• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_3
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• pp.589-602
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• 1998

Mt. Nam (265m), a city park of Seoul, was originally covered with a typical deciduous broad-leaved forests in Central Korea. However, the park forests have been changed the development for various purpose such as the construction of castle wall, road way, broadcasting station, theater, hotel and apartments, in addition, to thoughtless plantation or alien plant introduction. Human population growth from ca. 100 thousands persons less in that time established Seoul as the capital of choseon dynasty in 1394 to ten millions over persons at present, accelerated the vegetational changes of the park. mt. Nam boundary in those days of sunjong (1908) also was much shrinked as much the range of 300 m distance in the northern most to 700 or 800m distance in some places. The actual vegetation of Mt. Nam largely can be classified by floristic composition into two plant communities of Quercus mongolica community and Pinus densiflora community, four plantations of Pinus rigida, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Populus tomentiglandulosa and other tree species, and on mixed forest with native and alien tree species in secondary succession stage (Yim et al. 1987). The restoration movement of Mt. Nam toward to the natural condition of forest or biodiversity is moving now. However, in the movement there are some problems such as the lack of ecological consideration and the undesirable decision of priority in the practice. A warning should be given, especially, on the undesirable plantation of non-native tree species restricting the forest succession, as in the case of southern slope of Mt. Nam. First of all, the most importance in Mt. Nam management is that the restoration for natural forest and biodiversity should be carried on the basis of integrated ecological principles based on the site evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2001

Recently there have been increasing demands and desire for the urban open space due to urban development or environmental deterioration. Urban natural parks in Seoul provide citizens with comfortable open space and thus play an important role as learning spaces to experience nature and understand the environment. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze existing vegetation and provide basic data for the conservation and management plans of urban natural parks and education programs. The contents of the study encompass natural environment such as topography, altitude, slope and aspect and botanical ecosystem including the structure of plant communities and tree growth. According to the result of topography analysis, the overall altitude was not high but the slope was relative steep. Vegetation of Seoo Royal Tomb, a urban natural park has been classified into 12 types, and they include; Quercus acutissima community(lowland type), Quercus acutissima community(valley type), quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica community, Castanea crenata community, Capinus laxiflora community, Pinus densiflora community(lowland type), Pinus densiflora community(slope type), Robinia pseudo-acacia community, Populos$\times$albaglandulosa community, Pinus rigida community, and Pinus koraiensis community. Based on the survey and analysis results, we have classified the study area into conservation, buffer, and utilization zones for the effective management. This study provides basic data to support the establishment of master plans for urban natural parks by analyzing vegetation conditions at Seoo Royal Tomb, an urban natural park, Based on the results presented in the study, consistent monitoring work needs to be conducted, and elaborate management plans also should be prepared.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.25-40
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• 2011

The vascular plants in Jeokjabong, Bogil Island were listed 350 taxa composed of 89 families, 233 genera, 309 species, 1 subspecies, 36 varieties and 4 forms. Divided into woody plants were 142 taxa (40.6%) and herbaceous plants were 208 taxa (59.4%). Based on the list of rare and endangered species by Korea Forest Service and Korea National Arboretum, 3 taxa were recorded; Celtis choseniana, Asarum maculatum, Rubus sorbifolius, and endemic plants, 10 taxa were recorded; Asarum maculatum, Cephalotaxus koreana, Carpinus coreana, Celtis choseniana, Lespedeza maritima, Indigofera koreana, Dendropanax morbifera, Ligustrum quihoui var. latifolium, Weigela subsessilis, Carex okamotoi, and plant species subject to permission for taking abroad, 4 taxa were recorded; Celtis choseniana, Asarum maculatum, Vaccinium oldhami, Carex okamotoi. Based on the list of floristic regional indicator plants by Korean Ministry of Environment were total 64 taxa (18.3% of all 350 taxa of vascular plants); Ligustrum quihoui var. latifolium in class IV, 19 taxa (Stauntonia hexaphylla, Cinnamomum japonicum, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Centella asiatica, Verbena officinalis, Mitchella undulata, etc.) in class III, 5 taxa (Potentilla dickinsii, Ostericum melanotilingia, Sanicula rubriflora, Caryopteris incana, Teucrium veronicoides) in class II and 39 taxa (Gleichenia dichotoma, Cyrtomium fortunei, Aphananthe aspera, Rubus hirsutus, Meliosma myriantha, Hedera rhombea, Ainsliaea apiculata, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 5 families, 17 genera, 20 taxa (Phytolacca americana, Lepidium virginicum, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Verbesina alternifolia, Lolium perenne, etc.) and naturalization rate was 5.7% of all 350 taxa of vascular plants. Hereafter natural ecosystem into disturbance on naturalized plants and legal protection species and rare and endangered species distribute in the Bogil Island, precision investigation after management counterplan of the monitoring a point of view be required.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 1987

This experiment was undertaken for the purpose of investigation of relative durability about thirty sorts of the korean native wood and nine sorts of the wood destroying fungi Polystictus versicolor, Irpex consors. Poria vaporaria, Merulius lacrymans, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes pini, Lenzites betulina, Paxillus panuoides by means of a laboratory methods. The results obtained are; (from the table 2 to 10) 1. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Polystictus versicolor, the sap wood contained in Junipeus chinesis was calculated at 18.2%, therefore it is much higher durability than any others and the sap wood contained in Pinus densiflora was measured at 44.10%, therefore it is much lower durability than any others. 2. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Irpex consors, the heart wood contained in Butula schmidtii was calculated at 1.23%, therefore durability is very high and the heart wood contained in Quercus dentata was calculated at 26.79%, therefore durability is very low. 3. By measuring the percentage of lass in weight with regard to Lenzites betulina, the heart wood contained in Betula schmidtii was calculated at 5.33%, therefore it is much higher durability than any others and the sap wood with regard to Abies holophylla was measured at 45.48%, therefore durability is very low. 4. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Poria vaporaria, the sap wood contained in Fraxinus rhynchophylla was calculated at 5.57%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Paulownia coreana was calculated at 35.6%, therefore it is much lower durability than any others. 5. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Merulius lacrymans, the heart wood contained in Castanea crenata was measured at 0.09% and in the next place, the heart wood contained in Abies holophylla calculated at 0.15% did not decay almost and the sap wood contained in Cornus controversa was measured at 32.88%, therefore it is lower durability than any others. 6. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Schizophyllum commune, the sap wood cantained in Junipensis chinensis was calculated at 1.09%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Populus deltoides was calculated at 36.87%, it is much lower durability than any others. 7. By measuring the percentage of loss ill weight with regard to Trametes pini, the sap wood contained in Robinia pseudo-acacia was calculated at 1.33%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Comus controversa was calculated at 33.19%, it is much lower durability than any others. 8. By measuring the percentage of loss ill weight with regard to Paxillus panuoides. the heart wood contained in Zelkova serrata was calculated at 1.73%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Populus deltoides was calculated at 42.30%, therefore durability in very low. 9. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Dardalea quercina, the heart wood contained in Castanea crenata was calculated at 0.92%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Cornus controversa was calculated at 32.00% therefore durability is very low. The above results are summarized as follows 1. Durability between the heart wood and the soft wood find that it is nonsignificant, while durability is higher heart wood than sap wood. 2. Special sorts including in the element like Castanea cenata, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Juniperus chinensis and heart wood like Betula schmiditii and Styrax obasia are highly durable and soft wood like Cornus controversa, Populus davidiana, Salix koreensis, Celtis jessensis are lowly durable in general. 3. Among the wood destroying fungi Paxillus panuoides is highly durable and as follows. Poria vaporaria, Lenzites betulina and the Daedalea quercina is less in general and Irpex consors, Mersulius lacrymans are a middle degree.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.767-786
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• 2011

This study analyzed and compared characteristic of vegetation structure in Bonghwa mountain, the base Mt. outside urban area, and Hakseoung neighborhood park, Ilsan neighborhood park and Musil neighborhood park, disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area of Wonju. Regarding vegetation of urban forest in Wonju, Quercus mongolica forest and Robinia pseudo-acacia forest were widely distributed in the base Mt. outside urban area. Quercus acutissima forest and Robinia pseudo-acacia forest were widely distributed in the disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area. Forests in both areas were managed as part of forest management campaign. Analysis on importance value of a community classified by DCA and DBH class categorized communities into three groups according to the expected ecological succession. Community B was the one to be maintained as Pinus densiflora community. Community A, D and d were expected to be maintained as Quercus spp. Community. Community C, E, F, e, f and g were classified as exotic plant community. Ecological succession was suspended in both base Mt. outside urban area and disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area. However, importance value of Quercus spp. which appeared in the understory layer and shrub layer and their DBH class showed that the potential for ecological succession of exotic plant community was higher in base Mt. outside urban area than disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area. According to the analysis on number of species and individuals and species diversity, understory and shrub layer were reduced due to Forest Management campaign and plant species which appear at an earlier stage of succession varied as time went by since the campaign began. Species diversity comparison between natural and artificial forest showed no clear difference in both base Mt. outside urban area and disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area due to man-made disruption such as thinning and brush cutting. Six communities in base Mt. outside urban area had 17.76~52.22% of similarity index. Four communities in disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area showed 13.34~37.01% of similarity index, which was lower than base Mt. outside urban area. Among naturalized plants, Tupatorium rugosum and Phytolacca americana appeared more in disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.409-414
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• 2009

In 1970's Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) had been widely planted Korea as an important forest greening species for erosion control afforestation. Since 2000, however, the tree's leaf-yellowing symptom has often been observed at a limited region and then spreaded out over the country in 2006. This study was conducted to study soil physiochemical properties of black locust stands with and without the leaf-yellowing symptom in Osan, Gyeonggi province. Most of soils in sampling sites were mostly slightly eroded, dry, and moderately dry. Available soil depth(16cm) and total soil depth(26cm) in leaf-yellowing (LY) site were significantly lower than in non leaf-yellowing (Non-LY) site's soil depths which were 30cm and 56cm, respectively. And solid phase proportion and bulk density in soils were lower in LY site than in non-LY site soils, while soil liquid phase proportion was also low. It could reflect that LY site soils might have a lower air and moisture movement in the rhizosphere of black locust stand compared with non-LY site soils. Soil acidity in both sites was very strong acid, soil pH (4.42) of LY site was slightly lower than non-LY site's (pH 4.54). Content of available phosphorous, exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ and percent base saturation were less than LY site. These results indicated that soil physiochemical condition in LY site, more deteriorated than non-LY site, should adversely affect the retention and supply capacity of soil nutrients and moisture. Therefore the black locust may be more sensitive to other environmental stresses.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.80-94
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• 1992

To inspect the changing of the forest soil and plants community structrure by air plooutand & acid rain during from September to November in 1990, the smapling sites were selected in the Piwon, Namsan and Kwangnung forest. In sites, plots were set up in Q. aliena forest at Piwon, Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora forest at Namsan and Q. mongolica and Pinus densiflora forest at Kwangnung. To obtain the individual number of trees, number of species, importance values and species diversity, using the Curtis & McIntosh methods. The results are following that; 1) In Pinus densiflora community, it was almost dominated by Q. spp. in the canopy layer and P. densiflora and Carpinus laxiflora through the subtree to shrub layer at Kwangnung. It wassaid that C. laxiflora is the climax species in moddle temperature zone. On the contrary, in Namsan forest, there is no appearance thesamplings of P. densiflora & C. laxiflora, but Styrax japonica and Stephanandra incisa that are acid-tolerance species are dominant ones. On the other hand, in Q. spp. community, Q. spp. and C. laxiflora are dominant ones. On the other hand, in Q. spp. community, Q. spp. and C. laxiflora are dominant species through all layer, and in addition C. cordata somewhat appear at Kwangnung. But at Namsan and Piwon forest, Q. mongolica & Q. aliena that were dominant species in canopy layer disappeared in the subtreeand shrub layer, and C. laxiflora and Corunus cordata absolutely disappeared. It were similarly dominated by Robinia pseudo-acacia, Styrax japonica, Sorbus alnifolia, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Rhododendrn mucronulatum and so on at Namsn and Piwon forest. In the light of these facts, it found out that disclimax was similar between Namsan and Piwon forest. 2) Species diversity and maximum species diversity were decreased in Kwangnumg, Namsan, Piwon in order. It was xpected that vegetational community was affected by environmental pollutant. 3) As the vegetational community structure analyses, using DCA technique among the ordination, ecological successional series are stopped to Q. spp. from P. densiflora at Namsan and Piwon, but that of Kwangnung is on the way that P. densiflora, Q. alena, C. laxiflora. It was obvi ously different from Namsan and Piwon. 4) In Q. spp. & P. densiflora community, the number of woody plants inNamsan & Piwon is much less than that of Kwangnung through all Layer. Especially, Piwon shown very severe difference. Through all community, the number of individuals of Piwon and Namsan are less than that of Kwangnung. Specially, that of the shrub layer is obvious. 5) In the growth rate of trees, it found out that all sites showed the growth decline phenomena. Especially, since in 1975, there have been the micro disclimax phenomena in Q. community of Kwangnung. 6) In the Q. community, soil acidity of Namsan & Piwon measured 4.57, 4.40 respectively. It was very strong acidity and far lower than that of Kwangnung. Also the content amount of Mg++ in Namsan & Piwon forest were still lower than Kwangnung.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.407-421
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• 2000

The forest vegetation surrounding Taegu area was investigated by the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology, from September, 1994 to August, 1997. The forest vegetation was classified into 7 communities, 8 subcommunities and 5 afforestations as follows : Quercus mongolica community (Typical subcommunity, Carex siderosticta subcommunity), Quercus variabilis community, Quercus acutissima community, Quercus dentate community, Carpinus cordata-Acer mono community (Typical subcommunity, Quercus serrata subcommunity, Cornus controversa subcommunity), Pinus densiflora community (Typical subcommunity, Sanguisorba officinalis subcommunity, Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity), Lespedeza maximowiczii-Rhododendron mucronulatum community , Robinia pseudo-acacia afforestation, Pinus rigida afforestation, Larix leptolepis afforestation, Pinus thunbergii afforestation, Pinus koraiensis afforestation. The differential species of the Quercus mongolica community were Quercus mongolica, Athyrium yokoscense, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Weigela subsessilis, and Melampyrum roseum, those of the Carpinus cordata-Acer mono community were Acer mono, Carpinus cordata, Carpinus laxiflora, and Staphylea bumalda, those of the Pinus densiflora community were Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata, Cocculus trilobus, and Juniperus rigida. Constance degree of the Quercus serrate was especially high in shrub and herb layers of the Pinus densiflora community. The results of factor analysis by DCA showed that distribution pattern of the communities were similar to that by Z-M method and that communities were arranged according to soil moisture gradient. Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity of the P. densiflora community and the Typical subcommunity of the Q. mongolica community were distributed in similar environments.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.169-182
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is carried out accurately to grasp the vascular plants in Mt. Bakdal (825 m of sea level), Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do. In the results of survey from October, 2000 to August, 2001, the vascular plant species in Mt. Bakdal were summarized as 458 taxa; 91 families, 275 genera, 391 species, 62 varieties and 5 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forestry Service were six species; Lilium distichum, Iris uniflora var. carisina, Hylomecon hylomeconoides, Viola albida, Scopolia japonicus and Scrophularia koraiensis. And the endemic plants were seventeen species; Melandryum seoulense, Aconitum pseudo-laeve var. erectum, Hylomecon hylomeconoides, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora, Rubus hongnoensis, Gleditsia japonica var. koraiensis, Lespedeza ${\times}$ tomentella, Vicia venosa var. cuspidata, Vicia venosissima, Tilia taquetii, Ajuga spectabilis, Paulownia coreana, Scrophularia koraiensis, Weigela subsessilis, Lonicera subsessilis, Cirsium setidens and Saussurea seoulensis. The sixteen species were recorded in the surveyed sites as the naturalized plants; Rumex acetocella, Rumex crispus, Fallopia dumetora, Chenopodium glaucum, Amaranthus retroflexus, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Amorpha fruticosa, Trifolium repens, Abutilon avicennae, Hibiscus trionum, Oenothera odorata, Oenothera lamarckiana, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Bidens frondosa and Carduus crispus.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2005

The forest vegetation of Namhae-gun was investigated using the methodology of the Z.-M. school of phytosociology from March, 1998 to September, 2003. The forest vegetation was classified into 12 communities, 11 subcommunities, 5 afforestations as follows : Quercus mongolica community(typical subcommunity, Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity), Ouercus serrata community(typical subcommunity, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum subcommunity), Ouercus variablis community(typical subcommunity, Platycarya strobilacea subcommunity), Quercus acutissima community, Carpinus laxiflora community, Carpinus coreans community, Styrax japonica community, Zelkova serrata community, Corylopsis coreana community, Pinus densiflora community(typical subcommunity, Rhododendron mucronulatum subcommunity, Carpinus laxiflora subcommunity), Pinus thunbergii community(typical subcommunity, Eurya Japonica subcommunity), Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense community, Chamaecyparis obtusa afforestation, Alnus firma afforestation, Pinus rigida afforestation, Robinia pseudo-acacia afforestation, Cryptomeria japonica afforestation. The soil pH of the study area was ranged from 4.2 to 5.4, and soil moisture content was strongly related to organic matter content. The Corylopsis coreana community contained the highest soil moisture content, whereas Pinus densiflora community contained the lowest one. The content of organic matter were $15.8\sim19.1%$ in the Quercus mongolica, Carpinus coreans and Ouercus serrata communities, $3.3\sim5.4%$ in the Quercus acutissima, Corylopsis coreana and Pinus thunbergii communities, and $2.8\sim5.6%$ in the Pinus rigida and Cryptomeria japonica afforestation. There is significant correlation among the contents of cations($K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$).