• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.755-763
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• 2002

미국 중부 및 동남부에 위치한 많은 교량의 형식은 강거더와 콘트리트 슬래브의 복합 상부구조를 가지는 교량으로, 이들은 주로 라커베어링에 의해 상부구조가 지지 되어있다. 지진해석에서 이동식 라커베어링은 롤러나 마찰력으로 모델링 되는 것이 일반적이다. 그러나, 라커베이링은 일정 거리를 움직인 후 핀틀에 의해서 락킹되고, 이는 교량의 지진거동에 상당한 영향을 주리라고 판단된다. 본 연구는 이동식 라커베어링의 모델형식(롤러, 마찰력, 마찰력과 하드닝, 그리고 마찰력과 락킹)에 따른 다경간 단순지지 및 연속교에서의 지진거동을 고찰하였다. 락킹모델은 급격한 강성의 변화를 나타내는 요소를 포함하고 있어, 시간이력해석에서 발산의 위험이 있으므로 사용성이 떨어진다. 반면, 롤러나 마찰력은 모델이 간단하여 사용이 간편하고 수렴의 문제가 없으나, 지나치게 큰 지진응답을 발생할 우려가 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 이동식 라커베어링의 간단한 세 모델 중, 어느 모델이 실제에 가장 가까운 마찰력+락킹 모델에 유사한 응답을 발생시키는가를 살펴보고자 하는데 있다. 롤러모델은 락킹모델에 비해 큰 값을 나타내므로, 사용하는 것이 바랍직하지 않다. 마찰모델은 약한 지진운동에서 상부구조의 변위가 작아 라커베어링에 락킹현상이 발생하지 않을 때 적합하다. 중 또는 강진운동에서는 락킹현상이 발생하므로, 마찰력과 하드닝을 고려한 모델이 실제 응답에 가장 유사한 것으로 판단되었다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2014

Recent studies emphasize the importance of pivot stiffness in the analysis of tilting pad bearings (TPBs). The present paper develops a finite element model of the pad pivot and compares the predicted pivot stiffness to the results of Hertzian contact model calculations. Specifically, a finite element analysis generates tetrahedral mesh models with ~40,000 nodes for a ball-socket pivot and ~50,000 nodes for a rocker-back pivot. These models assume a frictionless boundary condition in the contact area. Increasing the applied loads on the pad in conjunction with increasing time steps ensures rapid convergence during the nonlinear numerical analysis. Predictions are performed using the developed finite element model for increasing the differential diameters between the pad pivot (or ball) and the bearing housing (or socket). The predictions show that the pivot contact area increases with decreasing differential diameters and increasing applied loads. Further, the maximum deformation occurring at the pivot center increases with increasing differential diameters and increasing applied loads. The pivot stiffness increases nonlinearly with decreasing differential diameters and increasing applied loads. Comparisons of results of the developed finite element model to those of Hertzian contact model calculations assuming a small contact area show that the latter model underestimates the pivot stiffnesses predicted by the finite element models of the ball-socket and rocker-back pivots, particularly for small differential diameters. This result implies the need for cautionduring the design of pivot stiffness by the Hertzian contact model.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.294-301
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• 2015

In this paper, we predict the rotordynamic force coefficients of tilting pad journal bearings (TPJBs) with rocker-back pivots, and we compare the predictions to recently published predictions and test data. The present TPJB model considers the rocker-back pivot stiffness calculated based on the Hertzian contact-stress theory, which is nonlinear with the application of a force . For the five-pad TPJB in load-between-pad and load-on-pad configurations, the predictions show the pressure- and film-thickness distributions, the deflection and stiffness of the individual pivots, and bearing stiffness and damping coefficients. The minimum film thickness and peak pressure occur at the bottom pad on which the applied load is directed. Because of the preload, the pres- sure is positive even at the upper pad in the opposite direction to the applied load. The pivot deflection and stiff- ness are maximum at the bottom pad that receives the heaviest pressure load. The predicted stiffness coefficients increase as the static load and rotor speed increase, while the damping coefficients decrease as the rotor speed increases, but increase as the static load increases. In general, the predicted stiffness coefficients agree well with the test data. The predicted damping coefficients overestimate the test data, particularly for large static loads. In general, the current predictive model considering the pivot stiffness improves the accuracy of the rotordynamic performance compared to previously reported models.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.77-85
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• 2014

This study set out to predict the load capacity and rotordynamic coefficients of tilting-pad journal bearings, taking the pivot stiffness into account. The analysis uses rocker-back (cylindrical) and ball in socket (spherical) pivot models, both of which are based on Hertzian contact stress theory. The models ascertain the non-linear elastic deformation of the pivots according to the applied load, pivot geometry, and material properties. At present, the Reynolds equation for an isothermal, isoviscous, and incompressible fluid is used to calculate the film pressure by using the finite-element method, after which the Newton-Raphson method is used to simultaneously find the journal center location, pad angles, and pivot deflections. The bearing analysis, excluding the pivot models, is validated using predictions those are readily available in the literature. As the rotor speed increases, the predicted journal eccentricity and damping coefficients decrease, but the stiffness coefficients increase, as expected. Most importantly, the implementation of the pivot models increases the journal eccentricity but significantly decreases the stiffness and damping coefficients of the tilting-pad journal bearings.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 1993년도 추계학술강연 및 발표대회강연 및 발표논문 초록집
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• pp.4-4
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• 1993

Ferrous powder metallurgy in Japan has developed in the last four decades, where every decade is featured by certain breakthroughs in materials. The progress in PM materials is closely related to newly developed powders. Low alloy steel powders for high strength PM components are grouped into three types: Ni and/or Mo containing completely alloyed powders, Ni containing partially alloyed powders, and Cr containing completely alloyed powders. Every type has its special characteristics. The tensile strength of PM materials is improved up to 2 GPa. The hardness is also increased to exceed 500 HV with normal hardening methods, and 700 HV with novel surface treatment techniques. The present maximum of fatigue strength is 550 MPa, and that of impact energy is 100 J. Novel PM materials with improved properties are applied to a variety of automobile and other components: power steering pumps, rocker anns, valve guides and inserts, bearings, torque sensors, etc. The future outlook for the ferrous PM is Quite positive, and the industry is expected to show renewed growth by applying many types of alloy steel powders and new ferrous PM materials.