• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.2419-2427
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• 2014

This paper defines the hydro-geomorphological river area to estimate the change of the river function before/after levee construction, and proposes the methodology that calculates the river area by using GIS. The boundary of river area is determined by the 100-year potential flood inundation area without the levee effect of the flood protection. Firstly, 1918' land-use map was digitized and the changes were analyzed by comparing with 2007' digitized map. The result shows that urban/farmland zone in Mankyung river area were increased by 0.4%/11.6% and bare ground was decreased by 10.0% so that the effective use of floodplain due to levee construction leaded to better productivity, but the decrease of the environment function of the river was predicted as result of the reduction of the river area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.2
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• pp.185-191
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• 2004

This study dealt with the Kogi River, located in Kaizuka City, Osaka, which has experienced different improvements from the upper through the lower regions, aimed at revealing temporal relations between residents and the river, as well as probing future problems and directions regarding the river in the suburban area, by conducting a survey of local residents. The result showed that, in the upper region where nature remains in its natural state and the good water quality has been maintained, the relations between the residents and the river continued until around 1965; meanwhile in the middle region the relations have been disappearing since about 1955, and in the lower region where the stream has been repeatedly rehabilitated since 1955, there are fewer involvements of the people with the river. It also revealed that the weaker the relations between people and the river became, the larger the number of residents, even in the upper region, who became concerned over the deteriorating river environment after about 1975, and that in the middle and lower areas, about a decade earlier than in the upper area, the number of those who were aware of the environmental deterioration began to increase. Consequently, with an eye to resuming the relations between people and the river in an suburban area, their future challenges would be the space improvements depending on the environmental characteristics of the area; for example, the recovery of grassy banks for the purpose of protection in the lower region; the preservation and maintenance of many waterside woods as well as the creation of open spaces utilizing the river banks in the middle area; and throughout the whole region, the establishment of a system in which the relations between man and the river can be passed down to future generations, by utilizing the local human resources including those who know the former river landscapes or about the playing in and around the river.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3 s.116
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• pp.12-22
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to evaluate visual preferences of the methods for river embankment based on seasonal changes and to reveal the relationship between visual preference and effective factors, which are the physical and esthetic elements inside the river. For this research seven river embankment methods including concrete block, concrete wall, gabion, and vegetated concrete block were selected in Dongchon of Gwangyang. Twenty-eight pictures by the four pictures of each embankment method based on seasonal changes, the winter and summer of the first and second years after construction were used for a photo-questionnaire by 49 participants. In the analysis of the relationship between visual preference and effective factors, the independent variables included eight factors: form of the material, harmony with the surroundings, the cleanness of river floor, the green area of embankment methods, the water area in river floor, the stone and sand area in river floor, the planting area in river floor, and the area of embankment itself. The result of this study are as follows. First, visual preference in summer was higher than in winter, and the summer landscape of the second you scored the highest value for visual preference. Second, similarly to the way the vegetated concrete block produced a green effect, cobblestone and gabion embankments made of natural materials scored higher than others, whereas the concrete retaining wall scored the lowest of all methods because of it's artificiality. Third, the seven independent variables, except form of the material, are proved statistically significant at the 5% level. The water area in river floor, harmony with the surroundings, the planting area in river floor, and the cleanness of the river floor were revealed as more effective factors influencing visual preference. The research results suggest that the riverscape has to be controlled in terms of seasonal change and embankment methods. Natural materials and green effects in embankment methods are more important for increasing landscape preference, and the landscape factors inside a river should also be considered important variables. It is recommended that advanced study on other factors affecting visual preference of the riverscape be carried out to support this research.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 1968

The persent paper discusses the relation between water pollution and aquatic organisms resulted from the study of the water quality and the kinds of algea and aquatic insects both of the An-yang River from Mt. Kwan-ak to the Han River and of the Kock-neung River from Mt. Puk-han to the Han River during the spring of 1965 and 1966. According to the change of water quality, the An-yang River might be divided into three areas. In the first area, from Mt. Kwan-ak to near An-yang town, water quality is not so polluted that may aquatic organisms such as Anisogamarus ryotoensis, Epeorus, Cambaroides, Zygnem, Batrachospermum moniliform, Draparnaldia glomerata are found. In the second area where water is polluted by the inflow of sewerage water from An-yang town, the concentration of chloride, COD, ammonia-N, nitrate-N, alkali degree increased. Therefore, few aquatic insects and algea are found. In the third area, it is much polluted by the industrial sewerage water frojm Yeong-dong-po; and so the aquatic organisms that indicate strong pollution such as Oscillatoria, Euglena, Tubifex are found in this area. It is also significant that the Nereis japonica that indicates the pollution of brackish water is discorved in the some area. In the case of the Kock-neung River, however, it is not clearly divided into areas, as in the case of the An-yang Riber, according to the pollution of water; but because of villages and towns along the river the gradual pollution of water; but because of villages and towns along the river the gradual pollution of water is observed and accordingly, a considerable change in aquatic organisms is also found in this river. In the area near II-yeung town, for instance, the concentration of the chloride, hardness, nitrite, nitrate is very low, and ammonia-N is not detected; and accordingly the aquatic insects that generally inhabit in mountain stream, such as Anisogamarus ryotoensis, Cambaroides, Epeorus, Thraubs, Hydropsyche are found here. In the down stream of the river, from Kock-chon, the quality of water is considerably polluted and fine sands are found laid on the bottom of the stream; therefore, the aquatic insects are very few, but the algea such as Navicula, Pleusigma, Oscillatoria that indicate water pollution are found in this area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2001

This Study shows local characters, meaning, value and others (kind, function, material, shape, name) on Shroud through documents and fact-finding survey. In Shroud′s kind and function, Shroud of Kwangju Area is similar with one of Youngsan-river Area, while Sumjin-river Area and Coastal Area, each has its own character due to difference of Burial Culture. In Shroud′s Material, hemp cloth, white cotton cloth and calico, have been well-used in Kwangju and Youngsan-river Area, while silk has used in Sumjin-river and Coastal Area. Shroud′s color has followed Natural color. In Shroud′s shape, Male Jeoksam, Female Trousers, Um, Myokmok, Aksoo, Bib have their local characters. They are reformed in Kwangju Area and Youngsan-river Area. Jeoksam in Coastal Area, Female Trousers in Sumjin-river Area. Um in Coastal Area and Myokmok in Sumjin-river Area, have its unique character. In Shroud′s name, Shroud has widely been called "Dead Clothes", and called "Blind Clothes", "Munnyung Clothes" some areas. In Sumjin-river Area, Summer Jacket has been failed "Deungjigae", Dango called "Ddangjungwee". In Coastal Area, Myokmok and Aksoo have been called "Face Cover" and "Hands Cover", Shroud′s local characters have been caused by Next World, which has reflected local natural environment and cultural features. Next World is so abstract that it can not be expressed well, while Reality is clearly divided into dual spaces : Real World, Next World. Comprehension on Next World, helps harmonize recent values with Shroud meaning and prevents Shroud from standardization and transformation.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.02a
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• pp.211-214
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to establish the basic information for natural drainage capacity assessment in urban area. We sorted midium watershed of Han river and Nak-dong river, and selected 30 rainfall events during 1995 to 2000 according to high level of damage. The inundated area showed high watershed slope about 25% and it indicated the greatest damage around the watershed located in 200-300m of altitude. Besides, the great damage by inundation was occurred in the mountainous agriculture region, where the forest scale was high and the urbanization was being progressed gradually. However, inundated area was small in case of grassland, water tone such as riparian area, bare ground and wetland. Moreover, the inundated area was different according to river shape and characteristics of river distribution such as the density of the stream order, conservation constant of the river system, and the number of undulations in the watershed. Therefore, it showed that land use, river shape and distribution characteristics of stream influence on inundation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.74-86
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• 2008

To assessment the disturbances of the Namgang caused by dam construction, upstream area was selected for the reference reach and downstream area was selected for the comparison reach. And these reaches were surveyed and analyzed according to the assessment criteria of the river disturbances.The artificial factors of river disturbances were classified as river improvement works, dam construction and aggregate dredging. The indexes were physical factors as like epifaunal (bottom), embeddedness, velocity/depth regime, sediment deposition, channel flow status, channel alteration, frequency of riffles, bank stability, vegetative protection, riparian zone etc.The assessment results showed 46% of the assessment criteria which was serious status in dam downstream area and 89.5% of it which was excellent status in dam upstream.Finally, the results showed that physical river environment in downstream area was disturbed by the discharge control and the interception of sediment discharge by dam, consequently this disturbance give rise to impact of ecosystem in river.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.43-51
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• 2000

This study aims to find the characteristics of the folk houses in the upper area of Seomjin river in the view point of generating housing floor plans by their human and natural elements of environment. Because they are formed differently as them and have the characteristics as the houses in the upper area of Seomjin river. Seomjin river flows from mid-west area of the Korean peninsula to the southern sea. This is about 212.3km long and the fourth in the south of the Korean peninsula. It is surrounded high mountains in the upper area and makes open field in the mid and lower area of river. The study is surveyed and analyzed to the folk houses of the middle and lower class people in the area of Seomjin river. Because they have been formed by their natural and human elements of environment gradually. They are 35 houses - 13 in Jinan-kun, 4 in Imsil-kun, 10 in Namwon city, 10 in Sunchang-kun. They are analyzed by their floor plans and their spatial relations. The result of this study is that they are made by their natural and human elements of environment. There are some houses with semi-several wings and with storage that are appeared in the mountain village. It reflects that they are surrounded by high mountains. And there are some houses with wooden floor room that are appeared in the area of river little in the area of mountain. To prevent wind from the river the houses are layouted as a form . open ㄴ type, open ㄷ type, and their wall is made of stone and planted bamboo trees around their houses.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.15 no.s
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• pp.1-32
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• 1972

In order to utilize for the prevention and preservation of the Han River from the environmental pollution the present studies were carried out to clarify the microflora and estimation of the water pollution levels of the Han River. In addition to the above regional and seasonal fluctuation of the phytoplankton was also examined. Samples of phytoplankton were collected from 6 stations in the South Han River during the period from December, 1971 to October, 1972. The results obtained during the present studies are as follows: 1. The phytoplankton samples collected from 6 stations, Yeoju, Hajapo-ri, Yangpyeong, Daruraegi, Giduwon and Paldang were identified and classified by Engler's classification system(1954). It resulted in 2 phylum, 2 classes, 7 orders, 10 families, 29 genera, 137 species, 1 sub-species, 49 varieties, 6 forma and 2 variety-forma. The total numbers of phytoplankton identified were 195 species, of which 7 families, 27 species, 26 varieties, 4 forma and 2 variety-forma are new to Korea, that of 54 species are first described in Korea. 2. In lower area of the Han River it is found 53 species from Paldang and in middle area it is found 114 species from Giduwon, 95 species from Daruraegi, 66 species from Yangpyeong, 71 species from Hajapori and 81 species from Yeoju. In standpoint of seasonal fluctuation of phytoplankton, the total numbers of the plankton is more abundant in summer than in winter season and it shows bimodal pattern. 3. As compared with previous data which obtained from 30 stations covering estuary to upper area, both South and North Han River, during the period from 1965-1972 it is shown that 10 species of the South Han River and 11 species of the North Han River are found throughout all seasons. Among the above species two are common in both area. In the other hand it is found that 9 species in spring season and 6 species in fall season in the South Han River and 10 species in spring, 23 species in summer, 4 species in fall and 15 species in winter season in the North Han River shows their seasonal fluctuation in this area. Among the seasonal occurrence of phytoplankton 10 species were consider to be indicator for the estimation of biological water pollution levels. 4. According to Fjerdingstad's water pollution level system (1963) the total numbers of 1, 230 species which have been collected from the Han River since 1965 includes 27 species of phytoplankton as indicator; 3 species of blue-green algae, 20 species of diatom, and 4 species of green-algae. 5. With 27 indicator species new estimation of water pollution level system was arranged for water pollution in the Han River. 6. The lower part of the central area of the Han River indicates mesosaprobic. In central area of the Han River shows mesosaprobic and oligosaprobic, but predominant in mesosaporobic. And it is indicated that mesosaprobic, oligosaprobic, and polysaprobic factors mixed up in the North Han River. Compare with their water pollution level in the South and North Han River, with author's new system, it is estimated that North Han River is more polluted than South Han River. 7. The reason why North Han River is more polluted suggested that the selfpurification action was limited by their circulation speed. The rapid speed of water in the North Han River is mainly caused by their topography and water-drainage from waterpower plant. In conclusion the central area of the Han River consist of mesosaprobe zone, as a part with oligosaprobe zone. But the presence of polysaprobe zone in the North Han River gives us many problems in future for the nationa development programme and natural conservation in this area.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.557-568
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• 2013

In this study, Calculated the nonpoint sources(NPS) load per unit area about various rainy events in vineyard of Nakdong River basin. NPS monitoring and calculation for NPS load per unit area were estimated from 'Investigation method of precipitation discharge(National Institute of Environmental Research, 2007)'. The evaluation of applicability for NPS load per unit by compared with prior research data and Total Maximum Daily Load(TMDL) data. Five target areas were each $2000m^2$, $1800m^2$, $1943m^2$, $2484m^2$, $864m^2$ and located in Gyeongsangbukdo Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbukdo Sangju, Gyeongsangnamdo Hapcheon in Korea. Since fruits were the only crop on the target area, the characteristics of stormwater discharge at survey sites could be evaluated independently. A total of 115 rainfall events in the Orchard area during five years(2008-2012) was surveyed, and 38 of them became stormwater discharge. In the Nakdong River watershed, average of event mean concentrations(EMCs) in Orchard area for biochemical oxyzen demand(BOD), Chemical oxyzen demand(COD), total nitrogen(T-N), total phosphorus(T-P) were 2.0mg/L, 10.1mg/L, 3.195mg/L, 0.578mg/L, respectively. NPS load per unit area in Orchard area showed BOD : $2.0kg/km^2{\cdot}day$, COD : $10.2kg/km^2{\cdot}day$, T-N : $3.220kg/km^2{\cdot}day$, T-P : $0.606kg/km^2{\cdot}day$.