• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.296-300
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• 2013

This study was carried out to have the basic and applied information to develop the cultivation methods and models and to increase the productivity of high-quality ginseng. Plant height was dramatically increased from one year old to four years old, and then it was grown up very slowly. Stem length was shown similar tendency as the plant height did. Its range were from 9.4 cm in one year old to about 42.4 cm in four year-old ginseng. The leaf area was clearly increased until four years old, $10.1cm^2$ in one year old to $204.9cm^2$ in four years old, while it was slightly increased after four years old. Root length was continuously increased from one year old until four years old, and then it was grown up very slowly. Tap root length which was measured was appeared about 8 cm from three years old to six years old, showing not much different among the year-olds. The root diameter was continuously increased from one year old to six year-old ginseng, about 2.9 mm and about 19 mm, respectively. The moisture content was higher on the shoot than that on the root. It was slightly decreased as they were getting old. In shoot part, the rate of leaves and stems based on dry weight was about 1 : 1. In the root, the dry weight of tap root was heavier than that of lateral root. The dry weight of shoot was decreased after four years old, while it of the root was continuously increased until six years old, resulting the production of ginseng root. Based on the results of this study, growth characteristics of shoot and root of ginseng were dramatically increased from one year old to four years old and then their growths were appeared different between shoot and root, showing not much growing in shoot and keep growing in root.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.477-486
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• 1998

Recently the development of rotary instrument makes it possible that in root canal treatment operator saves much more time, maintans original curved canal shape and easily prepares continuous tapered root canal. The purpose of this experiment was to examine the smoothness of the internal surface of prepared root canal and the effectiveness of debridement in prepared root canal by SEM for the comparison of hand and Ni-Ti rotary instrument. 25 extracted human teeth were access opened and # 10 K-type file was introduced into canal until it was appeared at the apical foramen. The working length was established by subtracting 0.5mm from this measurement. Group 1. The root canal preparation was done to # 30 with working length and then step-back until # 45 with K-Flexofile (Maillefer, Swiss). Group 2. Root canal preparation was done by Naviflex Ni-Ti file (Brasseler, USA) as the same technique with group 1. Group 3. Canal was prepared by Profile .04 (Maillefer, Swiss) taper until #30. Group 4. With use of Quantec (Tycom, USA) root canal was prepared from file number 1 to 8. In group 1 and 2, the root canal irrigant was NaOCl and the other groups, NaOCl and RC-prep (Premine Dental Products, USA) was used. The prepared teeth were notched with high-speed bur as bucco-lingual direction and fractured with chisel and mallet, then examined with SEM. Group 1 showed smooth internal surface. There were scratches mainly to the axial direction. Group 2 showed similar characteristics to those in group 1. Group 3 showed more smoother and linear cutting surface with bised scratches. Group 4 has the almost same characteristics group 3 and there was no difference in the file design. Ni-Ti rotary root canal instrument prepare the dentinal wall more smoother than hand instrument. The effectiveness of debridement was not fully affected by file design. The isthmus area and accessory canals of the root canal system were not prepared in any group. According to the result, hand and rotary type instrumentation techniques were effective in removal of major amount of tissue from root canal but it was not complete. In the direction of cutting movement there was difference between them.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.693-702
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate that a roadside tree root intrudes sewer network systems. Two approaches were performed to assess the characteristics of tree root intrusion. First, the characteristics of tree roots that had invaded sewers were directly observed by means of closed-circuit television inspection robot. Second, the intrusion proportions of tree root into rain gutters in the sampling area were investigated. As tree species of low intrusion proportions, the results indicated that Ginkgo biloba Linn. and Acer buergerianum Miq. were 1.7% and 4.3%. On the other hand, tree species of high intrusion proportions were Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica Nakai and Zelkova serrata Makino as 22.2%, 20.4%, and 17.6% respectively. In particular, sewers and gutters around Zelkova species should be the focus of maintenance work because of the high proportion of these trees on roadsides.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2011

The characteristics of absorption and accumulation of inorganic germanium in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer were examined. In 4-year-old P. ginseng, the germanium content of the field soil increased with increased amounts and frequencies of inorganic germanium application, while chemical components of the soil, such as available phosphate and exchangeable calcium, potassium, and magnesium, decreased with the increased inorganic germanium application. In the 4-year-old P. ginseng, the germanium content was highest in the rhizome and increased in the order of stem, leaf, lateral root, and main root, suggesting that inorganic germanium was absorbed from the root and translocated to the stem and leaf via the rhizome. As for changes in ginsenosides in 4-year-old P. ginseng rhizomes, the contents of ginsenosides $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Re, and Rf decreased as the germanium content in soil increased. Ginsenosides $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Re, and Rf in the main root also decreased with increasing germanium content in the main root. The results suggest that inorganic germanium treatment may increase organic germanium in harvested P. ginseng, thus enhancing the medicinal effi cacy of ginseng products.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.28.1-28.12
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the endodontic characteristics of mandibular premolars with dens evaginatus (DE) that require endodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent endodontic treatment were enrolled. The inclusion criteria were patients who underwent root canal treatment in the lower permanent teeth with DE and were followed up for at least 1 year. Preoperative clinical and radiographic variables were obtained. The frequency distribution of the preoperative variables was compared using the χ² or Fisher's exact tests. The significance of the change in periapical health index (PAI) and root development stages before and after treatment was examined using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: A total of 150 teeth of 134 patients with an average age of 15.3 years were included. The percentage distribution comparison of the preoperative variables and obturation techniques revealed significant differences in pulpal and periapical diagnosis, and percussion, and especially regarding age, root development stage, and PAI. Age was the only statistically significant preoperative variable associated with root growth (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Approximately, 60% of DEs requiring endodontic treatment had immature roots. Age being the most significant predisposing factor, early treatment provides the greatest opportunity for full root development.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.77-84
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• 2004

This study was carried out to analyze the vertical and horizontal distribution of fine root biomass of Pinus thunbergii transplanted in reclaimed land from the sea near Gwangyang Bay. The fine-root biomass according to 6 planting ground types were as follows: 98.5 g DM/$m^2$ for P2, 51.1 g DM/$m^2$ for P6, 47.8 g DM$m^2$ for P5, 44.6 g DM/$m^2$ for P3, 38.2 g DM/$m^2$ for P4, 31.8 g DM/$m^2$ for Pl, respectively. The vertical distribution of fine root biomass decreased at descending soil depths of the 6 mounding types. Fine root biomass was 31∼55% in the topsoil of 20cm depth. Fine root biomass that were related to the Spatial distance from the nearest tree were unevenly distributed horizontally in 6 stands. distribution patterns of fine root biomass were closely related to soil hardness and alkalic cation (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+) concentrations. Therefore, in order to have good condition for the growth of landscaping plants, we suggest that there is a need for the construction of planting grounds as well as a need for soil improvement in bad soil environments.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 1994

In order to microbially control root-knot nematode(Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato, a strain BtTH109 of Bacillus thuringiensis producing root-knot nematocidal toxin was isolated. The strain BtTH109 was identified B. thuringiensis subsp. indiana(serotype 16) based on flagella antigenicity, biochemical properties, and morphological charcateristics. The strain BtTH109 have extracellularly produced a root-knot nematocidal toxin, which was very toxic against not only egghatch but also the 2nd-nematode larva of root-knot nematode in vitro.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.160-164
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• 1995

This study was carried out to compare the root yields, root characters, saponin and ginsenosides contents of 6-year-old p. ginseng and p. quinquefolium. These two ginseng species showed difference in the diameter and ten비h of mainroot. The main root length or p. quinquefolium was shorter than that of p. ginseng, whereas Jakyung-jong and Hwangsook-jong of P. ginseng showed similar root length. Proximate composition were similar between the two species, however, crude fibercontent was significantly higher in main and lateral root of Jakyung-jong and Hwang sook-jong of P ginseng than P quinquefolium. In regard to mineral contents of root, P ginseng contained more Ca and Mn and less Fe and Al than P. quinquefolium. P. quinquefolium contained more of Rbl and Rd of protopanaxadiol saponin, and less or Re, $Rg_1$ and $Rg_2$ of protopanaxatriol saponin than P ginseng. However, no Rf was detected in the p. quinquefolium. Key words Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, ginseng character, ginsenoside.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.57 no.8
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• pp.474-479
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• 2019

The purpose of the pulp treatment is to make the function of the primary molar in the oral cavity possible for as long as possible until the exfoliation of the tooth or the development of the occlusion is as long as possible. The pulpectomy is a relatively common procedure for the pediatric dentist in the clinic with dental care of the children nowadays. Primary molar is morphologically more susceptible to dental caries than permanent tooth, and the dental pulp treatment is frequently performed. Furthermore, unlike permanent teeth, the root canal has a large degree of curvature and morphological diversity and complexity, careful consideration is needed. Therefore, it is very important to comprehensively understand the morphological characteristics and diversity of the root and root canals for the successful pulp treatment of the primary molars.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.489-498
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• 2015

This study investigates the effects of a China root (Smilax china L.) extract on the chemical and microbiological characteristics and antioxidant activity of the sausage stew sauce and the soft-tofu stew sauce over a 5-week storage period. Commercial sauces were obtained from the market, and samples were prepared using four different concentrations of the China root extract (0% (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) and stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. Over the 5-week storage period, pH and salinity showed slight changes in both the sausage and soft-tofu stew sauces, but there was no significant difference (p<0.05) regardless of the extract amount and temperature. At 5 weeks, there were significant decreases in the total microbial count in groups with the China root extract (p<0.05) for both the sausage and soft-tofu stew sauces at $5^{\circ}C$. Over the whole storage period, no coliform, yeast, and mold were detected in any sample. S. aureus counts were not detected in 1.0% and 1.5% China root groups at $5^{\circ}C$, but 1.00-1.60 log CFU/g was found in the control and 0.5% groups. DPPH radical scavenging activity at 5 weeks showed an increase with an increase in the amount of the China root extract in both sauces. These results indicate that the China root extract inhibited microbial growth during storage as well as scavenging activity and thus that it can be considered to prolong the shelf life of commercial sauces.