• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.134-136
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• 1994

The effects of soil phosphorus level on seed emergence, seedling mortality, plant and root development of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) were evaluated in a newly planted commercial ginseng garden. Phosphorus levels were increased from 58 ppm to 100, 150 and 200 ppm with triplephosphate (0-45-0). Higher phosphate levels increased, seed emergence and reduced seedling mortality. Root length, diameter, fresh root weight and total leaflet length were not affected by phosphate levels.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.413-415
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• 1972

The author had a case report of right maxillary molar tooth root apex cyst involving maxillary sinus, which was misdiagnosed maxillary sinusitis or some cancer. Right maxillary 2nd premolar, 1st molar, & 2nd molar tooth involved root apex cyst was extracted and curetted.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2013

Traumatic injuries to immature permanent teeth are common and the results can be destructive. Although Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is usually sensitive to trauma, it may resist damage from trauma thereby retaining its vitality and continuing to calcify a root under favorable conditions. This case report describes two cases of trauma to immature permanent incisors. The first case presents an avulsed maxillary central incisor which has been replanted. The other case shows completely avulsed mandibular central incisors which have not been replanted. However, both cases subsequently show continued growing roots separated from the main roots. This report highlights the ability of the immature pulp tissue to continue to form dentin and the robustness of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath to initiate root development despite a traumatic injury.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.402-407
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• 2008

Total phenol content was obtained from the stem extract of 7.8 (g/100g, D.W.) and root extract of 10.5 (g/100g, D.W.) on Rosa rugosa. S-4 and R-2 compounds were isolated from the stem and root of R. rugosa. The structure of S-4 and R-2 compounds was assigned as catechin by $^{1}H,\;^{13}C$ CNMR signal and TOF-MS. The tannin content of stem extract was 752.5 (mg/100g, D.W.) as 6.3 of gallic acid, 61.5 of epicatechin and 684.8 of catechin. The tannin content of root extract was higher about 2 times (1676.0) as 6.8 of gallic acid, 160.3 of epicatechin and 1508.5 of catechin than that of stem. It was shown that catechin was main compound in the stem and root extracts of R. rugosa. Antioxidant activities were stronger low concentration, and were not different of stem and root extracts. As the results, stem and root of R. rugosa were evaluated, as natural antioxidant resource.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.225-234
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• 2008

Recently interesting in development of antimicrobial agent from natural origin has been increased in these days. Many studies have been reported antimicrobial effect of Horseradish(Armoracia rusticana) root extracts against various microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticu, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus parasiticus, Helicobacter pylori. The main component related to antimicrobial activity in horseradish is well known as allyl isothiocyanate(AIT). In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of Horseradish(Armoracia rusticana) root extracts against Streptococcus mutans isolated from human dental plaque, Streptococcus mutans reference strain and compared with that of chlorhexidine. Horseradish root extracts and chlorhexidine were tested to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration( MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC). The result of this study can be summerized as follows; 1. Horseradish root extracts showed antimicrobial effect against both S. mutans isolated strain and reference strain, their MIC were respectively $0.083{\sim}0.25%$ ($833.33{\sim}2500 ppm$), 0.25% (2500 ppm). Horseradish root extracts showed antimicrobial effect against S. mutans isolated strain at same or slightly lower concentration compared with MIC of reference strain. 2. $0.083{\sim}0.25%$ horseradish root extracts showed similar antimicrobial effect with chlorhexidine ($0.0021{\sim}0.0041%$).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.149-154
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• 2012

Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of the Root ZX in teeth with simulated root perforation in the presence of gel or liquid type endodontic irrigants, such as saline, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine liquid, 2% chlorhexidine gel, and RC-Prep, and also to determine the electrical conductivities of these endodontic irrigants. Materials and Methods: A root perforation was simulated on twenty freshly extracted teeth by means of a small perforation made on the proximal surface of the root at 4 mm from the anatomic apex. Root ZX was used to locate root perforation and measure the electronic working lengths. The results obtained were compared with the actual working length (AWL) and the actual location of perforations (AP), allowing tolerances of 0.5 or 1.0 mm. Measurements within these limits were considered as acceptable. Chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate significance. Electrical conductivities of each irrigant were also measured with an electrical conductivity tester. Results: The accuracies of the Root ZX in perforated teeth were significantly different between liquid types (saline, NaOCl) and gel types (chlorhexidine gel, RC-Prep). The accuracies of electronic working lengths in perforated teeth were higher in gel types than in liquid types. The accuracy in locating root perforation was higher in liquid types than gel types. 5.25% NaOCl had the highest electrical conductivity, whereas 2% chlorhexidine gel and RC-Prep gel had the lowest electrical conductivities among the five irrigants. Conclusions: Different canal irrigants with different electrical conductivities may affect the accuracy of the Root ZX in perforated teeth.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.21.1-21.12
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• 2020

The aim of this article was to review age-dependent clinical recommendations for appropriate root canal instrumentation techniques. A comprehensive narrative review of canal morphology, the structural characteristics of dentin, and endodontic outcomes at different ages was undertaken instead of a systematic review. An electronic literature search was carried out, including the Medline (Ovid), PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The searches used controlled vocabulary and free-text terms, as follows: 'age-related root canal treatment,' 'age-related instrumentation,' 'age-related chemo-mechanical preparation,' 'age-related endodontic clinical recommendations,' 'root canal instrumentation at different ages,' 'geriatric root canal treatment,' and 'pediatric root canal treatment.' Due to the lack of literature with practical age-based clinical recommendations for an appropriate root canal instrumentation technique, a narrative review was conducted to suggest a clinical algorithm for choosing the most appropriate instrumentation technique during root canal treatment. Based on the evidence found through the narrative review, an age-related clinical algorithm for choosing appropriate instrumentation during root canal treatment was proposed. Age affects the morphology of the root canal system and the structural characteristics of dentin. The clinician's awareness of root canal morphology and dentin characteristics can influence the choice of instruments for root canal treatment.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.485-489
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• 2000

The patterns and contents of ginsenosides were examined in normal root parts and hairy root lines of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Ginsenoside-Rb$_1$, -Rb$_2$, -Rc, -Rd, -Re, -Rf, -Rg$_1$, -Rg$_2$ were detected in normal roots and hairy roots of ginseng. The patterns and contents of ginsenosides in that were very difference each other. The contents of total ginsenoside of hairy root (KGHR-1) was 17.42 mg/g dry wt, it's highest compared to others. Ginsenoside contents of hairy root (KGHR-1) was higher on ginsenoside-Rd, Rg$_1$, KGHR-5 was higher on ginsenoside-Rb$_1$, Rg$_1$, and KGHR-8 was higher on ginsenoside-Rd, Re than others. The contents of total ginsenosides on 6 years old ginseng cultured in the field were high in the order of main root, lateral root and fine roots, and content of ginsenosides in fine roots was 3.2 times higher than that in main root. The ratio of ginsenoside-Rg$_1$to total ginsenosides were about 3.43%, 8.68% and 14.18% respectively on fine root, lateral root and main root, it's very lower than that in hairy roots. It is suggested that specific ginsenosides can be produce in cultures of ginseng hairy roots.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2020

This study was conducted to compare the effects of foliar spray and sub-irrigation of the triazole fungicide diniconazole on the regulation of stem elongation and to investigate the stimulation of root system development during the seedling stage. Comparing the two application approaches, there were significant differences in the leaf area, leaf area ratio (LAR), plant height, compactness, fresh shoot and root production, relative growth rate (RGR), and root to shoot ratio (R/S). At the same application concentration, the sub-irrigation showed a better retarding effect on growth than the foliar spray, because the PGR activity of diniconazole in root absorption was higher than that in shoot absorption. For reaching a target of 20% to 30% inhibition rate of stem length, foliar application concentration of diniconazole exceeded 10, however, only approximately 1 was required in the sub-irrigation application. The root system of tomato seedlings responded strongly to diniconazole application. Total root length, root volume, root average diameter, and the number of root tips increased when diniconazole was sub-irrigation application at 1. A reduction in fine roots (diameter range of 0 to 0.3 mm) and an increase in the roots with a diameter range of 0.3 to 0.6 mm was observed, and this may contribute to the increase in average diameter. The increase in root average diameter may be positive because root penetration increases with root diameter. Our results suggested that sub-irrigation maximized the PGR activity of diniconazole to enhance the retarding effect. And it also possible to enhance the tomato seedling root system by diniconazole stimulating with a lower concentration.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 1996

This experiment was conducted to decide appropriate nutrient concentration for beet soilless culture by different nutrient concentration treatment between before and after root enlargement. Yamazaki's solution for head lettuce was used 0.5, 1, 2, 4 strength for before root enlargement and 0.5, 1, 2, 4 strength was treated after root enlargement. Root weight was good in 0.5, 1, 2 strength treatment before, then change treatment to 4 strength after root enlargement. But 4 strength treatment after root enlargement increase pithiness and root cracking. Vitamin C contents was low in 0.5 and 4 strength treatments after root enlargement. Betaxanthin and betacyanin were involved high concentration in lower nutrient concentration after root enlargement despite the treatments of before root enlargement. Therefore 1, 2 strength before root enlargement and 2 strength after root enlargement treatments is recommendable for nutrient culture of beet.