• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 1979

The saponins isolated form the herb of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer were investigated as compared with ginseng root saponins. By adopting DEAE cellulose ion exchange chromatography the pure saponins were isolated from Korean ginseng roots and leaves. The ginseng root and leaf saponins showed some differences in the pattern of the two-dimensional thin layer chromatogram. The ratio of panaxadiol to panaxatriol in the saponins was 1.7 in the roots and 3.5 in the leaves. Infra-red spectrum of ginseng leaf saponins isolated by liquid chromatography was identical with that of root saponins.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.162-163
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• 1999

The goal of this research was (1) to describe the conditions and parameters required for the cell cycle synchronization and the accumulation of large number of metaphase cells in maize and other cereal root tips, (2) to isolate intact metaphase chromosomes from root tips suitable for characterization by flow cytometry, and (3) to construct chromosome-specific libraries from maize. Plant metaphase chromosomes have been successfully synchronized and isolated from many cereal root-tips. DNA synthesis inhibitor (hydroxyurea) was used to synchronize cell cycle, follwed by treatement with trifluralin to accumulate metaphase chromosomes. Maize flow karyotypes show substantial variation among inbred lines. thish variation should be sueful in isolating individual chromosome types. In addition, flow cytometry is a useful method to measure DNA content of individual chromosomes in a genotyps, and to detect chromosomal variations. Individual chromosome peaks have been sorted from the maize hybrid B73/Mol7. Libraries were generated form the DOP-PCR amplification product from each peak. To date, we have analyzed clones from a library constructed from the maize chromosome 1 peak. Hybridization of labeled genomic DNA to clone inserts indicated that $24\%,\;18\%,\;and\;58\%$ of the clones were highly repetitive, medium repetitive, and low copy, respectively. Fifty percent of putative low cpoy clones showed single bands on inbred screening, blots, and the remaining $50\%$ were low copy repeats. Single copy clones showing polymorphism will be mapped using recombinant inbred mapping populations. Repetitive clones are being characterized by Southern blot analysis, and will be screened by in situ hybridization for their potential utility as chromosome specific markers.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.79-90
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• 2000

In this paper, a high-performance floating point unit, which is suitable for high-performance superscalar microprocessors and supports IEEE 754 standard, is designed. Floating-point arithmetic unit (AU) supports all denormalized number processing through hardware, while eliminating the additional delay time due to the denormalized number processing by proposing the proposed gradual underflow prediction (GUP) scheme. Contrary to the existing fixed-radix implementations, floating-point divide/square root unit adopts a new architecture which determines variable length quotient bits per cycle. The new architecture is superior to the SRT implementations in terms of performance and design complexity. Moreover, sophisticated exception prediction scheme enables precise exception to be implemented with ease on various superscalar microprocessors, and removes the stall cycles in division. Designed floating-point AU and divide/square root unit are integrated with and instruction decoder, register file, memory model and multiplier to form a floating-point unit, and its function and performance is verified.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.533-538
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• 1998

[ $Garr{\grave{e}}'s$ ] osteomyelitis is a chronic form of osteomyelitis in which periosteum is thickened with peripheral reactive bone formation. Carl $Garr{\grave{e}}$ first reported localized periosteal thickening as a response to mild stimuli. In dental literatures, Pell et al. first reported $Garr{\grave{e}}'s$ osteomyelitis in jaws. This disease frequent occurs in youngsters and usually in mandible. It usually results in hard swelling over the jaws with little or no pain. Palpation reveals a localized bony swelling lesion. In radiographic findings, it usually reveals laminated periosteal thickening on lesion. The treatment of $Garr{\grave{e}}'s$ osteomyelitis usually consists of elimination of the sources of infection, i.e., either extraction of an infected teeth or root canal therapy. Two children were admitted with the chief complaint of intraoral swelling on lower deciduous molar areas which was diagnosed as $Garr{\grave{e}}'s$ osteomyelitis. The root canal therapy and antibiotic therapy were performed and prognosis was checked. From these case studies, some results were obtained as follows : With the aid of root canal therapy and antibiotic administration, the size of periapical lesions was reduced, the mandible with bony swelling recovered its normal shapes radiographically, and the permanent tooth germs resumed sound development.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.302-308
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• 2009

For the proper tree management of Taxus cuspidata, distributed in the High 1 Ski Slope construction area in Baekwoonsan, Jeungsun-gun, Kangwon-do, the growing states of 323 trees(including transplanted 57trees) are investigated. Tree height, rootcollar diameter, D.B.H., stem condition, apical shoot, dead branch, needle growth condition, 2-year-old needle loss, root condition, tree form are investigated. Taxus cuspidata are mainly growing at the sites, high elevated mountain ridge or slopes facing north. Growing states of Taxus cuspidata, distributed in Baekwoonsan are relatively better than those of Taxus cuspidata and Abies koreana at other subalpine zone in Korea. Damaged trees are mainly due to root-removal through transplanting, root-damages by raising the ground level and digging. Several methods of Taxus cuspidata conservation were suggested.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.39-49
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• 2006

Seasonal biomass and carbon, nitrogen contents change of marsh club-rush (Schoenoplectus trigueter) was investigated in Nakdong river estuary, located near Busan, Korea. New shoot of S. trigueter sprouted from tuber in April and fast growth season was followed until mature in August. Mature lengths of shoot and root were 60 and 9.4 cm, respectively. The increase of biomass showed similar seasonal trends with length. Mature biomass were $3.5gind^{-1}$ in wet weight and $0.6gind^{-1}$ in dry weight. The biomass of S. trigueter in areal basis was also highest during July and August ($186gDWm^{-2}$). The shoot of S. trigueter was disappeared in October from the ground but the biomass of shoot was maintained as a form of detritus in sediment. The amount of S. trigueter detritus was about 30~50% of the biomass in August. During winter, the amount of detritus decreased with time but the biomass of root+tuber remained same, implying the root+tuber part is alive. The net productivity of S. trigueter estimated from biomass change were $538gDWm^{-2}yr^{-1}$, $240g-Cm^{-2}yr^{-1}$, $8.2g-Nm^{-2}yr^{-1}$ in dry weight, carbon and nitrogen equivalent respectively. During winter, carbon to nitrogen ratio in detritus increased implying the preferred remineralization of nitrogen during microbial degradation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2023

Light is an important factor that influences the growth and development of flowering plants. The present study investigated the effects of in vitro acclimatization to different light colors (white light (WL; control), blue light (BL; 447 nm), green light (GL; 519 nm), and red light (RL; 667 nm)) on the growth of petunia (Petunia hybrida) and of hardening cultivation of plant transferred form in vitro to a greenhouse under sunlight. Compared to the control, the shoot length and leaf width of Petunia increased by 42% and 11.7%, respectively, after acclimatization to BL and the shoot growth increased by 29.3% after acclimatization to RL. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents after acclimatization to BL and GL were 16.7% and 11.3% higher, respectively, and 14.4% and 11.9% higher, respectively, than those in the control. During greenhouse cultivation, the shoot length increased by 16.7% and 11.3%, respectively, after acclimatization to BL and RL, respectively, and the leaf length and leaf width increased by 14.4% and 11.9%, respectively, after acclimatization to GL. While dry weight of root of GL and BL was not significant difference in vitro, increased by 59.0% and 22.9% ex vitro than that of WL. Thus, acclimatization to BL increased the shoot growth and leaf chlorophyll contents, and acclimatization to GL and RL enhanced shoot and root growth, in petunia.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.429-444
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• 1998

Objective of this study was to select ectomycorrhizal fungi for black spruce(Picea mariana) inoculation to overcome the growth inhibitory effects of Kalmia angustifolia. Nineteen isolates representing 11 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi were tested for their abilities to grow and form mycorrhizae with black spruce seedlings in the presence of water leachate of leaves of Kalmia. Mycelium growth of 9 isolates were inhibited by the leaf leachate. Colony diameter and biomass of the other 10 isolates were either increased or unaffected under the same conditions. Acidic pH of the culture medium(pH 3 and 4) inhibited some of the fungi, but a combination of acidic pH and the leaf leachate was more inhibitory. Thirteen isolates were able to form ectomycorrhizae with black spruce in presence of 25% leaf leachate in pure culture. Four isolates, Paxillus involutus(NF4), Cenococcum geophilum(GB12), Laccaria laccata(GB23), and E-strain(GB45) formed mycorrhizae more successfully than the others in presence of up to 50% Kalmia leaf leachate. Black spruce seedlings pre-inoculated with these fungi were grown with Kalmia leaf leachate and live Kalmia plants during a four month greenhouse experiment. Abundant mycorrhizae(77-91% of root tips) were developed on seedlings pre-inoculated with P. involutus, L. laccata and E-strain but relatively poor mycorrhization(32% of root tips) resulted with C. geophidum. Over 90% of the short root mycorrhizae were attributed to the inoculated fungi although indigenous mycorrhizae also occurred on most seedlings. Persistence of the mycorrhizae was not affected by living Kalmia plants. Over 80% of the mycorrhizae on seedlings inoculated with P. involutus, L. laccata and E-strain and 53% of the mycorrhizae on seedlings inoculated with C. geophilum were attributable to the inoculant fungi. Control seedlings formed about 45% ectomycorrhizal short roots with indigenous fungi. The L. laccata and C. geophilum inoculated seedlings exhibited enhanced mycorrhizae formation in presence of Kalmia leaf leachate. Mycorrhizae formation with inoculant fungi was 4-15% lower at pH 4 than at pH 5, with the greatest inhibition occurring for L. laccata. Seedlings inoculated with P. involutus had the greatest shoot and root growth followed by L. laccata and E-strain inoculated seedlings. The P. involutus and L. laccata inoculated seedlings were significantly taller with more shoot dry biomass than the uninoculated(control) seedlings. E-strain inoculated seedlings had significantly higher shoot dry biomass and significantly lower number of first order lateral roots compared to the control but other growth parameters such as height, root dry weight and number of short root tips were not significantly different from the control. Seedlings inoculated with C. geophilum were not significantly different from the uninoculated seedlings in any of the growth parameters except for the number of first artier lateral roots which was significantly less than the control seedlings.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.117-126
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• 2012

This study was conducted to assess the levels of microbiological hazards of preprocessed Namuls, which were served at the school foodservice. 19 preprocessed ground or root vegetables were collected from 21 schools in May to June of 2011. Heavy contamination of aerobic plate counts (from 3.39 to 8.42 logCFU/g) and total coliform groups (from 3.16 to 7.84 logCFU/g), enterobacteriaceaes (from 2.53 to 7.55 logCFU/g) were detected in preprocessed Namuls. In addition, the detection rates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus (emetic form) were 4.3%, 11.7% and 2.1%, respectively. In addition, sanitary indicative bacterium at preprocessing steps of root vegetables (lotus root, burdock root, bellflower root) and blanched Namuls (bracken, sweet potato vine, chinamul) were analyzed. Aerobic plate counts, coliform groups, and enterobacteriaceaes were not effectively removed during preprocessing including washing and soaking steps. In the case of blanched Namuls (bracken, sweet potato vine, chinamul), contamination levels increased more after drying process and no significant reduction effect on the levels of microbial contamination was observed during preprocessing steps. Thus, effect of preprocessing steps on the microbiological hazards in Namuls must be reevaluated to improve the microbiological quality of preprocessed Namuls at the school foodservice and retail markets.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.432-437
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• 2016

The objective of this research was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Jeok Hasuo (Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., PM) and Baek Hasuo (Cynanchi wilfordii Radix, CW) root extracts. Total phenolic contents of PM and CW root extracts were determined and the antioxidant activities of the root extracts were determined by scavenging activity of diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes were determined and expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The disc diffusion method was also used to determine the zone of inhibition. The butanol extracts of PM and CW roots exhibited greater total phenolic contents (1,212.6 and 1,454.5 mg/g GAE, respectively) than those of ethanol and water extracts. The ethanol (89.0%) and butanol extracts (88.9%) of PM exhibited significantly greater DPPH radical scavenging activities than that of water extracts (73.1%) (p<0.05). Only ethanol extract exhibited an MIC of 0.8 mg/mL against both bacteria. Zones of inhibition started to form when the concentration of extract was greater than 5 mg/disc. The diameters of the zone of inhibition of PM and CW were measured to be 8.9 and 9.2 mm against S. aureus and P. acnes, respectively, exhibiting the greatest antimicrobial activities among the extracts. This research demonstrated that the PM and CW root extracts possessed not only antioxidant activity but also strong antimicrobial activity against skin-related bacteria.