• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 1996

Recently, hospital acquired infections have an increase interest as a public problems, which are caused of indoor pollutants in hospital. Microorganisms, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, and anesthetic gases are main hazardous pollutants in hospital. The possible pathways of the infection are a respiratory channel as well as a blood channel. The blood channel is concerned since these pollutants might be dissolved into the Ringer's solution. The objective of this research was to evaluate the removal efficiencies of adsorption trap for formaldehyde and microorganisms as indoor pollutants which permeated into the Ringer's solution. Dissolved formaldehyde in the solution was increased with the injection dose time. The amount of dissolved formaldehyde was 67.5 $\pm$ 9.5% in Ringer's solution when injection dose time was controlled about 7hrs. An adsorption trap was designed for preventing formaldehyde and microorganisms to be permeated into Ringer's solution. The adsorption trap was packed with 0.4g of active carbon (60/80 mesh) in a sterilized plastic tube (7.79 cm length, 0.46 cm i.d.) and both ends were packed with glass wool. Devised infusion set equipped with the adsorption trap showed 99.9% of removal efficiency for formaldehyde. Microorganism numbers detected on sterilized water for injection and 5% dextrose infusion used in the hospital were 2,695 $\times 10^3$ cells/l and 4,190 $\times 10^3$ cells/l, respectively. Removal efficiency by the adsorption trap was 92.3 $\pm$ 8.5% as for microorgnisms.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.787-796
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• 2019

In this paper, we propose the design and test measure of Ringer injection IoT system for controling the ringer injection status and notifying the server system of the collected status informations such as the completion of injection, the remaining liquid, the injection status, and the emergency alarming of the urgent patients. We design the circuit diagrams composed of linger injection sensors, switches, status indicators, wireless communication functionalities, and propose the controlling and monitoring algorithms for sensing the linger injection status and notifying the collected status informations to a server system. Furthermore, we derive the testing criteria, such as linger liquid sensing time, sensing distance, operating temperature, input power, power consumption, and wireless communication speed, and analyze the test results.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Electrostatic capacitance measurement method in a fine hose was proposed, in which two ring-type electrodes were disposed on the hose in the direction of fluid flow instead of the conventional face-to-face electrodes. With the proposed electrode structure, we realized a Ringer's solution exhaustion detector for an IV(invasive vein) injection set. On a 4 mm-diameter hose of IV set, we disposed two ring-type electrodes of 10 mm width at a distance of 5 mm each other and obtained 0.72 pF and 2.51 pF for air and 10 % dextrose Ringer's solution in the hose, respectively. The capacitance between the two electrodes varied with the hose-wraparound coverage of electrode as well as the width of electrode and the distance between the electrodes. For hose-wraparound electrode coverage of 75 %, the capacitance varied from 0.62 pF to 1.98 pF with the Ringer's solution level between the two electrodes. A charge amplifier converted the capacitance. variation into electric signal and a comparator was used to detect whether Ringer's solution was exhausted or not. The result was delivered to a host using a RF transmitter with 320 MHz carrier frequency.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.391-397
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• 2010

This paper proposes a differential structure sensor for detecting Ringer's solution exhaustion, in which three C-type electrodes of 10 mm width are disposed on a ringer hose at a distance of 5 mm each other in the direction of Ringer's solution flow. In the center of middle electrode, two capacitances are formed at the proposed sensor. When ringer hose is filled with Ringer's solution, there is no difference between two capacitances. But capacitance difference exist under the Ringer's solution shortage, because the shortage causes the hose filled with air from the top position electrode. The capacitance difference got to maximum 1.81 pF, when air was filled between top and middle electrode and the last of hose was filled with 10 % dextrose injection Ringer's solution. The capacitance difference varied with hose-wraparound coverage of electrodes as well as the width of them. For hose-wraparound electrode coverage of 90 % and 70 %, the maximum capacitance difference was 1.81 pF and 1.56 pF, respectively. A differential charge amplifier converted the capacitance difference to electric signal, and minimized electrodes' adhering problem and external noise coupling problem.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 1994

We examined early development in loach(Misgurnus mizolepis) embryos with parthenogenetic agents well-known in mammals. Female loach was superovulated with an intraperitoneal injection of 15 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) per gram body weight. After 13 h of hCG injection, the oocytes were obtained from the abdomen. The oocytes were activated with 10% ethanol in tap water or fish Ringer's solution for 5, 10 and 15 minutes(eTW5, 10, 15 and eFRS5, 10, 15), respectively. The activation rates were 29% and 10% in eFRS10 and eFRS15, 5% and 6% in eTW10 and eTW15 by judging the cleaved blastomeres. Whereas, no parthenogenetic embryo was produced by tap water or fish Ringer's solution alone. The activation rate with the fish Ringer's solution was higher than that of tap water. No embryonic development was observed by calcium ionophore, A23187, at concentrations of 10, 20, 40 and 100$\mu$M when treated for 1, 2.5 and 5 minutes, respectively. The activation agents did not cause early development as in mammalian eggs. Therefore, the results suggest that fresh water fish may have a different egg activation pathway from that of mammals.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.611-615
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• 1977

The author observed histochemically the nature of the calcified tissue in the rabbit dental pulp, induced by pulpal injection of potassium permanganate. The pulp of rabbit mandibular incisors were exposed and enlarged by a dental hand reamer. The exposed pulps were injected with 0.05ml of 20mM solution of potassium permanganate dissolved in Ringer's solution in experimental tooth. Also the control tooth received a pulpal injection of 0.05ml of Ringer's solution. After pulpal injection, the tooth was plugged with a gutta-percha root canal point. The staining techniques were hematoxylin-eosin stain, van Gieson stain, PAS reaction, toluidine blue stain, alcian blue-hematoxylin stain and colloidal iron-picric acid stain. The results were as follows: 1. The pulp on experimental tooth showed osteodentin-like calcified tissue. Also, in some areas, false denticle-like substance were observed. 2. The central portion of the calcified matrix showed metachromasia in toluidine blue stain had strong staining capacity in alcian blue stain. 3. The peripheral portion of the calcified tissue revealed marked van Gieson positive reaction for collagen. But their staining ability in alcian blue was slight and metachromasia was not appeared.

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.08a
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• pp.376-380
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• 2007

This paper suggests remote injection system and explains the design of the system and means of implementation. Remote injection system means a system delivering the precise injection prescribed to the patient in the ward through input into the remote server using TCP/IP protocol. The system has been planned in detail. The syringe has been designed to be linked with the Ringer's rubber tube and the independently developed syringe-module is to be used in order to ensure precise and accurate delivery of the injected medication. In development stage of embedded software, object-oriented planning method has been chosen.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.161-166
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• 2012

Intravenous (IV) injection is widely used to supply Ringer solution directly into a vein in hospital. Generally, a passive injection method has been used, which causes the inconsistent flow rate of fluid and inappropriate control of injection time by a patient. It leads to an unnecessary nurse's overwork and decrement of IV injection's effect. To solve these problems, flow control infusion pumps have been developed. But because of relatively heavy weight and high price, its usage has been limited. In the present study, a new automatic IV injection system is developed. It is installed with a small pressing mechanism driven by a small electric motor to regulate the flow rate by pressing tube. Proportional integral derivative (PID) feedback control algorithm is applied to control the electric motor. The system is smaller in size and uses lower power than the existing commercial product. The newly developed system is also installed with networking capability, which enables monitoring the status of several automatic IV injection system at the same time.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.541-546
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• 2000

Background; Pericardial adhesion poses a major problem during re-operative cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sodium carboxymethol cellulose on experimental pericardial adhesions. Material and Method; Twenty-four rabbits were divided into 2 groups of 12 rabbits each and pericardial mesothelial injury was induced by abrasion. Group A included rabbits receiving intrapericardial injection of Ringer's solution, and Group B included rabbits receiving intrapericardial injection of 3% sodium carboxymethoyl cellulose solution. Three weeks after the surgery, the incidence of adhesions in Group A was compared with that in Group B. Result; Pericardial adhesions were evaluated by tenacity and type scores. Tenacity scores of 3 or greater were considered clinically significant adhesion. Pericardial adhesion was found in 100% of rabbits in group A. However 25% of the rabbits in Group B had pericardial adhesions(p<0.0001). Type scores were also considered clinically significant between 2 groups. Conclusion; Our findings demonstrated that intrapericardial injection of 3% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution reduced the incidence of pericardial adhesions in an animal models.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.2 s.20
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• pp.1-6
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• 1976

The effects of phenoxybenzamine and other related drugs were studied for their interaction with caerulein on gallbladder contraction in anesthetized animals and isolated gallbladder strips. Cholecystostomy and cystic duct ligation were made on anesthetized dog, cat and pig. Pressure changes of gallbladder were measured by a physiological pressure transducer connected to polygraph recorder. Isolated rabbit gallbladder strips were placed in a muscle chamber containing Locke-Ringer solution maintained at $38^{\circ}C$. The contractile responses were measured by a force-displacement transducer connected to polygraph recorder. Caerulein ($30{\sim}200$ ng/kg i.v.) produced marked contraction of gallbladder in situ and the cholecystokinetic potencies appear in decreasing order; dog, cat and pig. The response of caerulein was abolished by the large doses of phenoxybenzamine (15 mg/kg i.v.) but not affected with dibenamine, phentolamine or tolazoline. Cholecystokinetic effect of methacholine or barium chloride was also partially inhibited by phenoxybenzamine and the effect of caerulein was weakly inhibited intravenous injection of cyclophosphamide or papaverine. In isolated rabbit gallbladder strips, the response of contraction to caerulein were progressively inhibited by pretreatment of phenoxybenzamine along with time exposed. These results lead to the conclusion that phenoxytenzamine may inherently inhibit the contractile response of gallbladder to caerulein, and this effect was not related with ${\alpha}-adrenergic$ receptor blocking action.