• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.691-708
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• 2014

This paper formalizes a special type of social networking knowledge, which is called "workflow performer-role affiliation networking knowledge." A workflow model specifies execution sequences of the associated activities and their affiliated relationships with roles, performers, invoked-applications, and relevant data. In Particular, these affiliated relationships exhibit a stream of organizational work-sharing knowledge and utilize business process intelligence to explore resources allotting and planning knowledge concealed in the corresponding workflow model. In this paper, we particularly focus on the performer-role affiliation relationships and their implications as organizational and business process intelligence in workflow-driven organizations. We elaborate a series of theoretical formalisms and practical implementation for modeling, discovering, and visualizing workflow performer-role affiliation networking knowledge, and practical details as workflow performer-role affiliation knowledge representation, discovery, and visualization techniques. These theoretical concepts and practical algorithms are based upon information control net methodology for formally describing workflow models, and the affiliated knowledge eventually represents the various degrees of involvements and participations between a group of performers and a group of roles in a corresponding workflow model. Finally, we summarily describe the implications of the proposed affiliation networking knowledge as business process intelligence, and how worthwhile it is in discovering and visualizing the knowledge in workflow-driven organizations and enterprises that produce massively parallel interactions and large-scaled operational data collections through deploying and enacting massively parallel and large-scale workflow models.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.119-139
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• 2011

Free-talking in Korea has recently been emphasized as a way of improving students' speaking ability outside of the classroom. The purpose of this study is to examine perceptions of free-talking, to understand what type of roles were played by or allotted between Korean students and international professors (IPs) and to look for effective speaking strategies for utilizing free-talking. Participants of this study were 68 university students and 23 IPs. The data collected through a survey type of questionnaire were analyzed by this researcher and the main findings indicate that students and IPs have somewhat different viewpoints about their concepts of free-talking. Students expressed varying viewpoints depending on their experience and class (year). In terms of the benefits, usefulness, and satisfaction of free-talking, students and IPs seem to be in more agreement with each other although the two groups have conflicting perceptions in the particular operation of free-talking, especially in terms of preparation and feedback. Students stated that they feel anxious, nervous, and that they struggle with peer pressure while free-talking. However, they feel that through free-talking they build up confidence and increase their speaking ability. Regarding roles, most professors play a helpful role as a guide or facilitator while students want professors to provide more suitable materials and to tutor them by means of appropriate feedback and strategies as well-prepared teachers like a prompter, participant or tutor in the timely manner. Finally, this paper proffers a few practical suggestions for activating free-talking and a discussion of the pedagogical implications.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2011

The family of bile acids belongs to a group of molecular species of acidic steroids with very peculiar biological characteristics. They are synthesized by the liver from cholesterol through several complementary pathways and secreted into small intestine for the participation in the digestion and absorption of fat. The bile acids are mostly confined to the territories of the so-called enterohepatic circulation, which includes the liver, the biliary tree, the intestine and the portal blood with which bile acids are returned to the liver. In patients with bile acid malabsorption, the amount of primary bile acids in the colon is increased compared to healthy controls. Although the increase in the secondary bile acids including deoxycholic acid, is reported to have the potency to affect tumorigenesis in gastrointestinal tracts, there is no firm evidence that clinically relevant concentrations of the bile acids induce cancer. The list of their physiological roles, as well as that of the pathological processes is long and still not complete. There is no doubt that many new concepts, pharmaceutical tools and pharmacological uses of bile acids and their derivatives will emerge in the near future.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-28
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to analyze elementary school mathematics textbooks developed in accordance with the 7th national amended curriculum and to find implications for the development of a new revised curriculum to meet the needs of the knowledge-based society. Elementary school mathematics textbooks and accompanying practice books were analyzed. Teacher's manuals were also studied to examine the intentions of the textbook developers. The two major questions were sought. First, to what degree do elementary school mathematics textbooks and practice books match with the intentions of the national curriculum\ulcorner Second, how do elementary school mathematics textbooks and practice books facilitate student's learning for understanding mathematics\ulcorner The findings were as follows. First textbooks, practice books, and teacher's manuals appeared not to reflect the intentions of the 7th amended curriculum to the full extent. Second, characteristics and roles of textbooks, practice books, and teacher's manuals were not clearly defined and therefore, they were not very feasible for teaming for understanding mathematics. The recommendations for a new revised curriculum were suggested. First, regarding the contents presented in the textbooks, the idea of structure of subject matter need to be considered in order to help students to understand connections of concepts and relationships between concepts and functions in mathematics. Second, more ill defined problems should be presented to develop problem solving ability in real life contexts in students. Third, contents for relearning and enrichment need to be reorganized to reflect students' real ability. Fourth, uses of the concrete and the manipulative need to be more realistically suggested. Fifth, more prototypes of performance assessment tasks, scoring rubrics, and portfolios need to be presented in a more teacher-friendly manner. Sixth, characteristics and roles of textbooks and practice books need to be more discernible.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.77-104
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• 2016

The effective management of R&D employees is critical for a small or medium sized firm's sustainable growth. R&D employees have professional skills and choose expertise-oriented or management-oriented careers in the process of organizational socialization. This study synthetically verifies the direct and indirect effects of R&D employees' social network and self-esteem on their career orientation by organizational commitment based on social network theory and social recognition theory. The research model has been analyzed through structural equation modeling using survey responses from 220 R&D employees at small- and medium-sized firms in Korea. The analysis results show that internal network activities have direct and indirect impacts on organizational commitment and career orientation, but external network activities do not have significant effects on self-esteem, organizational commitment, or career orientation. There is no consensus in prior studies on whether expert orientation and management orientation are distinct concepts. In this study, these two types of orientation are verified as distinct concepts. It is also found that R&D employees' internal network activities are significant factors for a company's growth. A company should implement an educational system of roles and duties using which individuals can pursue career progression. In addition, it is necessary to provide career development programs such as job rotation, mentoring, and career counseling.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2008

Purpose : To describes the important aspects of knee joint movement and function used when applying PNF technique to the lower limb. Method : The knee was a very important roles in the lower limb movement and ambulation. This study summarizes the physiologic movement of knee to the PNF lower extremity patterns. Result : The tibiofemoral joint is usually described as a modified hinge joint with flexion-extension and axial rotation by two degrees of freedom movement. These arthrokinematics are a result of the geometry of the joints and the tension produced in the ligamentous structures. The patellofemoral joint is a sellar joint between the patella and the femur. Stability of the patellofemoral joint is dependent on the passive and dynamic restraints around the knee. In a normal knee the ligaments are inelastic and maintain a constant length as the knee flexes and extends, helping to control rolling, gliding and translation of the joint motions. Conclusions : It is important to remember that small alterations in joint alignment can result in significant alterations in patellofemoral joint stresses and that changes in the mechanics of the patellofemoral joint can also result in changes in the tibiofemoral compartments. Successful treatment requires the physical therapist to understand and apply these arthrokinematic concepts. When applied to PNF low extremity patterns, understanding of these mechanical concepts can maximize patient function while minimizing the risk for further symptoms or injury.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2019

Clinical evaluations, nerve conduction studies, and electromyography play major complementary roles in electrophysiologic diagnoses. Electromyography can be used to assess pathologic changes and localize lesions occurring in locations ranging from motor units to anterior-horn cells. Successfully performing electromyography requires knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the peripheral nervous system as well as sufficient skill and interpretation ability. Electromyography techniques include acquiring data from visual/auditory signals and performing needle positioning, semiquantitation, and interpretation. Here we introduce the basic concepts of electromyography to guide clinicians in performing electromyography appropriately.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2008

Follow-up process consists of two steps. First, it monitors whether project proponents comply with reviews made by KEI. The second steps is to survey environmental impacts during and after implementation of the proposed action. The follow-up requires the proper participation of stakeholders: project proponents, compliance monitors, impact monitors, and environmental agencies approving and reviewing said projects. Currently, follow-up process does not work well because each stakeholder does not play his proper role for various reasons such as mutual distrust among stakeholders and problems associated with institutional settings. This study intends to improve effectiveness of follow-up process and, ultimately, to improve quality of EIA in Korea by devising a follow-up system that delineates clear roles and build a strong network among stakeholders. In order to do so, the study identifies current problems associated with follow-up process and examines basic concepts and procedures involved in it. Secondly, it analyzes relational dynamics among stakeholders to identify what's behind the current mutual distrust. Third, it proposes a way to delineate clear roles to each stakeholder so that follow-up process runs efficient as an organic network.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.29-41
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• 2006

Various current events provide evidence that society is undergoing changes in perceptions of social relationships. Specifically, visual media in the form of advertisements can convey images which reflect society's values and concepts about role relationships. The purpose of this research was to examine ads in fashion magazines to determine what types of model roles and role relationships typically appear in fashion advertising which can mirror society's values. A content analysis was conducted of ads obtained from US Vogue and US GQ for the year 2002. Six kinds of roles/relationships were found: (1) Narcissism (representing self absorption), (2) sexually enticing opposite-sex relationships, (3) close/romantic same-sex relationships, (4) friend relationships, (5) family relationships, and (6) independent relationships. Of these, narcissism predominated, however, a small number of sexually provocative ads appeared as well as same-sex romantic relationships. Because sole (single) models were more typical, they also were examined to determine ways in which they relate to the audience. Characteristics examined included body presentation & pose, eye gaze, and facial expression. Direct eye gaze was the typical way to engage the audience. Gender differences were apparent: smiling was more typical of women, indifference for men. The symbolic meaning and values investigated from this research are the blurring of gender identity portrayed in homosexual imagery, family values, and the value of youth. The consistency of models' race in ads does not portray the diversity reflected in the demographic census.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.137-156
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze types of roles and fashion of the Chinese first ladies and provide basic data for fashion image-making of first ladies. As for the research methods, the concepts, role types, and fashion of the first ladies were considered by referring to the precedent studies and relevant literature. Then, the fashion images according to role types were analyzed by collecting the photos of Chinese first ladies from the period of the Republic of China until today. The results were as follows: First, when the roles of Chinese first ladies were categorized based on ceremonial, political, and policy roles, Zhuo Lin and Wang Yeping played a ceremonial role; Wang Guangmei, Liu Yongqing, and Peng Liyuan played a political role; and Soong Qingling, Soong Mayling, and Jiang Qing played a policy role while they were first ladies. While the first ladies of the Republic of China often wore classic Chinese styles like traditional qipao as well as western clothes which contained a western influence, the first ladies of the People's Republic of China wore more colorful clothes and more accessories in the later period, and also often wore clothes that combined traditional and western elements. Second, first ladies who played a ceremonial role showed mannish and classic images; those who played a political role showed elegant, classic, and diverse images according to T.P.O; and those who played a policy role showed feminine, modern, and mannish images. Fashion images of the first ladies varied according to the level of political involvement, the sociocultural background of China at that time, and their personality and preference.