• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.683-697
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• 2012

In this paper, a risk analysis methodology applicable to shield TBM tunnels was studied. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) was utilized to identify all risk items and to calculate the probability of failure of each item and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to obtain the impact of each risk item. Finally, a risk level of each risk item can be assessed. Developed methodology is applied to a Seoul subway site in which EPB shield tunnel method was utilized and it was found that risk analysis results matched reasonably well with field data.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.717-728
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• 2020

The objective of this study is to explore the whole process of fraud risk management strategies that should be implemented by the organizations. Secondly, this study discusses the governance issues that arise at each stage of the process. For the purpose of this study, a content analysis of previous literatures is used as a technique for gathering data. This process usually involves codifying qualitative and quantitative information into pre-defined categories in order to derive patterns in the presentation and reporting of information. Based on our content analysis, we found that the fraud risk management process should be made of at least five stages which are inculcating the culture of managing risks in an organization, identifying the risks, evaluating the risks, determining preventive actions and implementing and reviewing stages. Our extended analysis of the fraud risk management process finds that a lot of governance issues arise in the fraud risk management process that should be solved by regulators and companies in order to ensure that fraud risk management process is embedded as corporate culture, not merely as a process. Among them are how to create the risk culture in an organization and whether auditors and risk management committees identify risks from each available source.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.343-352
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• 2021

This study aims to identify the impact of the audit approach based on business risks (i.e., external environment risk, operations risk, information risk) in reducing unsystematic risks (i.e., operational risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, capital risk, and administrative risk) in Jordanian banks. To reduce the effect of unsystematic risks and, thus, improve banking performance, an audit approach based on business risks has emerged. To achieve the objectives, this study relied on descriptive statistics and the regression approach to study twenty-five Jordanian banks. The researcher used the intentional sampling method represented by employees of the accounting, financial and control departments in Jordanian banks. Seventeen banks contributed to the study, with a percentage of 68%, totaling 356 employees. A questionnaire was designed to obtain the data, and due to homogeneity among the sampling members, a purposive sample was drawn and 300 questionnaires were distributed. The results of the study found a statistically significant effect of the audit approach based on business risks with its combined dimensions on reducing unsystematic risks in Jordanian banks. The results of the study also found a statistically significant effect of the business risk-based audit approach with its combined dimensions on reducing operational risks in Jordanian banks.

• Architectural research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2019

Risk assessment during pre-construction phase is important due to the uncertainty of the risks that may exist in projects. Risk checklist is a method to systematically classify and organize the risks that have been experienced in the past, and to identify the risk factors that may be present in the future projects. In addition, risk value assessment based on checklists plays a key role in risk management, and various risk assessment researches have been conducted to carry out this systematically. However, previous approaches have limitations in common, this is because risk values are evaluated individually in risk checklists, which ignore interdependencies among risk factors and neglect the emergence of co-occurrence of risks. Hence, when multiple risk factors cooccur, they cannot be far off from the conventional method of summing the total risk value to establish the risk response strategy. Most of risk factors are interdependent and may have multiple effects if occurred than expected. In particular, specific cause can be overlapped if multiple risks co-occur, and this may result in overestimation of the risk response for the future project. Thus, the objective of this research is to propose a model to help decision makers to quantify the risk value reflecting the interdependency during the identification phase using existing risk checklist that is currently being practiced in actual construction projects. The proposed model will provide the guideline to support the prediction and identification of the interdependency of risks in practice. In addition, the better understanding and prediction of the exceeding risk response by co-occurring risks during the risk identification phase for decision makers.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.45-65
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• 2019

Purpose - As the well-known Structure-Conduct-Performance paradigm implies, risk structure of a corporation may affect its risk management activity and the activity may in turn determine its performance. Depending on its goal, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can shape its risk structure, risk management and its performance. Under this assumption, we investigate the relationship between the goals of FDI and risk management for the first time in academics. Design/methodology - This empirical research uses a survey of 279 current Korean enterprises' FDIs in China with the recently developed business risk quadrant model. Companies are classified into either a market- or an efficiency-seeking group, to identify how each group perceives and manages risks, and values the performance of risk management. Also, we apply integrated risk management method that multinational corporations have introduced in China, then verify the mediating effect between risk factors and performance. Findings - Our research shows the FDIs can expose themselves to differing risk structure although risk management activities simply represent the level of empowerment given to local management by headquarter due to limit of sample size despite diversity of risk and risk management tools. To sum, market seekers are found to have more strategic risk (revenue related risk) than efficiency seekers with financial risk (cost related risk). The market seekers can manage their risk by empowering their local organisation while the efficiency does the opposite ways. The risk management appears to be successful in general. Originality/value - Previous studies on small and medium enterprises' FDIs to China have concentrated on the analysis of entry determinants, withdrawal factors and individual risk management. Meanwhile, this research establishes enterprise-wide risk factors faced by the companies that advance into China, according to the method of the classification by ERM and verifies if they could synthetically improve performance through risk corresponding measures.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.49-65
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• 1991

This study was carried out to assess the problems with the pregnant women, and check out the risk-factors in the high-risk pregnancies, using a simplified antepartum risk-scoring system, which was revised from Edwards' scoring system to be suitable for Korean situaition. This instrument was included 4 categories, demographic, obstetric, medical and miscellaneous factors. This survey was based on the 1300 pregnant women who were admitted, $x^2$-test, F-test, Pearsons correation, using statistical package SAS in NAS computer system, KIST. The results of the study were as follows; 1. 1313 infants were deliveried of these 560 infants(42.7%) were born to mothers with risk-scores > 7, and 753 infants(57.3%) were born to mothers risk-scores <7. 2. Maternal age" parity, education level, of the demographic factors were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk pregnancies($X^2$=20.88, 42.87, 15.60 P < 0.01). 3. C-section, post term, incompetent cervix, uterine anomaly, polyhydramnios, congenital anomaly, sensitized RH negative, abortion, preeclampsia, excessive size infant, premature, low birth weight infanl, abnormal presentation, perinatal loss, multiple pregnancy, of the obstetric factors were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk-pregnancies. ($X^2$ = 175.96, 87.5, 16.28, 21.78, 9.46, 8. 10, 6.75, 22.9, 64.84, 6.93, 361.43, 185.55, 78.65, 45.52, P < 0.01). 4. Abnormal nutrition, anemia, UTI, other medicalcondition(pulmonary disease, severe influenza), heart disease, V.D., of the miscellaneous and medical factors, were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk-pregnancies. 5. Premature, low birth weight infant, contracted pelvis, abnormal presentation, of the risk factors were significantly related with Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth and neonatal body weight. 6. Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after, birth and neonatal body weight were significantly negative correlated with risk-score. 7. There were statistically significant difference between risk-score and Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth, 3 group(0-3, 4-6, above 7), and neonatal body weight, 2 group(below 2.5kg, the other group) (F=104.65, 96.61, 284.92, P<0.01). 8. Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth(below 7), and neonatal body weight(below 2.5kg), were significant relation statistically with risk score.($x^2$=65.99, 60.88, 177.07, P<0.01) were 60.8 %, 60% . 9. Correct classifications of morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) were 77.8%, 83.8% and that of nonmorbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score > 7) were 60.8%, 60%. 10. There were statistically significant difference between dislribution of maternal risk-score among the morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) and non morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score> 7) ($x^2$=64.8, 58.8, P < 0.001). 11. There were statistically significant difference between distribution of morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) and fetal death. 12. The predictivity for classifying high.risk cases was 12 % and for classifying low-risk cases was 98.3 % in 5 minute Apgar score. Suggestions for further studies are as follows; 1. Contineous prospective studies, using this newly revised scoring system are strongly recommended in the stetric service. 2. Besides risk facto~s used in this study, assessmenl of risks by factors in another scoring system and paralled studies related to perinatal outcome are strongly recommended.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1082-1093
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics and consumer attitude on purchasing apparel through Cable TV home-shopping. The questionnaire was administered to 4y5 May through September in 1996 and the data were analyzed by using frequency, factor analysis, crosstab, 1-test, ANOVA, MANOVA, scheffe with utilizing SPSS/PC+ The results of this study were as follows: 1. The most favorite media in purchasing apparel through home-shopping was Cable TV in all over ages except 50's. Women showed Cable TV the most interested, whereas men showed printed media and computer on-line shopping as home shopping media. 2. Home-shopping favor in region' was higher than that of Seoul. In the degree of favor, college students showed the highest, followed by part time employees, housewives and full time employees. Those who lived individual houses in other than Seoul area showed higher purchasing intention. 3. Sweater item was shown as the highest purchasing interested item and coat/business suit items were shown as lower among 10 different apparel items. 4. Five dimensions of Perceived benefits of apparel purchasing through Cable TV were derived by factor analysis such as variety of merchandise information, purchase convenience, efficiency, saving time, and convenience of physical inactivity. The convenience of physical inactivity showed the most important benefit through Cable TV home-shopping. Perceived risk of apparel purchasing through Cable TV was factor analyzed as merchandise related risk, size and appearance related risk, delivery related risk, TV watching related risk, and unplanned purchasing related risk. The sixte and appearance related risk was shown as the highest risk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.92-97
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• 2012

Risk management is the process that helps to identify hazards, analyze them, and then to create an action plan to avoid and mitigate these hazards. The main objective of risk management in product development and manufacturing is to provide safe and efficient products without spending too many resources. Medical device manufacturers also face enormous risks - regulatory, legal, and financial - based on their products and processes, and the concepts of risk management are particularly important because any single failure may result in serious damages to body or loss of life. In this regard, a set of guidelines for the application of risk management to medical devices has been issued by ISO and specified in the document ISO 14971 Medical devices - Application of risk management to medical devices. The main objective of this study is to investigate the application of risk management to dental implant development and manufacturing processes based on ISO 14971. A general risk management process is first introduced, and the application of ISO 14971 to dental implants is further investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.57-69
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of experience emotion (i.e., happy, proud, sad, fear) on the risk perception. This study also examined interaction effects of emotion regulation (i.e., reappraisal strategy, problem focused strategy) between experience emotion and risk perception. The study collected data from 168 flight crew members in Korean commercial airlines, using an online research in which an experiment of emotion manipulation and a survey were included. The results of the study found the positive effect of happiness emotion on the risk perception regarding cases 1(these cases have high possibility of negative result and low circumstance control) and the positive effect of sadness emotion on the risk perception regarding cases 2(these cases have low possibility of negative result and high circumstance control). This study also found the interaction effect of reappraisal emotion regulation strategy between the relationship of happiness and risk perception regarding cases 2. From these results, the study provided that theoretical and practical implication that happiness and sadness emotion contribute risk perception and reappraisal strategy has a moderating role in the relationship between happy emotion and risk perception. Finally, based on these results, the limitations of this study and future research were discussed.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2005

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for breast cancer and early screening behavior in women in the community. Method: The participants were 125 women residing in W city. Data was collected using an instrument developed by the researchers. Analysis was done using descriptive statistics, and the $x^2$ test. Result: For risk based on the Gail Model, age (above 50 years) had a distribution of 24.8%, first degree family history, 4.9%, age at first full term pregnancy, 13.8%, and benign breast cancer history, 4.9%. For risk based on other common risk factors, menopause had a distribution of 20.7%, did not breast feed, 15.4%, history of HRT, 7.3%, meat preference, 35.0%, and history of smoking or drinking, 2.4% and 43.5%, respectively. There was a significant difference in BSE and mammography screening behavior ($x^2=22.5$, p<.00), but no difference in distribution of risk factors and screening behavior. Conclusion: For effective prevention of breast cancer, it is necessary to develop an instrument for risk assessment and, through assessment, select women at high risk. It is also necessary to provide education and appropriate recommendations on screening behavior.