• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.130-141
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• 2016

This study was conducted to elucidate the structure of river ecosystem in the watershed of the Seom River and Hoengseong Reservoir located in Hoengseong of Kangwon Province from February to October 2007. Topics of the survey were mainly rainfall, discharge, water quality in abiotic factors and attached algae, benthic macroinvertebrates, fish, birds and mammals of flora and fauna in a biotic factors, respectively. Specifically, the Seom River could be seen as a typical flow rate of the stream is controlled to the effect of the dam. Basic water qualities were great to seasonal effects, it was relatively clean. Diatom Achnanthes, Cymbella, Gomphonema, and Navicula were distributed predominantly in the periphytic algae. Benthic macroinvertebrates were mostly aquatic insects and freshwater shellfish, the aquatic insects were abundant Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. Freshwater fish was the dominant Zacco platypus, fish species varied toward the downstream. Birds were mainly observed in four species, and species Egretta garzetta, which was distributed in a wide area of the Seom River. In mammals, Lutra lutra of Mustelidae was identified that the number of inhabit widely. In aspects of the ecological trophic level, the Seom River was maintained at a relatively stable state in the producer and the consumer relationship. The results of this study will expected to be utilized as a useful data for understanding the structure and function of the lotic and lentic ecosystems.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 1982

Recently, estuary reserovoirs have been actively constructed in Korea and also in Japan there are a large number of estuary reservoirs constructed. But most of the estuary reservoirs are located at the downstream of a river where geographical condition is best for the construction of an enclosing dam. And an effective utilization of water from the estuary reservoir seems to be difficult even if estuary reservoirs are considered to be the water resources the most available for their watershed. Studies on estuary reservoirs so far have been mainly concentrated on the physical and engineering problems of the dam construction itself. The purpose of the present study is to review the estuary reservoir planning in connection with the water resources development and to study a basis of the planning. First, the levels of water use in Korea and Japan were compared with those of other countries in the world. And then, some representative reservoirs were selected to study the roles of a reservoir and water-using conditions in the watershed. Based on the study, a survey was given on the relation between a dam construction upstream and an estuary reservoir construction downstream of a river. Finally, a comprehensive examination was made of the bases of estuary reservoir planning. (1) The estuary reservoir planning is deeply related to the plan for water use develo- pment in the watershed. After the upstream water resources were fully developed up to the most, water reso- urces development by an estuary reservoir should be started. (2) If an estuary lake has a capacity big enough, it can store flood discharge of the watershed without any loss and become a basic facility that will bring about the maxi- mum use of water from the watershed. (3) Estuary reservoirs store water used in the upstream watershed, so recycling of water use is attained by the reservoir. Water in the estuary lake is difficult to be fresh water in its long run. Therefore, estuary reservoir should be located at a place where polluted water is purified and refused. All the planning should be based on the assumption that water in the estuary lake is not fresh but polluted after a long time. (4) The estuary lake can only supply water to the lower basin directly. But the upstream area is benefited from the estuary lake by exchange of irrigation water sources between the lower and the upper area. So a large-scale exchange plan between new and existing water resources is important. By constructing estuary reservoirs and the exchange of water sources between upper and lower areas, the reasonable maximum use of water from the whole watershed is at- tained. (5) The big problem coming from the water resources development by an enclosing estuary is salt water intrusion into the lake. To maintain the estuary lake salt-free, multi-purpose use of the lake should be avoided. It is necessary to take such fundamental measures as abolition of back flow operation of gate, and the closing of the fish port and the fish ladder. The results mentioned above were found in this study and these results of this study could be used for the adequate planning of estuary reservoirs in connection with the maximum water use of the watershed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2019

One of the most serious problems with concrete small dams or barriers installed in small/median rivers is the deposit of sediments, especially, in Korea. An effective way to discharge such sediments to downstream is to construct a bypass pipe under the river bed. However, efficiency may become lowered if ripraps are entered into the bypass pipe. Therefore, in this study, we derived the threshold condition for the exclusion of ripraps from the bypass pipe using 3D numerical analysis. Upstream flow of the small dam was assumed to be stationary, and the energy concept was applied to the control volume containing the bypass pipe and its periphery. As a result, when the ratio of the water level difference between upstream and downstream to the diameter of the riprap was approximately equal to 1.2, the threshold condition for exclusion of the stones or riprap from the bypass pipe was affirmatively determined. If the characteristics of the adsorptive sediment adversely affecting the river environment in the future would be taken into account, results from this study are expected to put to practical use in the management of concrete small dam with bypass pipe system.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.12
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• pp.1041-1052
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• 2022

This study is to estimate the optimal ecological flow and analysis the spatial distribution of fish habitat for Andong dam downstream reach (4,565.7 km²) using PHABSIM (Physical Habiat Simulation System) and River2D. To establish habitat models, the cross-section informations and hydraulic input data were collected uisng the Nakdong river basic plan report. The establishment range of PHABSIM was set up about 410.0 m from Gudam streamflow gauging station (GD) and about 6.0 km including GD for River2D. To select representative fish species and construct HSI (Habitat Suitability Index), the fish survey was performed at Pungji bridge where showed well the physical characteristics of target stream located downstream of GD. As a result of the fish survey, Zacco platypus was showed highly relative abundance resulting in selecting as the representative fish species, and HSI was constructed using physical habitat characteristics of the Zacco platypus. The optimal range of HSI was 0.3~0.5 m/s at the velocity suitability index, 0.4~0.6 m at the depth suitability index, and the substrate was sand to fine gravel. As a result of estimating the optimal ecological flow by applying HSI to PHABSIM, the optimal ecological flow for target stream was 20.0 m³/sec. As a result of analysis two-dimensional spatial analysis of fish habitat using River2D, WUA (Weighted Usable Area) was estimated 107,392.0 m²/1000 m under the ecological flow condition and it showed the fish habitat was secured throughout the target stream compared with Q₃₅₅ condition.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.627-638
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• 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of downstream river flow resulting from the operation of the Gimcheon Buhang Dam in the Gamcheon watershed. The dam's effects on flood reduction during the flood season and on increasing streamflow during the dry season-two main functions of multipurpose dams-were quantitatively analyzed. Streamflow data from 2013 to 2021 for the study waterhsed were simulated on a daily basis using SWAT-K (Soil and Water Assessment Tool - Korea) model. Comparison of the simulated and observed values found goodness of fit values of 0.75 or higher for both the coefficient of determination and the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient. The spatial analysis of the dam's effect on flood reduction focused on the annual maximum flood: rates of flood reduction at the four stations ranged from 8.5% to 25.0%. The evaluation of streamflow increase during times of low flow focused on flow duration curves: in particular, compared to the case without an upstream dam, the average low flow at the four sites increased from 33% to 198%.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.527-539
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• 2009

The Kumho River flows through volcanic and sedimentary rocks at upstream and downstream regions and also through industrial district including dyeing complex before it meets the Nakdong River, and as a result, many factors can influence the geochemistry of river water. The concentrations of dissolved ions generally increased as it flows downstream. The concentrations of cations are in the order of Ca>Na>Mg>K, and those of anions are $HCO_3$>$SO_4$>Cl>$NO_3$. These results show that the weathering of sandstone and shale containing carbonate including calcite caused the enrichment of Ca and $HCO_3$. At first 4 sampling sites, Si contents are relatively high mainly due to the weathering of silicate minerals of volcanic rocks. However, Na and $SO_4$ contents are higher at downstream sites due to the industrial and municipal sewage. Piper diagram also shows that the geochemical patterns changed from Ca-$HCO_3$ to Ca-Cl/Ca-$SO_4$ and Na-Cl/Na-$SO_4$ type. When comparing the samples collected in May and July, the concentrations of dissolved ions in July are generally lower than those in May, which indicates that dilution by precipitation played an important role. In July the relative concentration of Ca increased, indicating that Ca in soils probably from fertilizer were mixed into the river water by precipitation. The river waters are mainly from precipitation. The dissolved ions are mainly from weathering of carbonate minerals and pollutants from municipal sewage and discharged water from industrial complex. The composition of oxygen and deutrium isotope in July showed higher values, which is contrary to the amount effect, maybe due to Youngchon Dam. The nitrogen isotope showed lower values in July than those in May, which can be interpreted to indicate mixing of nitrate from soils and fertilizer in the cultivated land by the heavy rain. The isotope composition of nitrate increased downstream, indicating that the influence of sewage and animal manure also increased downstream.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.511-522
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• 2015

This study assessed the impact of uncertainties in flood data on the results of flood frequency analysis for Han river basin. To meet this aim, this study quantified assessment focused on the index flood and quantile by regional flood frequency analysis using the flood data from 17 water level gauges in Han river basin. We analysed the results categorized by three cases according to the characteristics of the measured data. Firstly, we analyzed the regional flood frequency for the water level gauge in the Pyungchang river basin to investigate the impact of water level data. The results has the error of 0.240 with respect to the mean flood. Secondly, we examined the impact of uncertainty in measurement data generated by the application of rating on the results of regional flood frequency analysis. We have compared the results by applying the rating estimated for each year to the one by the recently estimated rating. The results showed that the mean error has 0.246 in terms of the mean flood. Finally, we have inferred the regional flood frequency analysis results with the regulated flow in the downstream area of dams. The regulated specific discharge in the downstream area of dams controlled by dam operation showed a large difference to the estimated specific discharge in the downstream area of dams by extension of the natural specific discharge in the upstream area using the regionalization method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.149-157
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• 2000

This paper presents the first results of dissolved arsenic in the Kangnung Namdae stream. The distribution of As concentrations measured in 28 August (high water flow) and in 21 November 1997 (low water flow) differs from those of other metals measured during the same period; The concentrations of Doam-dam are lower than those of Obong-dam and accumulation in the downstream in the period of low water flow is not pronounced. The As concentration in the downstream under the low water flow is lower than under high water flow, reciprocally to other metals. Freshwater concentrations are comparable with those measured in pristine river and lower than the world average and the diffrence of concentrations measured during two period is minute. Therefore, the As concentrations in the Namdae stream are background level and the source of As contamination does not exist. In the mixing zone between the freshwater and Donghae seawater, As behave conservatively, indicating the absence of any significant removal or mobilization processes. A first estimation of total dissolved As input from Namdae stream to Donghae coastal sea shows 65.12 kg/yr.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.258-269
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to establish a system to evaluate the ecological soundness of the Geum river basin. The study target area is 14 sub-watersheds of the Geum river basin. For the selection of indicators to ensure transparency and consistency of the evaluation indicators, the ecological soundness indicators were secured by using the indicator adjustment method derived in consideration of the intrinsic weight change characteristics between indicators. The index with the greatest impact on the final composite index was identified as the index of the aquatic ecology among the water quantity, water quality, aquatic ecology, and habitat-riparian environment dimensions. As a result of analyzing the ecological health index of the river, the watershed upstream of the dam (based on the Daecheong -dam) was evaluated to be in relatively good condition until 2014 compared to the base year(2008), and the watershed downstream of the dam was evaluated to be in a poor condition. The annual trend of changes in the ecological soundness index on an annual basis is as follows. In the case of Yongdamdam, Yongdamdamdownstream, Bocheong-chun, Daechungdam, Daechungdamdownstream, and Nonsancheon, although there are differences by time period, the soundness index is in declining. On the other hand, Mujunamdaecheon, Yeongdongcheon, and Gapcheon were evaluated to have improved soundness, while Chogang, Daechungdamupstream, Mihocheon, Gongjugeumgang, and Geumgangestuary were evaluated to deteriorate again after soundness was improved.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1611-1615
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to simulate the riverbed profile changes downstream of Daecheong re-regulation dam from 1988 to 2001, to evaluate the model's applicability and to predict a long-term riverbed-level variation between 2002 and 2017. As a result of simulation 14 sediment transport equations provided by GSTAR-1D, it was found that Acker's & White formula was the most stable relatively. The interval used to calculate its stability was 7 days for bankful discharge$(1,000m^2/s)$, 3 days for daily maximum flow$(4,273m^2/s)$, 1 day for hourly maximum flow$(7,605m^2/s)$ and minimum flow$(8.5m^2/s)$. The simulation results of river bed changes were evaluated and compared to its measure data from 1988 to 2001. It was showed that there was the degradation for a section between Daecheong re-regulation dam and Maepo water stage gage station due to bed-material, and the degradation for a reach between Maepo and Gongju water stage gage station due to massive aggregate collection. Also, as a result of simulating the river profile change for 2002 to 2017, it was predicted that the section between Daecheong re-regulation dam and Geumnam Bridge would remain as the present profile and the reach between Maepo and Gongju water stage gage station would have some degradations in several parts, which would be stable as a whole unless it was due to artificial river profile change.