• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권
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• pp.41-45
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• 2001

The methods used for risk assessment from exposure to chemicals are well established. in most cases where toxicity other than carcinogenesis is being considered, the standard method relies on establishing the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) in the most sensitive animal toxicity study and using an appropriate safety factor (SF) to determine the exposure which would be associated with an acceptable risk. For carcinogens a different approach is used because it has been argued there is no threshold of effect. Thus mathematical equations are used to extrapolate from the high doses used in ani-mal experiments. These methods have been strongly criticised in recent years on several grounds. The most cogent criticisms are a) the equations are not based on a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and b) the outcome of a risk assessment based on such models varies more as a consequence of changes to the assumptions and equation used than it does from the data derived from carcinogenicity experiments. Other criticisms include the absence of any measure of the variance on the risk assessment and the selection of default values that are very conservative. Recent advances in the application of risk assessment emphasise that measures of both the exposure and the hazard should be considered as a distribution of values. The outcome of such a risk assessment provides an estimate of the distribution of the risks.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.259-270
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• 2010

We conducted human risk assessment for exposure to inhalation of chemical substances emitted from the storage tanks of petroleum refineries. To assess human risk, this study calculated chemical emissions from the external floating roofs on storage tank at petroleum refineries, as well as concentrations thereof in the ambient air using the K-SCREEN model, and then determined risk in accordance with the Reference Concentration (RfC) values and Inhalation Unit Risk criteria developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The results indicated that non-carcinogenic chemicals have a hazard quotient of less than 1, meaning they have an insignificant effect on human health for residential areas near the storage tanks. Among the known carcinogens, the hazard risk for benzene slightly exceeded $10^{-6}$, indicating the need for corrective reduction measures. The methodology for health impact assessment devised herein provides findings useful in decision making for policy makers and the general public with respect to construction of industrial complexes. However, the methodology proposed herein does have limitations, including discrepancy in results induced by use of U.S. data (due to the lack of usable domestic data). More systematic studies from related researchers will be needed to address these issues and produce more reliable outcomes.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.207-214
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• 2010

Toxicity identification and quantification are important factors to evaluate the effect of industrial effluent on the aquatic environment. In order to measure the potential and real toxicity of mixed chemicals in the effluents, the biological method (i.e., WET test) should be used as well as chemical analysis method. In this study, we conducted WET test for various kinds of industrial effluents using aquatic organisms such as water flea (Daphnia magna), algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), fish (Oryzias latipes, Danio rerio), and microorganism (Vibrio fisheri). In addition, we carried out chemical analysis and TIE (Toxicity Identification Evaluation) for effluents in order to identify the substances causing toxicity. Among the 30 kinds of wastewater, S13 showed the highest eco-toxicity and $Ca^{2+}$ and $Cl^-$ ion were suspected as major compounds causing toxicity for aquatic organisms. In order to confirm these suspected compounds, various confirmation procedures need to be carried out.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.293-300
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• 2011

IMO를 비롯한 세계 각국은 선박평형수에 의해 외래 해양 유해 생물이 유입되어, 자국의 해양생태계를 교란시키고 인간의 건강 및 환경, 경제적 가치에 심각한 위협을 주고 있음을 주목하고 이를 관리하고자 노력하고 있다. 이에, IMO에서는 선박평형수의 위해도를 평가하여, 유입 생물을 관리하고자 하였고, 환경 매칭 위해도 평가, 생물종생물 지리적 위해도 평가, 종별 특이성 위해도 평가 방법 등 3가지의 위해도 평가 방법을 제시하여 적용할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 논문에서는 이 3가지 방법 중 종별 특이성 위해도 평가 방법에 관하여 고찰하고, 이를 적용하여 시범적으로 작성한 위해도 평가 프로그램에 관해 기술하였다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2008

형질전환작물 상업화의 최종 규제단계는 위해성심사와 품종출원이다. 위해성심사를 위한 형질전환작물의 위해성 평가는 광범위한 과학자 네트워크, 고비용과 오랜 기간을 필요로 한다. 따라서 형질전환작물 개발자는 우수한 형질의 개발 이외에 위해성평가에 대한 이론적 및 전략적 측면을 부가적으로 고려해야 한다. 유전자변형생물체의 위해성평가에 대한 일반적인 개념은 화학물 위해성평가로부터 유래하였다. 그러나 생물체가 가지는 복잡성 때문에 실질적동등성과 친숙성으로 대표되는 비교접근 방법이 개발되어 왔다. 실제적인 측면에서 통합적인 위해성평가는 유전자이동성, 독성과 알레르기와 같은 개별 위해성평가보다 더 어렵다. 형질전환 계통의 품종출원을 위해서는 위해성평가 단계에서부터 품종보호요건을 고려한 평가자료 생산과 위해성 심사 승인 계통을 이용한 다양한 LMO 품종 육종전략이 필요하다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.70-74
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• 2002

지하공간 중 지하가의 사고·사례와 문헌 연구 및 6개의 지하가 실태를 조사하여 검토하였다. 그리고 운영·관리 단계에서 위험 요인을 도출하여 화재안전대책의 평가요소 및 화재위험성평가 시스템을 제시하였다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권4호통권51호
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• pp.259-271
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• 2005

Engineered nanoparticles exhibit a variety of unique and tunable chemical and physical properties. These unique properties make the nanoparticles central components and widespread potential applications in nanoindustry. However, the potential toxicities of nanoparticles have not been fully evaluated. Recently, the impacts of nanoparticles to human and environment became the emerging issue of toxicology. In this article, physicochemical properties and toxicities of carbon nanotube, fullerene, quantum dots, and other types of nanomaterials were reviewed and the strategy of risk assessment were suggested based on the frame of chemical assessment.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.321-336
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the caries management by risk assessment (CAMBRA) development process and the latest updated caries risk assessment for the domestic settlement of the CAMBRA program and the activation of dental clinics. A system for CAMBRA was published in California Dental Association (CDA) in 2007. To investigate whether CAMBRA can be successfully implemented outside a university setting, a practice-based research network (PBRN) was created in the San Francisco Bay Area. Based on the CAMBRA-PRAN clinical studies, the caries risk assessment (CRA) tool was updated for patients aged 6 through adults in 2019. The CAMBRA system is expected to be widely and actively used in the dental field in Korea to contribute to oral health care.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.155-165
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• 2021

Objectives: Acute exposure to high concentrations of chemicals can occur when a chemical accident takes place. As such exposure can cause ongoing environmental pollution, such as in the soil and groundwater, there is a need for a tool that can assess health effects in the long term. The purpose of this study was assessing the health risks of residents living near a chemical accident site due to long-term exposure while considering the temporal concentration changes of the toxic chemicals leaked during the accident until their extinction in the environment using a multimedia environmental dynamics model. Methods: A health risk assessment was conducted on three cases of formaldehyde chemical accidents. In this study, health risk assessment was performed using a multimedia environmental dynamics model that considers the behavior of the atmosphere, soil, and water. In addition, the extinction period of formaldehyde in the environment was regarded as extinction in the environment when the concentration in the air and soil fell below the background concentration prior to the accident. The subjects of health risk assessment were classified into four groups according to age: 0-9 years old, 10-18 years old, 19-64 years old, and over 65 years old. Carcinogenic risk assessment by respiratory exposure and non-carcinogenic risk assessment by soil intake were conducted as well. Results: In the assessment of carcinogenic risk due to respiratory exposure, the excess carcinogenic risk did not exceed 1.0×10-6 in all three chemical accidents, so there was no health effect due to the formaldehyde chemical accident. As a result of the evaluation of non-carcinogenic risk due to soil intake, none of the three chemical accidents had a risk index of 1, so there was no health effect. For all three chemical accidents, the excess cancer risk and hazard index were the highest in the age group 0-9. Next, 10-18 years old, 65 years old or older, and 19-64 years old showed the highest risk. Conclusion: This study considers environmental changes after a chemical accident occurs and until the substance disappears from the environment. It also conducts a health risk assessment by reflecting the characteristics of the long-term persistence and concentration change over time. It is thought that it is of significance as a health risk assessment study reflecting the exposure characteristics of the accident substance for an actual chemical accident.

• 환경생물
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.691-704
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• 2020

해양수산부는 사람의 건강과 재산을 위협하는 유해해양생물을 관리하기 위한 목적으로 17종의 유해해양생물을 지정했다. 유해해양생물의 지정 및 관리에 있어 2015년 11월 고시를 제정하고, 2019년 '해양생태계 교란종 및 유해해양생물의 지정 및 관리에 관한 지침(이하, 훈령)'을 개정하였다. 이 연구는 두 가지 목적을 가지고 있다. 첫째, 해양수산부가 운영하는 유해해양생물의 위해성평가제도의 도입에 대한 국민의 인식을 제고할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 현행 유해해양생물 지정 및 관리체계를 검토하여 현행 제도를 개선하고 정책제안을 제공하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 유해해양생물의 위해성 위험 평가 제도'를 '위험'과 '평가'의 두 가지 정의로 검토하였다. 현 위해성평가 절차에 대한 본고의 검토 결과는 정성적 위해성평가 요소의 보완이다. 비록 정성적 평가기준이 가미되어 있지만, 현 위해성평가 절차는 정량적 위해성평가에 충실한 제도로 정성적 위해성평가 요소가 보완되었을 때 정량적 위해성 평가가 가지는 단점을 극복할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.