• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 1991

Wear performances for dibutyl 3,5-di-t-butyl 4-hydroxy benzyl phosphonate (DBP) were invesitigated using the four ball test machine under sliding and also rolling contact conditions, and compared with ZDDP. DBP showed excellent antiwear performace compared with ZDDP under severe sliding contact. Also, DBP achieved a longer fatigue life than ZDDP under rolling contact conditions. The surface of the worn balls was observed using an optical microscope, and the wear derbis generated was measured using the Particle Quantifier (PQ).

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.150-155
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• 1999

The rolling fatigue lives (RFL) of five kinds of silicon nitride balls were investigated. Four kinds of Si$_3$N$_4$balls were fabricated using different raw materials, sintering aids and sintering conditions. Commercially available Si$_3$N$_4$ball was also studied for comparison. All the balls were finished up to the dimensional accuracy of Grade 10 defined in KS B 2001 (Steel Balls fer Ball Bearings) with a size of 9.525 mm. RFL tests were then conducted under the initial theoretical maximum contact stress 6.38 GPa and the spindle speed 10,000 rpm. Gear oil was provided by oiled race as lubricant. The results of RFL test indicated the prerequisitic conditions for the long rolling life of Si$_3$N$_4$ball : (1) the high density, (2) microstructures consisted of small uniformly distributed grains, (3) little glassy phase in grainboundary, and (4) little crystalline phase and secondary phase that induces residual thermal stress due to the differences of thermal expansion coefficient with Si$_3$N$_4$phase.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.248-252
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• 2010

In this paper, three-dimensional finite element analysis of thread rolling process of a 12 point flange head bolt is conducted using a rigid-plastic finite element method based metal forming simulator AFDEX 3D. A whole sequence of cold forming processes of a long shaft bolt composed of four forging stages and final thread rolling process is simulated to reveal the mechanism of thread formation. A mesh density control function is applied near the major plastic deformation region to achieve computational efficiency. It has been shown both numerically and experimentally that longitudinal lengthening or shortening is negligible in thread rolling.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.375-389
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• 1995

In H shape rolling, accurate predictions of deformation and temperature distribution in a billet are quite important because they are the main factors in determining roll calibers and roll pass schedules. Many researches have been performed to achieve the predictions, but most of them are limited to single pass or isothermal assumptions. In the present investigation, it is attempted to develop a method to predict the deformation and temperature distributions which is applicable to a complete rolling process that usually consists of several rollings under different rolls for a period of time. The method works by coupling two analyses : one is an approximate analysis for temperature distribution prediction and the other is the slab-FEM hybrid analysis for deformation prediction. The method is applied to analyze a "H" shape rolling process consisting of nine passes under four different rolls. In the present paper, basic ideas of the method are presented. Also, shapes of cross sections, strain and temperature distributions, roll separating force and roll torque predicted by the method are discussed.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2008

A simulation of hot strip finishing mill automatic gauge control (AGC) system is built, which is divided into four modules such as rolling mill system, AGC module, looper system and strip model. The rolling mill system is built by mechanism modeling, the looper system and strip model are built by function modeling, and the AGC model is tried to use intelligent control of a multi-function AGC system. The target is attempted to use this simulation object to minimize finisher exit strip thickness deviation resulting from strip entry thickness disturbance and rolling force deviation. Simulation results show that the result of this AGC/LPC synthetical system module simulation is quite close to the actual result. The simulation system can also analyze most kinds of disturbance which affect the rolling process. It is proved that the system can represent practical situation of hot strip finishing mill process control, and be used as a basic platform of research and development for researcher and engineer.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.280-284
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• 2003

High performance characteristics are required for rolling bearings and the various functions of bearing are greatly influenced by grease. Recently, higher performance is being demanded of rolling bearing greases for bearing lubrication. Four special greases with different composition such as lithium soap/ester oil, urea/ester oil, urea/ether oil and PTFE/fluorine oil were synthesized to compare the performance of these greases with that of the conventional lithium soap/mineral oil grease. The grease properties were investigated using a series of typical grease testing methods and grease life test. After the life test, the greases were charaterized by FTIR analysis and a microscope. And the iron amount in the greases was analyzed by AAS after ashing. The composition and manufacturing process determined the grease performance. The grease with a base oil of synthetic oil showed higher performance and the urea/ester oil and PTFE/fluorine oil showed about three times longer life as compared with conventional lithium grease.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.179-185
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• 2001

High performance characteristics are required for rolling bearings and the various functions of bearing are greatly influenced by grease. Recently, higher performance is being demanded of rolling bearing greases for bearing lubrication. Four special greases with different composition such as lithium soap/ester oil, urea/ester oil, urea/ether oil and PTFE/fluorine oil were synthesized to compare the performance of these greases with that of the conventional lithium soap/mineral oil grease. The grease properties were investigated using a series of typical grease testing methods and grease life test. After the life test, the greases were charaterized by FTIR analysis and a microscope. And the iron amount in the greases was analyzed by AAS after ashing. The composition and manufacturing process determined the grease performance. The grease with a base oil of synthetic oil showed higher performance and the urea/ester oil and PTFE/fluorine oil showed about three times longer life as compared with conventional lithium grease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.164-168
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• 2012

In this paper, a manufacturing process for a ball bearing outer race is studied by experiments and predictions, which is composed of four hot forging stages and the final hot or warm profile ring rolling stage. An analysis model and some assumption to simulate the profile ring rolling process is introduced. The entire process including the forging stages and ring rolling stage is simulated using a rigid-thermoviscoplastic finite element method and the predictions are compared with the experiments in terms of major dimensions, showing that they are quantitatively very close to each other.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.30 no.2 s.109
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• pp.69-74
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate experimentally the effect of the ground condition and tire inflation pressure on rolling characteristics of towed wheel, including the deformation, sinkage, effective rolling radius and motion resistance of tire. The experiment was performed at soil bin for the three levels of off-road conditions(ground-I, ground-II and ground-III) and a on-road condition(ground-IV), and for the four levels of tire inflation pressure which were 80 kPa, 160 kPa, 240 kPa and 320 kPa. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. As the tire inflation pressure of towed wheel increased, the tire deformation decreased exponentially, but the tire sinkage increased exponentially. This trend was getting bigger as ground condition was getting softer. 2. The increase of tire inflation pressure increased the effective rolling radius of towed wheel, and this kind of trend occurred greatly as ground condition was soft. As a result, the effective rolling radius for the off-road condition was always larger than that for on-road condition. 3. For the on-road condition, as the tire inflation pressure of towed wheel increased, the motion resistance decreased, but for the off-road condition, augmentation of tire inflation pressure increased the motion resistance. Also, the effect of inflation pressure on motion resistance appeared great as ground condition was soft. Therefore, in order to improve the tire performance by the control of inflation pressure, it is desirable to reduce the tire inflation pressure for off-road condition and to increase the tire inflation pressure for on-road condition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.119-126
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• 1999

The rolling fatigue lives (RFL) of five kinds of silicon nitride balls were investigated. Four kinds of Si$_3$N$_4$ balls were fabricated using different raw materials, sintering aids and sintering conditions, Commercially available Si3N4 ball was also studied for comparison. All the balls were finished up to the dimensional accuracy of Grade 10 defined in KS B 2001 (Steel Balls for Ball Bearings) with a size of 9.525mm. RFL tests were then conducted under the initial theoretical maximum contact stress 6.38 GPa and the spindle speed 10,000 rpm. Gear oil was provided by oiled race as lubricant. The results of RFL test indicated the prerequisitic conditions for the long rolling life of Si$_3$N$_4$ball : (1) the high density, (2) mjcrostructures consisted of small uniformly distributed grains, (3) little glassy phase in grainboundary, and (4) little crystalline phase and secondary phase that induces residual thermal stress due to the differences of thermal expansion coefficient with Si$_3$N$_4$Phase.