• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.233-248
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• 2012

The national emission from energy sector accounted for 84.7% of all domestic emissions in 2007. Of the energy-use emissions, the emission from mobile source as one of key categories accounted for 19.4% and further the road transport emission occupied the most dominant portion in the category. The road transport emissions can be estimated on the basis of either the fuel consumed (Tier 1) or the distance travelled by the vehicle types and road types (higher Tiers). The latter approach must be suitable for simultaneously estimating $CO_2$, $CH_4$, and $N_2O$ emissions in local administrative districts. The objective of this study was to estimate 31 municipal GHG emissions from road transportation in Gyeonggi Province, Korea. In 2008, the municipalities were consisted of 2,014 towns expressed as Dong and Ri, the smallest administrative district unit. Since mobile sources are moving across other city and province borders, the emission estimated by fuel sold is in fact impossible to ensure consistency between neighbouring cities and provinces. On the other hand, the emission estimated by distance travelled is also impossible to acquire key activity data such as traffic volume, vehicle type and model, and road type in small towns. To solve the problem, we applied a hierarchical cluster analysis to separate town-by-town road patterns (clusters) based on a priori activity information including traffic volume, population, area, and branch road length obtained from small 151 towns. After identifying 10 road patterns, a rule building expert system was developed by visual basic application (VBA) to assort various unknown road patterns into one of 10 known patterns. The expert system was self-verified with original reference information and then objects in each homogeneous pattern were used to regress traffic volume based on the variables of population, area, and branch road length. The program was then applied to assign all the unknown towns into a known pattern and to automatically estimate traffic volumes by regression equations for each town. Further VKT (vehicle kilometer travelled) for each vehicle type in each town was calculated to be mapped by GIS (geological information system) and road transport emission on the corresponding road section was estimated by multiplying emission factors for each vehicle type. Finally all emissions from local branch roads in Gyeonggi Province could be estimated by summing up emissions from 1,902 towns where road information was registered. As a result of the study, the GHG average emission rate by the branch road transport was 6,101 kilotons of $CO_2$ equivalent per year (kt-$CO_2$ Eq/yr) and the total emissions from both main and branch roads was 24,152 kt-$CO_2$ Eq/yr in Gyeonggi Province. The ratio of branch roads emission to the total was 0.28 in 2008.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.124-131
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• 2000

In this study, the NEURAL NETWORK (hereinafter referred to as NN) was applied to control of the nonlinear factors for turning movement of the crawler vehicle and experiment was carried out using a small model of crawler vehicle in order to inspect an application of NN. Furthermore, CHAOS NEURAL NETWORK (hereinafter referred to as CNN) was also applied to this control so as to compare with conventional NN. CNN is especially effective for plane in many variables with local minimum which conventional NN is apt to fall into, and it is relatively useful to nonlinear factors. Experiment of turning on the slope of crawler vehicle was performed in order to estimate an adaptability of nonlinear problems by NN and CNN. The inclination angles of the road surface which the vehicles travel on, were respectively 4deg, 8deg, 12deg. These field conditions were selected by the object for changing nonlinear magnitude in turning phenomenon of vehicle. Learning of NN and CNN was carried out by referring to positioning data obtained from measurement at every 15deg in turning. After learning, the sampling data at every 15deg were interpolated based on the constructed learning system of NN and CNN. Learning and simulation programs of NN and CNN were made by C language ("Association of research for algorithm of calculating machine (1992)"). As a result, conventional NN and CNN were available for interpolation of sampling data. Moreover, when nonlinear intensity is not so large under the field condition of small slope, interpolation performance of CNN was a little not so better than NN. However, when nonlinear intensity is large under the field condition of large slope, interpolation performance of CNN was relatively better than NN.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.70-77
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• 2011

This study takes road landscape of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens in Suzhou as the object. It compares the relations and differences between preferences of Korean and Chinese on road landscapes with different rockery ratios, and studies the differences between Korean and Chinese's adjective visual characteristics of road landscape of traditional gardens and impacts of visual characteristics on preference. The following is the research process: Firstly, the theoretical survey of road landscape of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens is conducted, pictures of the road landscape of gardens in Suzhou are taken, and 15 pictures are selected based on rockery ratio. Secondly, in order to grasp the visual preference and landscape characteristics of road landscape of garden in Suzhou, 15 pictures and 21 pairs of adjectives are adopted for the questionnaire survey. Thirdly, in order to grasp the differences between preferences of Korean and Chinese on road landscape of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens, thet-test analysis is conducted. In order to grasp the impacts of rockery ratio on preference, and after the classification of landscape pictures based on rockery occupancy, the average analysis, factor analysis of results of questionnaire survey for Korean and Chinese are conducted respectively. In order to grasp the differences of incentives of landscape preference, the incentive analysis of results of questionnaire survey for Korean and Chinese is carried out. In order to grasp the impacts of various factors on the preference, The results are as follows: The results of analysis of differences between Korean and Chinese's preference on road landscape of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens show that the overall preference of Chinese is higher than that of Korean. The results of the landscape preference analysis show that the ranking order of average value of Korean and Chinese's preference on rockery ratio categories is: medium ratio, very small ratio, small ratio, large ratio, very large ratio. The results of analysis of relations between rockery ratio of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens and preference show that the preference increases as the rockery ratio decreases, and the rockery ratio variation causes greater impacts on Korean. Results of the analysis of visual characteristics, factors of visual characteristics of Koreans are "aesthetic factor", "comfort factor", "neat(orderly) factor", and "fun factor". The visual characteristics of Chinese has three factors, namely "psychological factor", "comfort factor", and "neat factor".

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.117-124
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• 2015

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to verify traffic accident injury severity factors for elderly drivers and the relative relationship of these factors. METHODS : To verify the complicated relationship among traffic accident injury severity factors, this study employed a structural equation model (SEM). To develop the SEM structure, only the severity of human injuries was considered; moreover, the observed variables were selected through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The number of fatalities, serious injuries, moderate injuries, and minor injuries were selected for observed variables of severity. For latent variables, the accident situation, environment, and vehicle and driver factors were respectively defined. Seven observed variables were selected among the latent variables. RESULTS : This study showed that the vehicle and driver factor was the most influential factor for accident severity among the latent factors. For the observed variable, the type of vehicle, type of accident, and status of day or night for each latent variable were the most relative observed variables for the accident severity factor. To verify the validity of the SEM, several model fitting methods, including ${\chi}^2/df$, GFI, AGFI, CFI, and others, were applied, and the model produced meaningful results. CONCLUSIONS : Based on an analysis of results of traffic accident injury severity for elderly drivers, the vehicle and driver factor was the most influential one for injury severity. Therefore, education tailored to elderly drivers is needed to improve driving behavior of elderly driver.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.129-137
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• 2010

This study surveys the degree of residents' satisfaction on the current street space to suggest alternatives for the improvement of the street space design in detached house areas. In the results of the survey, we find the following. First, in the result of analysis on age, residential term, having children or not, income level, and type of house ownership, residents are homogeneous in social and economic characteristics. There are similarity in geographical, locational conditions, neighboring facilities, deterioration of residential house, and the time of residential formation among residential areas. Second, satisfactory determinants of residents on street space according to street types, are maintenance, protection of privacy, and parking space. Third, satisfactory determinants of residents on street hierarchy is the inner circulation road while unsatisfactory one is the inner roads. Fourth, age, residential term and type of house ownership are significant factors influencing residents' satisfaction. Factors influencing satisfaction on street space are also affecting total satisfaction and factors associated with street environment are perceived more important ones than factors associated with street activities. Thus we find the degrees of satisfaction for residents on street type and street hierarchy are different despite that general characteristics of residents are similar. We also find residents consider street noise and maintenance as critical factor among physical factors of street space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to explore the factors affecting satisfaction of street-scape. According to this purpose, in chapter 2, by inspecting conservation of street environment and streetscape, deduce the frame for analyzing streetscape in commercial district. In chapter 3, analyzing present condition and problems of selected streets in Pohang City, derive the primary factors to induce desirable streetscape through problems and their reason between the analyzed elements of building form. Analyzed elements are composed pavement of road, street furniture, height of buildings, color and material of building and outdoor advertisements, etc. In chapter 4, by conducting a questionnaire survey of pedestrians about street images and the preference, propose the direction of improvement about streetscape in commercial district. As the study method, level of satisfaction was analyzed using the components of street-scape. The collected data was analyzed through Reliability Analysis, ANOVA, Factor Analysis, Regression Analysis. A regression analysis for deriving main factors affecting the satisfaction level of street-scape showed that signboard, sign color, width of street, paving materials, street furniture, open space were found to be the most important.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.131-143
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• 2017

Automobiles and parking lots have greatly been increased by the continuous development of new towns and residential districts. There were not enough parking lots; and although there were off-street parking lots available for sale, they were not easily sold. Through a parking regulation, local governments can require parking spaces for more than a certain rate in developing areas. Despite local governments should require parking spaces within the parking demand and regulation, they did not investigate parking demands. Off-street parking spaces are not easy to sell because they don't consider the parking demand. In this study, we analyzed the factors that affect the parking management in order to increase sales of the off-street parking. The factors were "the characteristics of the parking lots", "the accessibility of the off-street parking", and "the traffic environment around off-street parking." We have derived suggestions for these factors. In addition, this study has derived nine variables affecting the parking operation in these three factors, and suggested a logistic regression model and the influence of each factors. According to the analysis, "parking signs" were the most influential. Next were "land uses" and "lanes on road".

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.583-595
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• 2014

Currently, Korean transportation policies are aiming for increase of safety and environment-friendly and efficient operation, by avoiding construction and expansion of roads, and upgrading road alignments and facilities. This is revealed by that there have been 22 road expansion projects (30%) and 50 road improvement projects (70%) under the 3rd Five-Year Plan for National Highways ('11~'15), while there were 53 road expansion projects (71%) and 22 road improvement projects (29%) under the 2nd Five-Year Plan for National Highways. For more effective road improvement projects, there is a need of choosing projects after an objective and scientific safety assessment of each road, and assessing safety improvement depending on projects. This study is intended to develop a model for this road safety analysis and assessment. The major objective of this study is creating a road safety analysis and assessment model appropriate for Korean society, based on the HSM (Highway Safety Manual) of the U.S. In order to build up data for model development, the sections thought to have identical geometrical structure factors in 5 lines, Cheonbuk province, were divided as homogeneous sections, and representative values of geometric structures, facilities, traffic volume, climate conditions and land usage were collected from the 1,452 sections divided. In order to build up data for model development, the sections thought to have identical geometrical structure factors in 5 lines, Cheonbuk province, were divided as homogeneous sections, and representative values of geometric structures, facilities, traffic volume, climate conditions and land usage were collected from the 1,452 sections divided. The collected data was processed correlation analysis of each road element was implemented to see which factor had a big effect on traffic accidents. On the basis of these results, then, an accident model was established as a negative binomial regression model.Using the developed model, an Crash Modification Factor (CMF) which determines accident frequency changes depending on safety performance function (SPF) predicting the number of accident occurrence through traffic volume and road section expansion, road geometric structure and traffic properties, was extracted.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.553-559
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• 2008

The lorry based transportation system in korea has many problems such as high domestic logistic cost, environment pollution and road damage etc. Hereupon, the necessity of improvement for national logistics system has been proposed continuously. Therefore we carried out this research through AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) to measure relative importance between effect factors and constraint factors and examined the possibility of Modal Shift from lorry transportation to coastal transportation. As the results of this research, the relative priority on modal shift policy enforcement (0.556) is higher than that of maintenance of the present transportation system(0.444).

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.575-582
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• 2016

Seoul city has high population density as well as high traffic congestion, which are vulnerable to exposure of environmental pollutions caused by car traffic. However, recent studies are only on local regions about road traffic and air pollution or health effect of road traffic on residents. Thus, comprehensive study data are needed in terms of overall Seoul regions. In this study utilized the nitrogen dioxide concentration through the national air pollution monitoring network data, 2012 to 2013. It also divided regions into high and low exposure districts via the Origin destination data developed by the Korea transport institute to quantify and evaluate the effect of transport policies and analyzed a correlation of asthma symptoms with high and low exposure districts through raw data of community health survey from the Korea centers for disease control and prevention. Based on the collected data, the pearson's correlation analysis was conducted between air pollution substance concentration and high exposure district and multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the effect of traffic environment and factors on asthma symptoms of residents. Accordingly, the following results were derived. First, the high exposure district was higher concentrations of nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$) as per time compared to those of the low exposure district (p<0.01). Second, analysis on correlation between average daily environmental concentration in the air pollution monitoring network and road traffic showed that nitrogen dioxide had a significant positive correlation (p<0.01) with car traffic and total traffic as well as with truck traffic (p<0.05) statistically. Third, an adjusted odds ratio about asthma doctor's diagnosis in the high and low exposure districts was analyzed through the logistic regression analysis. With regard to an adjusted model 2 (adjusted gender, age, health behavior characteristics, and demographic characteristics) odds ratio of asthma doctor's diagnosis in the high exposure district was 1.624 (95% CI: 1.269~2.077) compared to that of the low exposure district, which was significant statistically (p<0.001).