• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1993년도 Fifth International Fuzzy Systems Association World Congress 93
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• pp.1051-1054
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• 1993

The International Atomic Energy Agency's Statute in Article III.A.5 allows it“to establish and administer safeguards designed to ensure that special fissionable and other materials, services, equipment, facilities and information made available by the Agency or at its request or under its supervision or control are not used in such a way as to further any military purpose; and to apply safeguards, at the request of the parties, to any bilateral or multilateral arrangement, or at the request of a State, to any of that State's activities in the field of atomic energy”. Safeguards are essentially a technical means of verifying the fulfilment of political obligations undertaken by States and given a legal force in international agreements relating to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The main political objectives are: to assure the international community that States are complying with their non-proliferation and other peaceful undertakings; and to deter (a) the diversion of afeguarded nuclear materials to the production of nuclear explosives or for military purposes and (b) the misuse of safeguarded facilities with the aim of producing unsafeguarded nuclear material. It is clear that no international safeguards system can physically prevent diversion. The IAEA safeguards system is basically a verification measure designed to provide assurance in those cases in which diversion has not occurred. Verification is accomplished by two basic means: material accountancy and containment and surveillance measures. Nuclear material accountancy is the fundamental IAEA safeguards mechanism, while containment and surveillance serve as important complementary measures. Material accountancy refers to a collection of measurements and other determinations which enable the State and the Agency to maintain a current picture of the location and movement of nuclear material into and out of material balance areas, i. e. areas where all material entering or leaving is measurab e. A containment measure is one that is designed by taking advantage of structural characteristics, such as containers, tanks or pipes, etc. To establish the physical integrity of an area or item by preventing the undetected movement of nuclear material or equipment. Such measures involve the application of tamper-indicating or surveillance devices. Surveillance refers to both human and instrumental observation aimed at indicating the movement of nuclear material. The verification process consists of three over-lapping elements: (a) Provision by the State of information such as - design information describing nuclear installations; - accounting reports listing nuclear material inventories, receipts and shipments; - documents amplifying and clarifying reports, as applicable; - notification of international transfers of nuclear material. (b) Collection by the IAEA of information through inspection activities such as - verification of design information - examination of records and repo ts - measurement of nuclear material - examination of containment and surveillance measures - follow-up activities in case of unusual findings. (c) Evaluation of the information provided by the State and of that collected by inspectors to determine the completeness, accuracy and validity of the information provided by the State and to resolve any anomalies and discrepancies. To design an effective verification system, one must identify possible ways and means by which nuclear material could be diverted from peaceful uses, including means to conceal such diversions. These theoretical ways and means, which have become known as diversion strategies, are used as one of the basic inputs for the development of safeguards procedures, equipment and instrumentation. For analysis of implementation strategy purposes, it is assumed that non-compliance cannot be excluded a priori and that consequently there is a low but non-zero probability that a diversion could be attempted in all safeguards ituations. An important element of diversion strategies is the identification of various possible diversion paths; the amount, type and location of nuclear material involved, the physical route and conversion of the material that may take place, rate of removal and concealment methods, as appropriate. With regard to the physical route and conversion of nuclear material the following main categories may be considered: - unreported removal of nuclear material from an installation or during transit - unreported introduction of nuclear material into an installation - unreported transfer of nuclear material from one material balance area to another - unreported production of nuclear material, e. g. enrichment of uranium or production of plutonium - undeclared uses of the material within the installation. With respect to the amount of nuclear material that might be diverted in a given time (the diversion rate), the continuum between the following two limiting cases is cons dered: - one significant quantity or more in a short time, often known as abrupt diversion; and - one significant quantity or more per year, for example, by accumulation of smaller amounts each time to add up to a significant quantity over a period of one year, often called protracted diversion. Concealment methods may include: - restriction of access of inspectors - falsification of records, reports and other material balance areas - replacement of nuclear material, e. g. use of dummy objects - falsification of measurements or of their evaluation - interference with IAEA installed equipment.As a result of diversion and its concealment or other actions, anomalies will occur. All reasonable diversion routes, scenarios/strategies and concealment methods have to be taken into account in designing safeguards implementation strategies so as to provide sufficient opportunities for the IAEA to observe such anomalies. The safeguards approach for each facility will make a different use of these procedures, equipment and instrumentation according to the various diversion strategies which could be applicable to that facility and according to the detection and inspection goals which are applied. Postulated pathways sets of scenarios comprise those elements of diversion strategies which might be carried out at a facility or across a State's fuel cycle with declared or undeclared activities. All such factors, however, contain a degree of fuzziness that need a human judgment to make the ultimate conclusion that all material is being used for peaceful purposes. Safeguards has been traditionally based on verification of declared material and facilities using material accountancy as a fundamental measure. The strength of material accountancy is based on the fact that it allows to detect any diversion independent of the diversion route taken. Material accountancy detects a diversion after it actually happened and thus is powerless to physically prevent it and can only deter by the risk of early detection any contemplation by State authorities to carry out a diversion. Recently the IAEA has been faced with new challenges. To deal with these, various measures are being reconsidered to strengthen the safeguards system such as enhanced assessment of the completeness of the State's initial declaration of nuclear material and installations under its jurisdiction enhanced monitoring and analysis of open information and analysis of open information that may indicate inconsistencies with the State's safeguards obligations. Precise information vital for such enhanced assessments and analyses is normally not available or, if available, difficult and expensive collection of information would be necessary. Above all, realistic appraisal of truth needs sound human judgment.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.2021-2031
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• 2013

최근 급격한 경제성장과 더불어 국민 개개인의 삶의 질이 향상되고, 자동차 보급률의 폭발적인 증가로 인해 생활권역이 급속도로 확대되는 추세이다. 2012년 12월 말 기준으로 국내 자동차등록대수는 18,871만 대로 비약적인 증가를 보이고 있으며, 행정안전부의 주민등록인구수가 5,094만 명과 비교할 때 자동차 1대당 주민등록인구수는 약 4명으로 나타나고 있는 실정이다. 이는 자동차 수요가 많아 주택단지, 산업 및 상업단지 등 주차장의 수요도 함께 증가하고 있지만, 지상의 한정된 공간으로 인하여 대부분의 주차장을 지하로 설치하고 있는 실정이다. 특히, '주차장법'에 의하면 주차장의 경사는 직선부 17%, 곡선부 14%를 초과하지 못하도록 시행하고 있지만, 운전자가 주차장 램프 주행 중 멈춰선 경우에는 운전자 안전측면에서 커다란 위험요인으로 작용하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 본 연구에서는 주차장 램프에 대해 운전자 안전성 측면의 적합성 여부를 검토하고자 한다. 우선, 주차장 램프 형식을 곡선부와 직선부로 분류하고, 경사별, 경사거리별, 방향별, 경사거리에 따른 지점별 등을 고려하여 주행실험 후 설문조사를 통해 주차장 램프 형식 및 제원을 산정하고자 한다. 그 결과, 곡선부는 반시계방향, 최대 경사 12%를 권유하며, 직선부의 경우 최대 경사는 13~14%로 분석되어 15% 이상은 지양해야 할 것으로 사료된다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서 제시한 주차장 램프 형식 및 제원의 제시를 통해 향후 주차장 관련 기준 정립은 물론, 주차장관련 사업 추진 시 비용 효율적인 교통안전 개선대안으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2000

The Low Birth Weight infant birth rate in this country is a little more than 15 percent and is being increased. The survival rate of Low Birth Weight infant is over 90 percent and recently the rate runs is getting. However, because of the high risk of Low Birth Weight infant for handicap in growth, a preventive nursing intervention program for Low Birth Weight infant and their mother is considered to be necessary. Touch and massage, thus sensory stimulation has been considered to be important ensuring a normal growth of Low Birth Weight infant During the past decades sensory stimulation program has been used for premature and Low Birth Weight infants. Recently a study on the sensory stimulation for Low Birth Weight infants has bee n done in this country. Mother and infant relationship has a great influence on child's development. Especially, mother and infant interaction during one year after birth plays important role in child's social. affective and cognitive developments. But in the study of Low Birth Weight infants, the mother and infant interaction has been rare yet. However, there was no study effectiveness of the sensory stimulation on mother and infant interaction. In this respect, this study based on the importance of the nursing intervention, is intended to measure the effectiveness of the massage therapy in the aspects of weight, daily feeding amount, cortisolurine stress hormone and mother and infant interactions. This study has been conducted on the nonequivalent control group pretestposttest design in quasi experimental basis and Low Birth Weight infants from NICU of two Medical University Hospitals located in Taegu Metropolitan were selected in experimental group of 21 infants and control group of 20 infants. Data has been collected from May 1, 1999 to September 5, 2000. For the experimental group Field's sensory stimulation(tactile and kinesthetic stimulation) was applied 2 times a day for 10 days(10:00 - 11:00 hours in the morning and 19:00 - 20:00 in the afternoon) by nurse and mother. The electronic indicator scale (Cas Co. Korea) was used to measure infant's body weight. To determine urine cortisol concentration level under stress, rad immuno assay method was used. And to determine mother and infant interactions during feeding, tools developed by Kim Mi-Ye (1999) were used. Collected data were analyzed with SAS program using x-test, t-test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Findings were as follows : 1. For the daily mean weight gain, the experimental group showed little higher than the control group, even though, there was no Statistically significant differences between two groups. 2. For the amount of daily mean feeding, the experimental group showed little higher than the control group, while there was no Statistically significant differences between two groups. 3. The level of wine cortisol concentration was increased in both groups, while no Statistical significance was shown between the two groups. 4. Mothers in experimental group were more likely to have higher mean scores in mother and infant interaction during feeding than mothers in the control group. Statistical significance was shown between the two groups(t= 5.78, P=.001). In conclusion, the massage therapy in this study showed with regard to even though through there was no statistically significance in the weight gain and urine stress hormone concentration. there was Statistical significantly higher in the mother and infant interaction during feeding. Based on the result of this study, it is considered that the massage therapy should be applied clinical practice and home to help a developmental growth and interaction of Low Birth Weight infants and mothers during the period of recovery.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.293-301
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• 2016

본 연구는 강릉시보건소 고혈압 당뇨관리사업과 구강보건사업을 연계한 통합건강증진사업을 기획, 수행하고 단계적 평가지표를 제시하여, 고혈압 당뇨관리교실에 등록한 30세 이상의 성인 중 48명을 대상으로 진료실 개별 구강건강관리 프로그램을 운영하였다. 인력 시설 장비 등의 구조평가와 담당자의 적절성 및 프로그램 운영 충실도 등의 과정평가를 통해 사업의 기획 및 수행상태를 파악할 수 있었으며, 개선방안 모색을 통해 사업의 효율성을 높일 수 있었다. 결과평가 결과로 '구강건강지식'은 8점 만점에 1차 5.52점, 2차 7.42점으로 나타났으며(p<0.001), '구강건강인식'은 20점 만점에 1차 13.31점, 2차는 17.29점으로(p<0.001) 지식과 인식 문항 모두 1차에 비해 2차 점수가 유의한 차이로 높게 나타났다. '치은출혈' 검사 결과 1차 '출혈 있음'이 89.1%, 2차 71.7%로 감소하였으며(p=0.021), 'PHP index' 검사 결과 1차 3.28점, 2차 2.42점으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.001). 프로그램의 전체적인 만족도는 '매우 만족, 만족'이 98.0%, 재참여 의사 및 권유 의사는 '매우 그렇다, 그렇다'가 각 97.9%, 93.7%로 매우 높게 나타났다. 사업담당자 1:1 면접설문조사를 통한 질적 평가 결과, 프로그램의 '전체적인 구성의 적절성'은 내용이 짜임새있게 구성되어 '매우 적절, 적절'이라고 응답하였으며, '연계 절차의 적절성'은 현황 및 요구도 조사에서 대상자의 위험요인을 적절히 파악하여 연계가 이루어졌으며, 당뇨와 치주질환의 연관성에 따라 사업을 연계하여 운영하는 것이 '적절'하다고 응답하였다. '성과지표의 적절성'으로는 '참여 인원수, 효과성(치은출혈, PHP index, 구강건강지식 및 인식), 만족도 평가'가 성과지표로 '매우 적절, 적절'하다고 응답하였다. 논리적 모형의 사업은 투입-활동-산출-결과에 따라 구조, 과정, 결과 평가지표로 구조화되어 단계적 평가가 이루어지기 때문에 균형적인 평가가 가능하며, 평가지표는 정량적 지표와 정성적 지표로 구성되어 체계적인 사업 평가가 이루어질 것으로 생각된다. 고혈압 당뇨관리교실 내소자의 통합적 건강관리를 위해 본 연구에서 기획된 개별 관리 프로그램과 평가지표의 적용 확대 가능성이 높을 것으로 생각되며, 논리적 모형을 적용한 프로그램의 일반적인 적절성과 평가지표의 타당성을 확인하고, 만성질환 관리 측면에서 공통의 효과를 측정할 수 있도록 지속적인 운영과 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 기업가정신과 벤처연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.53-68
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• 2016

기술 학습, 기업가정신, 혁신, 창의성에 대한 동기 및 관련 활동은 아시아 국가들의 경제 발전의 원동력이었다. 기술 발전의 초기에는 기술 학습과 기업가정신이 선진국들을 효과적으로 따라잡을 수 있는 방안으로 작용하였다. 왜냐하면 이를 통하여 기업들은 상대적으로 낮은 리스크를 가지고 기술과 지식을 빠르게 축적할 수 있었기 때문이다. 그러나 기술 발전의 후기에는 혁신과 창의성이 보다 중요하게 작용하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 1) 기술 학습 성과에 영향을 미치는 요소들 (학습 역량)과 2) 창의적인 조직 및 경제 환경 구축을 위한 혁신 역량 강화에 필요한 과제들을 규명하는 것이다. 본 연구의 핵심 내용은 탈추격 시대에서의 학습 역량과 연관되어 있다. 문헌 연구 및 한국의 경제발전 사례를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 기술 학습에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요소들로 구성된 기술 학습 모형을 제시하였다. 이와 관련하여 세 가지 가설을 설정하였고, 한국의 공작기계 제조업체들로부터 데이터를 수집하였다. 또한 해당 업체들의 CEO들과 R&D 책임자들을 대상으로 구조화된 설문을 수행하였다. 이를 바탕으로 상관 분석과 ANOVA를 수행하여 가설을 검증하였다. 추가로 사례 분석과 정책 분석을 수행하여 혁신 활성인자와 방해인자들을 규명하였고, 이를 근거로 혁신 역량 강화를 위한 방안을 제시하였다. 실증 분석 결과를 기반으로 1) 기술 축적정도 2) 기술인력들의 잠재력 3) 확고한 기술적 노력 4) 학습에 대한 의지 5) 최고 경영층의 지원 6) 공식적인 기술 학습 시스템 7) 높은 학습 동기 8) 적절한 기술 선택 9) 명백한 목표 설정과 같은 기업의 학습 잠재력과 활동(학습 역량)을 규명하였다. 이와 같은 학습 역량은 경제 발전 초기 기업의 학습 성과를 결정하였다. 또한 기술발전 단계별로 기술학습을 위해 필요한 핵심 요소들이 상이하였다. 통계 및 정책 분석을 통하여 기술학습은 기술발전 과정의 본질적인 원칙으로 이해될 수 있음을 입증하였다. 선제적이고 창의적인 학습은 후기에, 대응적이고 모방적인 학습은 초기에 활성화 되었다. 추가로 본 연구에서는 탈추격 시대에서의 혁신역량 및 혁신활동 강화의 원동력 또는 촉진 요소를 탐색하였다. 예비 사례분석 결과는 1) CEO의 전략적 의지와 기업 문화 2) 리더십과 변화 주도 챔피언의 존재 3) 디자인 원칙과 방식 4) 에코시스템과 협력체계, 5) 지속적 R&D 투자가 혁신역량 및 혁신활동 강화의 촉진 요소로 작용함을 보여주었다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.115-128
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• 2002

도로의 평면곡선부는 선형 설계시 직선부와 달리 여러 가지 요소를 추가적으로 고려하며 확폭의 문제도 이중의 하나이다. 확폭은 차량 뒷바퀴가 앞바퀴의 궤적을 따라 주행하지 않고 이탈하는 궤도이탈(offtracking)현상 때문에 발생하고, 곡선부 설계시 이러한 현상을 반영하여야 운전자 안전성을 보장할 수 있다. 특히 대형차량 운행이 빈번한 산업도로나. 곡선반경이 작은 산악지역 간선도로의 경우 궤도이탈현상으로 인해 곡선부 사고위험이 증가하기 때문에 확폭 필요성이 강조된다. 본 연구에서는 굴절차량 궤도이탈모형 이론 및 확폭 설치 기준에 관련된 국내외 연구 결과를 비교·검토하여 도로의 기하구조와 차량의 속도를 감안한 현실적인 동적 궤도이탈모형(Dynamic Offtracking Model)을 개발하여 이 모형을 이용한 확폭량 산정 방법을 제시하였다. 본 연구로부터 얻어진 성과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 견인차와 피견인차의 동적 거동에 편경사영향을 반영할 수 있는 궤도이탈모형을 개발하였다. 둘째, 개발된 동적 궤도이탈모형을 이용하여 우리나라 실정에 맞는 새로운 확폭량 산정 방법을 개발하였다. 셋째, 개발된 모형을 이용하여 실제 궤도 이탈량과 확폭량을 산정하여 현재 사용되고 있는 우리나라 곡선부 확폭 설치기준의 타당성을 살펴보았다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.5-15
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• 2020

포항지진(M_L=5.4) 시 발생한 액상화 현상은 국민들에게 지진으로 유발되는 액상화의 위험성을 새롭게 각인시켰고, 이에 대한 대비책으로 액상화 위험지도의 관심이 높아지고 있다. 현재 행정안전부가 보유하고 있는 액상화 위험지도는 2014년 제작된 것으로 전국 100,000개 이상의 시추 자료를 토대로 지하수위 0m인 조건으로 지반조건별 증폭계수를 사용하였으며 시추정보가 없는 지역은 보간법을 이용하여 2km × 2km 격자형식으로 제작된 것이 특징이다. 이러한 가운데, 2018년 행정안전부는 내진설계 공통기준의 새로운 지반분류법과 증폭계수를 공표하였다. 따라서 개정된 행정안전부의 증폭계수를 반영한 액상화 위험지도의 재작성이 필요하다. 본 연구는 내진설계 공통기준 개정 전·후 두 개의 기준으로 전 국토를 대상으로 지반분류를 수행하여 변동성을 분석하였으며, 지반조건별 증폭계수를 적용한 액상화 평가결과를 부산시 강서구를 대상으로 수행하였다. 이때 재현주기 500년과 1,000년에 해당하는 지반가속도를 적용하였으며 우리나라 평균 지하수위인 5m와 극한 조건인 0m로 구분하여 액상화 위험도를 평가하였다. 액상화 위험지도는 기존의 2km × 2km보다 높은 해상도를 확보하기 위해 500m × 500m 격자를 생성하여 위험지도를 작성하였다. 연구결과, 기존 지반분류 기준을 통해 S_C, S_D 지반으로 분류되었던 지반상태가 개정된 지반분류 기준을 통해 S₂, S₃, S₄로 재분류되었다. 재현주기 500년과 1,000년으로 액상화 평가를 수행한 결과 개정 전 지반증폭계수 적용한 LPI가 상대적으로 과대평가되는 결과를 도출하였다. 본 연구결과는 증폭계수를 이용하는 광역지역 액상화 위험지도 작성의 근간인 액상화 평가에 큰 영향을 미치는 요소로써 향후 광역지역 액상화 위험지도 작성의 경우 반드시 고려될 사항으로 판단된다

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.603-608
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• 2021

본 연구는 COVID-19과 COVID-19 변이 바이러스 시기에 vaccination을 통한 집단면역달성을 목표로 하고 있지만, 백신의 종류에 따라서 다양한 부작용도 발생을 하여, 백신 이외에 평소 규칙적인 운동을 통한 백신 효과의 조그만 근거를 마련하고자 수행하게 되었다. 이러한 연구 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 본론에서는 COVID-19 vaccine의 이슈, COVID-19 블루, COVID-19과 스포츠이벤트, 및 COVID-19과 운동중재에 관해 분석하였다. 본 연구결과 COVID-19은 혈관을 우선적으로 공격하고 혈관 내막에 침투해 혈액순환을 방해하는 바이러스로 알려져 있다. 그리고 이어서 폐, 심장, 뇌 등을 공격한다. 심혈관 질환이 있는 환자들은 몸에서 바이러스를 몰아내는 능력이 떨어져 있는 이유로 이러한 바이러스의 공격대상이 될 수 있다. 혈관은 적혈구와 영양소만 이동하는 곳이 아니라 백혈구와 림프구들도 이동하므로 평소 불포화 지방산, 저탄수화물 식이요법을 포함하는 건강한 식이 습관, 금연, 일상생활도의 증가 및 규칙적인 운동 습관의 중요성이 중요하게 고려되어 진다. 이러한 관점에서 평소 혈관의 건강은 매우 중요하게 작용하고 이는 규칙적인 운동을 통하여 얻을 수 있는 것이다. 규칙적인 운동은 면역세포들, 면역글로불린, 다양한 사이토카인들의 순환을 돕고 특히, 폐로의 순환을 도와 염증인자들을 감소시키는 역할을 수행하고 병원균의 유입을 막아주는 역할을 한다. 특히, 혈관 내막에 침투해 혈액순환을 방해하는 것으로 알려져 있으며 폐, 심장, 뇌 등을 공격하는 COVID-19의 특성을 고려할 때 운동을 통한 건강관리는 바이러스 예방에 필수적이라고 할 수 있다. 현재 다양하고도 많은 백신의 사용은 팬데믹 시기에서 매우 희망적이지만 아나플락시스나 혈전 색전증 등의 다양한 부작용도 초래하므로 규칙적인 운동중재는 백신의 도움없이 세균이나 바이러스로부터 나를 지키는 면역력을 잘 유지하게 하는 것이 규칙적인 운동이 되는 것이다. 추후 이러한 분야에 관한 심도 있는 연구들이 수행되어져야 할 것으로 여겨진다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.68-79
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• 2009

The interplay between hedonic and utilitarian attributes has assumed special significance in recent years; it has been proposed that consumption offerings should be viewed as experiences that stimulate both cognitions and feelings rather than as mere products or services. This research builds on previous work on hedonic versus utilitarian benefits, regulatory focus theory, customer satisfaction to address two question: (1) Is the shopping goal at the point of purchase different from the shopping value? and (2) Is the customer loyalty after the use different from the shopping value and shopping goal? We surveyed 345 peoples those who have bought the electronic-goods within 6 months. This research dealt with the shopping value which is consisted of 2 types, hedonic and utilitarian. Those who pursue the hedonic shopping value may prefer the pleasure of purchasing experience to the product itself. They tend to prefer atmosphere, arousal of the shopping experience. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "hedonic" to refer to their aesthetic, experiential and enjoyment-related value. On the contrary, Those who pursue the utilitarian shopping value may prefer the reasonable buying. It may be more functional. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "utilitarian" to refer to the functional, instrumental, and practical value of consumption offerings. Holbrook(1999) notes that consumer value is an experience that results from the consumption of such benefits. In the context of cell phones for example, the phone's battery life and sound volume are utilitarian benefits, whereas aesthetic appeal from its shape and color are hedonic benefits. Likewise, in the case of a car, fuel economics and safety are utilitarian benefits whereas the sunroof and the luxurious interior are hedonic benefits. The shopping goals are consisted of the promotion focus goal and the prevention focus goal, based on the self-regulatory focus theory. The promotion focus is characterized into focusing ideal self because they are oriented to wishes and vision. The promotion focused individuals are tend to be more risk taking. They are more sensitive to hope and achievement. On the contrary, the prevention focused individuals are characterized into focusing the responsibilities because they are oriented to safety. The prevention focused individuals are tend to be more risk avoiding. We wanted to test the relation among the shopping value, shopping goal and customer loyalty. Customers show the positive or negative feelings comparing with the expectation level which customers have at the point of the purchase. If the result were bigger than the expectation, customers may feel positive feeling such as delight or satisfaction and they would want to share their feelings with other people. And they want to buy those products again in the future time. There is converging evidence that the types of goals consumers expect to be fulfilled by the utilitarian dimension of a product are different from those they seek from the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004). Specifically, whereas consumers expect the fulfillment of product prevention goals on the utilitarian dimension, they expect the fulfillment of promotion goals on the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan, and Majahan 2007; Higgins 1997, 2001) According to the regulatory focus theory, prevention goals are those that ought to be met. Fulfillment of prevention goals in the context of product consumption eliminates or significantly reduces the probability of a painful experience, thus making consumers experience emotions that result from fulfillment of prevention goals such as confidence and securities. On the contrary, fulfillment of promotion goals are those that a person aspires to meet, such as "looking cool" or "being sophisticated." Fulfillment of promotion goals in the context of product consumption significantly increases the probability of a pleasurable experience, thus enabling consumers to experience emotions that result from the fulfillment of promotion goals. The proposed conceptual framework captures that the relationships among hedonic versus utilitarian shopping values and promotion versus prevention shopping goals respectively. An analysis of the consequence of the fulfillment and frustration of utilitarian and hedonic value is theoretically worthwhile. It is also substantively relevant because it helps predict post-consumption behavior such as the promotion versus prevention shopping goals orientation. Because our primary goal is to understand how the post consumption feelings influence the variable customer loyalty: word of mouth (Jacoby and Chestnut 1978). This research result is that the utilitarian shopping value gives the positive influence to both of the promotion and prevention goal. However the influence to the prevention goal is stronger. On the contrary, hedonic shopping value gives influence to the promotion focus goal only. Additionally, both of the promotion and prevention goal show the positive relation with customer loyalty. However, the positive relation with promotion goal and customer loyalty is much stronger. The promotion focus goal gives the influence to the customer loyalty. On the contrary, the prevention focus goal relates at the low level of relation with customer loyalty than that of the promotion goal. It could be explained that it is apt to get framed the compliment of people into 'gain-non gain' situation. As the result, for those who have the promotion focus are motivated to deliver their own feeling to other people eagerly. Conversely the prevention focused individual are more sensitive to the 'loss-non loss' situation. The research result is consistent with pre-existent researches. There is a conceptual parallel between necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits and luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha 2007; Higginns 1997; Kivetz and Simonson 2002b). In addition, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the precedence principle contends luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits higher than necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits. Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha (2007) show that consumers are focused more on the utilitarian benefits than on the hedonic benefits of a product until their minimum expectation of fulfilling prevention goals are met. Furthermore, a utilitarian benefit is a promise of a certain level of functionality by the manufacturer or the retailer. When the promise is not fulfilled, customers blame the retailer and/or the manufacturer. When negative feelings are attributable to an entity, customers feel angry. However in the case of hedonic benefit, the customer, not the manufacturer, determines at the time of purchase whether the product is stylish and attractive. Under such circumstances, customers are more likely to blame themselves than the manufacturer if their friends do not find the product stylish and attractive. Therefore, not meeting minimum utilitarian expectations of functionality generates a much more intense negative feelings, such as anger than a less intense feeling such as disappointment or dissatisfactions. The additional multi group analysis of this research shows the same result. Those who are unsatisfactory customers who have the prevention focused goal shows higher relation with WOM, comparing with satisfactory customers. The research findings in this article could have significant implication for the personal selling fields to increase the effectiveness and the efficiency of the sales such that they can develop the sales presentation strategy for the customers. For those who are the hedonic customers may be apt to show more interest to the promotion goal. Therefore it may work to strengthen the design, style or new technology of the products to the hedonic customers. On the contrary for the utilitarian customers, it may work to strengthen the price competitiveness. On the basis of the result from our studies, we demonstrated a correspondence among hedonic versus utilitarian and promotion versus prevention goal, WOM. Similarly, we also found evidence of the moderator effects of satisfaction after use, between the prevention goal and WOM. Even though the prevention goal has the low level of relation to WOM, those who are not satisfied show higher relation to WOM. The relation between the prevention goal and WOM is significantly different according to the satisfaction versus unsatisfaction. In addition, improving the promotion emotions of cheerfulness and excitement and the prevention emotion of confidence and security will further improve customer loyalty. A related potential further research could be to examine whether hedonic versus utilitarian, promotion versus prevention goals improve customer loyalty for services as well. Under the budget and time constraints, designers and managers are often compelling to choose among various attributes. If there is no budget or time constraints, perhaps the best solution is to maximize both hedonic and utilitarian dimension of benefits. However, they have to make trad-off process between various attributes. For the designers and managers have to keep in mind that without hedonic benefit satisfaction of the product it may hard to lead the customers to the customer loyalty.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.165-203
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• 1987

This project was a service-cum-research effort with a quasi-experimental study design to examine the health benefits of an integrated Family Planning (FP)/Maternal & Child health (MCH) Service approach that provides crucial factors missing in the present on-going programs. The specific objectives were: 1) To test the effectiveness of trained nurse/midwives (MW) assigned as change agents in the Health Sub-Center (HSC) to bring about the changes in the eight FP/MCH indicators, namely; (i)FP/MCH contacts between field workers and their clients (ii) the use of effective FP methods, (iii) the inter-birth interval and/or open interval, (iv) prenatal care by medically qualified personnel, (v) medically supervised deliveries, (vi) the rate of induced abortion, (vii) maternal and infant morbidity, and (viii) preinatal & infant mortality. 2) To measure the integrative linkage (contacts) between MW & HSC workers and between HSC and clients. 3) To examine the organizational or administrative factors influencing integrative linkage between health workers. Study design; The above objectives called for quasi-experimental design setting up a study and control area with and without a midwife. An active intervention program (FP/MCH minimum 'package' program) was conducted for a 2 year period from June 1982-July 1984 in Seosan County and 'before and after' surveys were conducted to measure the change. Service input; This study was undertaken by the Soonchunhyang University in collaboration with WHO. After a baseline survery in 1981, trained nurses/midwives were introduced into two health sub-centers in a rural setting (Seosan county) for a 2 year period from 1982 to 1984. A major service input was the establishment of midwifery services in the existing health delivery system with emphasis on nurse/midwife's role as the link between health workers (nurse aids) and village health workers, and the referral of risk patients to the private physician (OBGY specialist). An evaluation survey was made in August 1984 to assess the effectiveness of this alternative integrated approach in the study areas in comparison with the control area which had normal government services. Method of evaluation; a. In this study, the primary objective was first to examine to what extent the FP/MCH package program brought about changes in the pre-determined eight indicators (outcome and impact measures) and the following relationship was first analyzed; b. Nevertheless, this project did not automatically accept the assumption that if two or more activities were integrated, the results would automatically be better than a non-integrated or categorical program. There is a need to assess the 'integration process' itself within the package program. The process of integration was measured in terms of interactive linkages, or the quantity & quality of contacts between workers & clients and among workers. Intergrative linkages were hypothesized to be influenced by organizational factors at the HSC clinic level including HSC goals, sltrurture, authority, leadership style, resources, and personal characteristics of HSC staff. The extent or degree of integration, as measured by the intensity of integrative linkages, was in turn presumed to influence programme performance. Thus as indicated diagrammatically below, organizational factors constituted the independent variables, integration as the intervening variable and programme performance with respect to family planning and health services as the dependent variable: Concerning organizational factors, however, due to the limited number of HSCs (2 in the study area and 3 in the control area), they were studied by participatory observation of an anthropologist who was independent of the project. In this observation, we examined whether the assumed integration process actually occurred or not. If not, what were the constraints in producing an effective integration process. Summary of Findings; A) Program effects and impact 1. Effects on FP use: During this 2 year action period, FP acceptance increased from 58% in 1981 to 78% in 1984 in both the study and control areas. This increase in both areas was mainly due to the new family planning campaign driven by the Government for the same study period. Therefore, there was no increment of FP acceptance rate due to additional input of MW to the on-going FP program. But in the study area, quality aspects of FP were somewhat improved, having a better continuation rate of IUDs & pills and more use of effective Contraceptive methods in comparison with the control area. 2. Effects of use of MCH services: Between the study and control areas, however, there was a significant difference in maternal and child health care. For example, the coverage of prenatal care was increased from 53% for 1981 birth cohort to 75% for 1984 birth cohort in the study area. In the control area, the same increased from 41% (1981) to 65% (1984). It is noteworthy that almost two thirds of the recent birth cohort received prenatal care even in the control area, indicating that there is a growing demand of MCH care as the size of family norm becomes smaller 3. There has been a substantive increase in delivery care by medical professions in the study area, with an annual increase rate of 10% due to midwives input in the study areas. The project had about two times greater effect on postnatal care (68% vs. 33%) at delivery care(45.2% vs. 26.1%). 4. The study area had better reproductive efficiency (wanted pregancies with FP practice & healthy live births survived by one year old) than the control area, especially among women under 30 (14.1% vs. 9.6%). The proportion of women who preferred the 1st trimester for their first prenatal care rose significantly in the study area as compared to the control area (24% vs 13%). B) Effects on Interactive Linkage 1. This project made a contribution in making several useful steps in the direction of service integration, namely; i) The health workers have become familiar with procedures on how to work together with each other (especially with a midwife) in carrying out their work in FP/MCH and, ii) The health workers have gotten a feeling of the usefulness of family health records (statistical integration) in identifying targets in their own work and their usefulness in caring for family health. 2. On the other hand, because of a lack of required organizational factors, complete linkage was not obtained as the project intended. i) In regards to the government health worker's activities in terms of home visiting there was not much difference between the study & control areas though the MW did more home visiting than Government health workers. ii) In assessing the service performance of MW & health workers, the midwives balanced their workload between 40% FP, 40% MCH & 20% other activities (mainly immunization). However, $85{\sim}90%$ of the services provided by the health workers were other than FP/MCH, mainly for immunizations such as the encephalitis campaign. In the control area, a similar pattern was observed. Over 75% of their service was other than FP/MCH. Therefore, the pattern shows the health workers are a long way from becoming multipurpose workers even though the government is pushing in this direction. 3. Villagers were much more likely to visit the health sub-center clinic in the study area than in the control area (58% vs.31%) and for more combined care (45% vs.23%). C) Organization factors (admistrative integrative issues) 1. When MW (new workers with higher qualification) were introduced to HSC, it was noted that there were conflicts between the existing HSC workers (Nurse aids with less qualification than MW) and the MW for the beginning period of the project. The cause of the conflict was studied by an anthropologist and it was pointed out that these functional integration problems stemmed from the structural inadequacies of the health subcenter organization as indicated below; i) There is still no general consensus about the objectives and goals of the project between the project staff and the existing health workers. ii) There is no formal linkage between the responsibility of each member's job in the health sub-center. iii) There is still little chance for midwives to play a catalytic role or to establish communicative networks between workers in order to link various knowledge and skills to provide better FP/MCH services in the health sub-center. 2. Based on the above findings the project recommended to the County Chief (who has power to control the administrative staff and the technical staff in his county) the following ; i) In order to solve the conflicts between the individual roles and functions in performing health care activities, there must be goals agreed upon by both. ii) The health sub·center must function as an autonomous organization to undertake the integration health project. In order to do that, it is necessary to support administrative considerations, and to establish a communication system for supervision and to control of the health sub-centers. iii) The administrative organization, tentatively, must be organized to bind the health worker's midwive's and director's jobs by an organic relationship in order to achieve the integrative system under the leadership of health sub-center director. After submitting this observation report, there has been better understanding from frequent meetings & communication between HW/MW in FP/MCH work as the program developed. Lessons learned from the Seosan Project (on issues of FP/MCH integration in Korea); 1) A majority or about 80% of the couples are now practicing FP. As indicated by the study, there is a growing demand from clients for the health system to provide more MCH services than FP in order to maintain the achieved small size of family through FP practice. It is fortunate to see that the government is now formulating a MCH policy for the year 2,000 and revising MCH laws and regulations to emphasize more MCH care for achieving a small size family through family planning practice. 2) Goal consensus in FP/MCH shouBd be made among the health workers It administrators, especially to emphasize the need of care of 'wanted' child. But there is a long way to go to realize the 'real' integration of FP into MCH in Korea, unless there is a structural integration FP/MCH because a categorical FP is still first priority to reduce the rate of population growth for economic reasons but not yet for health/welfare reasons in practice. 3) There should be more financial allocation: (i) a midwife should be made available to help to promote the MCH program and coordinate services, (in) there should be a health sub·center director who can provide leadership training for managing the integrated program. There is a need for 'organizational support', if the decision of integration is made to obtain benefit from both FP & MCH. In other words, costs should be paid equally to both FP/MCH. The integration slogan itself, without the commitment of paying such costs, is powerless to advocate it. 4) Need of management training for middle level health personnel is more acute as the Government has already constructed 90 MCH centers attached to the County Health Center but without adequate manpower, facilities, and guidelines for integrating the work of both FP and MCH. 5) The local government still considers these MCH centers only as delivery centers to take care only of those visiting maternity cases. The MCH center should be a center for the managment of all pregnancies occurring in the community and the promotion of FP with a systematic and effective linkage of resources available in the county such as i.e. Village Health Worker, Community Health Practitioner, Health Sub-center Physicians & Health workers, Doctors and Midwives in MCH center, OBGY Specialists in clinics & hospitals as practiced by the Seosan project at primary health care level.