage duration but showed significant genotypic differences. As the storage duration prolonged, sugar content and alkali digestion value increased, protein content declined while amylose content did not show clear tendency. Total and reducing sugar contents showed sharp increase upto 16 months storage and thereafter steady in crease, and the percentage of reducing sugar content out of total sugar content increased with extended storage duration.

Biological Characteristics and Tissue Structure of a Crustose Coralline Lithophyllum Alga (해조류 무절산호조 혹돌잎의 생물학적 특성 및 조직구조)

  • Kang, Ji-Young;Benliro, Ianthe Marie P.;Lee, Ik-Joon;Choi, Ji-Young;Joo, Jin;Choi, Yoo Seong;Hwang, Dong Soo;Hong, Yong-Ki
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.341-346
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    • 2013
  • The disappearance of seaweed flora in some rocky areas, which is known as algal whitening, barren ground, coralline flats, or deforested areas, is associated with some species of coralline algae. To determine the biological characteristics of a representative species of crustose coralline alga, the 18S rDNA gene was sequenced to identify the genus Lithophyllum. According to its morphological and distributional characteristics, it was deduced to be L. yessoense. Viability was measured using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and showed high viability from December to February. Culture conditions of $16^{\circ}C$, a 16 hr light, 8 hr dark cycle, and 30 ${\mu}E/m^2/s$ light intensity were optimal for maintaining the viability of the alga for up to five days. Included in the fatty acids was 9.7% ${\omega}$-3 eicosapentaenoic acid. An electron microscopy scan of the surface structure revealed round craters about 3.6 ${\mu}m$ in diameter, which were covered with rough, irregular, and angular polygon-shaped structures about 1.0 to 3.7 ${\mu}m$ in size. Based on the composition and structure found in our study, biomimetic coralline alga might become an environmentally friendly antifouling material against the attachment of soft foulants.

Chemical weathering in King George Island, Antarctica

  • Jeong, Gi-Young
    • Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2003.05a
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    • pp.66-66
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    • 2003
  • King George island, Antarctica, is mostly covered by ice sheet and glaciers, but the land area is focally exposed for several thousand years after deglaciation. For a mineralogical study of chemical weathering in the polar environment, glacial debris was sampled at the well-developed patterned ground which was formed by long periglaclal process. As fresh equivalents, recently exposed tills were sampled at the base of ice cliff of outlet glaciers and at the melting margin of ice cap together with fresh bedrock samples. Fresh tills are mostly composed of quartz, plagioclase, chlorite, and illite, but those derived from hydrothermal alteration zone contain smectite and illite-smectite. In bedrocks, chlorite was the major clay minerals in most samples with minor illite near hydrothermal alteration zone and interstratified chlorite-smectite in some samples. Smectite closely associated with eolian volcanic glass was assigned to alteration in their source region. Blocks with rough surface due to chemical disintegration showed weathering rinds of several millimeter thick. Comparision between inner fresh and outer altered zones did not show notable change in clay mineralogy except dissolution of calcite and some plagioclase. Most significant weathering was observed in the biotite flakes, eolian volcanic glass, sulfides, and carbonates in the debris. Biotite flakes derived from granodiorite were altered to hydrobiotite and vermiculite of yellow brown color. Minor epitactic kaolinite and gibbsite were formed in the cleaved flakes of weathered biotite. Pyrite was replaced by iron oxides. Calcite was congruently dissolved. Volcanic glass of basaltic andesite composition showed alteration rim of several micrometer thick or completely dissolved leaving mesh of plagioclase laths. In the alteration rim, Si, Na, Mg, and Ca were depleted, whereas Al, Ti, and Fe were relatively enriched. Mineralization of lichen and moss debris is of much interest. They are rich of A3 and Si roughly in the ratio of 2:1 to 3:1 typical of allophane. In some case, Fe and Ti are enriched in addition to Al and Si. Transmission electron microscopy of the samples rich of volcanic glass showed abundant amorphous aluminosilicates, which are interpreted as allophane. Chemical weathering in the King George Island is dominated by the leaching of primary phyllosilicates, carbonates, eolian volcanic glass, and minor sulfides. Authigenesls of clay minerals is less active. Absence of a positive evidence of significant authigenic smectite formation suggests that its contribution to the clay mineralogy of marine sediments are doubtful even near the maritime Antarctica undergoing a more rapid and intenser chemical weathering under more humid and milder climate.

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Numerical Analysis of Grout Flow and Injection Pressure Affected by Joint Roughness and Aperture (절리 거칠기와 간극 변화에 따른 그라우트 유동과 주입압에 관한 수치해석적 연구)

  • Jeon, Ki-Hwan;Ryu, Dong-Woo;Kim, Hyung-Mok;Park, Eui-Seob;Song, Jae-Jun
    • Tunnel and Underground Space
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.82-91
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    • 2010
  • Grouting technology is one of the ground improvement methods used in water controlling and reinforcement of rock mass in underground structure construction. It is necessarily required to find out the characteristics of grout flow through discontinuities in a rock mass for an adequate grout design and performance assessment. Laminar flow is not always applicable in simulating a grout flow in a rock mass, since the rock joints usually have apertures at a micro-scale and the flow through these joints is affected by the joint roughness and the velocity profile of the flow changes partially near the roughness. Thus, the influence of joint roughness and aperture on the grout flow in rough rock joint was numerically investigated in this study. The commercial computational fluid dynamics code, FLUENT, was applied for this purpose. The computed results by embedded Herschel-Bulkley model and VOF (volume of fluid) model, which are applicable to simulate grout flow in a narrow rock joint that is filled with air and water, were well compared with that of analytical results and previously published laboratory test for the verification. The injection pressure required to keep constant injection rate of grout was calculated in a variety of Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC) and aperture conditions, and the effect of joint roughness and aperture on grout flow were quantified.

Hume's Justice as an artificial Virtue (흄의 인위적 덕으로서의 정의)

  • Lee, Nam-won
    • Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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    • v.141
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    • pp.133-166
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    • 2017
  • The main aim of this paper is to show why justice is based on convention, not nature, in David Hume. Most philosopher, since Aristotle, have considered justice in relation to distribution. This understanding of justice continues up to modern times, and is handled especially in relation to ownership or private property in modern times. In modern times, private property is regarded as an absolute right that should not be violated in any case. Hume identifies this private property with justice. The absolute inviolability of private property is equivalent to never violate to justice. Hume is concerned with the question of where this justice originate. In other words, Hume is not concerned with the Kantian justification of justice, but rather with the psychological discussion of the genesis process of the idea of justice. Hume's answer is that "social utility" is its origin. Public societies are necessary conditions for human being. In other words, if public societies do not exist, humans can not exist. How then can a public society, which is a prerequisite for human being, exist or can be maintained? According to Hume, it is maintained by means of justice. So where is the ground for justice? Hume argues that the basis of justice is not nature, but human conventions. Man accepts justice tacitly and by doing so man can maintains his being. This is a rough insight of Hume. Hume uses a wide variety of concepts to carry out his argument. In this paper, we focus on how the idea of justice in human mind, based on these various concepts presented by Hume, is formed.

Analysis of Shear Properties from the Numerical Shear Test on Rock Joints with PFC2D (PFC2D를 이용한 암반 절리의 수치전단시험으로부터 전단 특성 분석)

  • Noh, Jeongdu;Kang, Seong-Seung
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.31 no.3
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    • pp.357-366
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    • 2021
  • Shear behavior dependent on the shape and roughness of rock joints can greatly influence the stability of the ground and rock structures. The efficient design of rock structures requires understanding of the shear behavior due to joints and accurate calculation of the shear strength. This work reports numerical shear tests using PFC2D on No. 1 (JCR-1), with smooth joints, and No. 7 (JRC-7) and No. 9 (JRC-9), with relatively rough joints, for the 10 shapes of standard joint profiles proposed by Barton and Choubey (1977). The aim was to investigate the shear behavior of rock joints with respect to their roughness. The results show the maximum shear stress to be about 3.2 to 5.0 times greater in the rougher JRC-7 and JRC-9 joints than in smoother JRC-1. The maximum shear displacement was approximately 4.1 to 5.8 times greater at the first normal stress than at the second. The rougher joints showed friction angles of the rock joints that were approximately 1.8 to 3.9 times greater than that in the smooth joint. Overall, increasing the rock joint roughness increased the maximum shear stress and friction angle.